關於 before 用法 ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

#Zoom公開課 #語用力
【💥4 個簡單公式】如何跟客戶說得「清楚直接又不失禮貌」？

跟上司、重要的客戶用英文進行溝通時，「要怎麼表達得清楚但又不失禮貌」是很多人覺得困難的。畢竟用字、文法用法勤勞一點可能還可以查得到，但是禮貌度、適切性卻不然。

其實英語母語人士在表達一件事情如果需要客氣時，背後的邏輯比我們想像得清楚也更有系統（只是他們自己可能不自知)。

舉例來說，他們習慣採用下面幾種轉換方式：

1️⃣ 必要時隱藏 You
(Before) You promised us to… (After) We were promised to…

2️⃣ 適當時將現在簡單式改成現在進行式
(Before) I hope you can… (After) I’m hoping you can…

3️⃣ 將命令改成問題、請求
(Before) I need to know… (After) Could you tell me…

4️⃣ 加一些副詞 / 形容詞「軟化」口吻
(Before) That’s wrong. (After) That’s not quite correct.

根據語料庫，母語人士其實用了超過 20 種方式，在商業溝通或是日常生活中，讓他們真的能 "communicate well". 學英文，不只學文法、背單字、練習發音，更要學習「語用力」，才能真正有效溝通。

我在 9/9 (四) 晚上 7:30 將用 Zoom 帶來一場「改變ㄧ生英語語用力」的公開課，非常適合偶爾在工作上會使用英文你 / 妳喔！我會在公開課當中完整講述英語「語用力」學習的方式 😉。

時間：9/9 (四) 7:30 pm - 8:30 pm
地點：Zoom (公開課前將寄出 Link 到您報名的 email 喔)

🔥 一秒報名 (公開課內容適合 TOEIC 500 分以上者)：https://www.accupass.com/event/2109051418516708113560

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「お酒の量を減らさないと」は英語で？
=================================
　
「お酒の量を減らす」や「タバコの量を減らす」のように「〜の量を減らす」は英語でどのように表現するのが適切でしょうか？
　　　
　　
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I need to cut down on alcohol.
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何かを切り落とすことを意味する「Cut down」にonを加えて「cut down on」とすることで、「〜を減らす」や「〜を削減する」、または「〜を軽減する」を表すことができます。お酒やタバコの量を減らすことや、ビジネスでコストを削減することを表す際によく使われる表現です。
　
✔「減らす」を意味する「Reduce」を使って表現しても間違いでありませんが、日常会話では「Cut down on」を使うのが一般的。
　
＜例文＞
　
I've decided to cut down on drinking and smoking. I need to turn my life around.
（お酒とタバコの量を減らすことにしました。そろそろ人生を好転させないと。）
　
What can we do to cut down on our expenses?
（どうしたら経費を削減できるかな？）
　
〜会話例〜
A: I'm thinking about cutting down on carbs and going on a low-carb diet.
（炭水化物の摂取を減らして、低炭水化物ダイエットをしようと思ってるんだよね。）

B: I've tried the low carb diet before. I lost about 5 kg in a month.
（私も以前、低炭水化物ダイエットを試してみたよ。１ヶ月で５キロも痩せたんだ。）
　
　
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I need to cut back on alcohol.
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「cut back on」は、上記の「Cut down on」の言い換え表現で意味も用法もまったく同じです。
　
＜例文＞
　
If you don't cut back on salty foods you're going to end up with high blood pressure.
（塩っ辛い食べ物を控えないと高血圧になるよ。）
　
Why don't you try cutting back on caffeine? A few cups day is fine but anything over 5 cups is too much.
（カフェインの摂取量を減らしてみたらどう？一日数杯ならいいけど、５杯以上は飲み過ぎだよ。）
　
〜会話例〜

A: I'm so tired. I barely slept last night.
（めっちゃ疲れてるわ。昨日全然寝てないし。）

B: It's because you watch YouTube videos all night. You need to cut back on that.
（一晩中、YouTube見てるからだよ。控えなきゃね。）
　
　
　
　　
　
ブログ記事URL：https://hapaeikaiwa.com/?p=16822
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通勤・通学などのちょとした合間を利用して英語が学べるメルマガ『1日1フレーズ！生英語』を平日の毎朝6時に配信中！ただ単にフレーズを紹介しているだけではなく、音声を使った学習プロセスが組み込まれているので、メルマガを読むこと自体が学習方法！
　
https://hapaeikaiwa.com/mailmagazine/
　
～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～

毋忘五大訴求　公民抗命有理
—10‧20九龍遊行陳情書
（案件編號：DCCC 535/2020）

——————————————————
「毋忘初衷，活在愛和真實之中」
撐阿銘，即訂閱Patreon：
patreon.com/raphaelwong
—————————————————

胡法官雅文閣下：

　　2012年，我第一次站在法庭上承認違反「公安惡法」，述說對普選的盼望，批評公安惡法不義，並因公民抗命的緣故，甘心樂意接受刑罰。當年我說，如果小圈子選舉沒有被廢除，惡法沒有消失，我依然會一如故我，公民抗命，並且我相信將會有更多學生和市民加入這個行列。想不到時至今日，普選仍然遙遙無期，我亦再次被帶到法庭接受審判，但只是短短７年，已經有數十萬計的群眾公民抗命，反對暴政。今日，我承認違反「未經批准的政府」所訂立「未經批准的惡法」之下的「未經批准集結」罪，我不打算尋求法庭的憐憫，但請容許我佔用法庭些微時間陳情，讓法庭在判刑前有全面考慮。

暴力之濫觴

　　在整個反修例運動如火如荼之際，我正承擔另一宗公民抗命案件的刑責。雖然身在獄中，但仍然心繫手足。我在獄中電視機前見證6月9日、6月16日及8月18日三次百萬港人大遊行，幾多熱愛和平的港人冒天雨冒彈雨走上街頭，抗議不義惡法，今日關於10月20日的案件，亦是如此。可能有人會問，政府已在6月暫緩修例，更在9月正式撤回修例，我等仍然繼續示威，豈非無理取鬧？我相信法官閣下肯定聽過「遲來的正義並非正義」（Justice delayed is justice denied）這句格言。當過百萬群眾走上街頭，和平表達不滿的時候，林鄭政府沒有理睬，反而獨行獨斷，粗暴踐踏港人的意願，結果製造出後來連綿不絕的爭拗，甚至你死我活的對抗。經歷眾多衝突痛苦之後，所謂暫緩撤回，已經微不足道，我們只是更加清楚：沒有民主，就連基本人權都不會擁有！

　　在本案之中，雖然我們都沒有鼓動或作出暴力行為，但根據早前8‧18及10‧1兩宗案件，相信在控方及法庭眼中，案發當日的暴力事件仍然可以算在我們頭上，如此，我有必要問：如果香港有一個公平正義的普及選舉，人民可以在立法會直接否決他們不認可的法律，試問2019年的暴力衝突可以從何而來呢？如果我們眼見的暴力是如此十惡不赦，那麼我們又如何看待百萬人遊行後仍然堅持推行惡法的制度暴力呢？如果我們不能接受人民暴力反抗，那麼我們是否更加不能對更巨大更壓逼的制度暴力沈默不言？真正且經常發生的暴力，是漠視人民訴求的暴力，是踐踏人民意見的暴力，是剝奪人民表達權利的暴力。真正憎恨暴力，痛恨暴力的人，不可能一方面指摘暴力反抗，又容忍制度暴力。如果我需要承擔和平遊行引發出來的暴力事件的刑責，那麼誰應該承擔施政失敗所引發出來的社會騷亂的罪責呢？

社會之病根

　　對於法庭而言，可能2019年所發生的事情只是一場社會騷亂，務必追究違法者個人責任。然而，治亂治其本源，醫病醫其病根，我雖然公民抗命，刻意違法，控方把我帶上法庭，但我卻不應被理解為一個「犯罪個體」。2019年所發生的事情，並不是我一個人或我們這幾位被告可以促成，社會問題的癥結不是「犯罪份子」本身，而是「犯罪原因」。我明白「治亂世用重典」的道理，但如果「殺雞儆猴」是解決方法，就不會在2016年發生旺角騷亂及2017年上訴庭對示威者施以重刑後，2019年仍然會爆發出更大規模的暴力反抗。

如果不希望社會動亂，就必須正本清源，逐步落實「五大訴求」，從根本上改革，挽回民心。2019年反修例運動，其實只是2014年雨傘運動的延續而已，縱使法庭可能認為兩個運動皆是「一股歪風」所引起，但我必須澄清，兩個運動的核心就是追求民主普選，人民當家作主。在2019年11月24日區議會選舉這個最類近全民普選的選舉中，接近300萬人投票，民主派大勝，奪得17個區議會主導權，這就是整個反修例運動的民意，民意就是反對政府決策，反對制度暴力，反對推行惡法，不容爭辯，不辯自明。我們作為礦場裡的金絲雀，多次提醒政府撤回修法，並從根本上改革制度，而在10月20日的九龍遊行當然是反映民意的平台契機。如今，法庭對我們施加重刑，其實只不過是懲罰民意，將金絲雀困在鳥籠之內，甚至扼殺於鼓掌之中，窒礙表達自由。

堅持之重要

　　大運動過後的大鎮壓，使我們失去《蘋果日報》，失去教協，失去民陣，不少民主派領袖以及曾為運動付出的手足戰友都囚於獄中，不少曾經熱情投入運動的朋友亦因《國安法》的威脅轉為低調，新聞自由示威自由日漸萎縮，公民社會受到沈重打擊，我亦失去不少摯友，有感傷孤獨的時候，但我仍然相信，2019年香港人的信念，以及所展現人類的光輝持久未變。我不會忘記百萬人民冒雨捱熱抗拒暴政，抵制惡法，展現我們眾志成城；我不會忘記人潮紅海，讓道救護車，展現我們文明精神；我不會忘記年青志士直接行動反對苛政，捨身成仁，展現我們膽色勇氣；我不會忘記銀髮一族走上街頭保護年青人，展現我們彼此關懷；我不會忘記「五大訴求」，不會忘記2019年區議會選舉，展現我們有理有節。

　　法官閣下，我對於當日的所作所為，不感羞恥，毫無悔意。我能夠在出獄後與群眾同行一路，與戰友同繫一獄，實是莫大榮幸。若法治失去民主基石，將使法庭無奈地接受專制政權所訂立解釋的法律限制，隨時變成政治工具掃除異見，因此爭取民主普選，建設真正法治，追求公平正義，仍然是我的理想。在這條路上，如有必要，我仍然會公民抗命，正如終審法院海外非常任法官賀輔明（Lord Hoffmann）所言，發自良知的公民抗命有悠久及光榮的傳統，歷史將證明我們是正確的。我期望，曾與我一起遊行抗命的手足戰友要堅持信念，在艱難歲月裡毋忘初衷，活在愛和真實之中。

　　最後，如9年前一樣，我想借用美國民權領袖馬丁路德金牧師的一番話對我們的反對者說：「我們將以自己忍受苦難的能力，來較量你們製造苦難的能力。我們將用我們靈魂的力量，來抵禦你們物質的暴力。對我們做你們想做的事吧，我們仍然愛你們。我們不能憑良心服從你們不公正的法律，因為拒惡與為善一樣是道德責任。將我們送入監獄吧，我們仍然愛你們。」（We shall match your capacity to inflict suffering by our capacity to endure suffering. We shall meet your physical force with soul force. Do to us what you will, and we shall continue to love you. We cannot in all good conscience obey your unjust laws because noncooperation with evil is as much a moral obligation as is cooperation with good. Throw us in jail and we shall still love you.）

　　願慈愛的主耶穌賜我們平安，與我和我一家同在，與法官閣下同在，與香港人同在。沒有暴徒，只有暴政；五大訴求，缺一不可！願榮耀歸上帝，榮光歸人民！

第五被告
黃浩銘
二零二一年八月十九日

Lest we forget the five demands: civil disobedience is morally justified
- Statement on 10‧20 Kowloon Rally
(Case No.: DCCC 535/2020)

Your Honour Judge Woodcock

In 2012, I stood before the court and admitted to violating the "Public Security Evil Law". I expressed my hope for universal suffrage, criticized the evil law as unjust, and willingly accepted the penalty for civil disobedience. Back then, I said that if the small-circle election had not been abolished and the draconian law had not disappeared, I would still be as determined as I was, and I believe that more students and citizens would join this movement. Today, universal suffrage is still a long way off, and I have been brought before the court again for trial. But in just seven years, hundreds of thousands of people have already risen up in civil disobedience against tyranny. Today, I plead guilty to "unauthorised assembly" under an unapproved evil law enacted by an unauthorised government. I do not intend to seek the court's mercy, but please allow me to take up a little time in court to present my case so that the court can consider all aspects before sentencing me.

The roots of violence

At the time when the whole anti-extradition law movement was in full-swing, I was taking responsibility for another civil disobedience case. Although I was in prison, my heart was still with the people. I witnessed the three million-person rallies on 9 June, 16 June and 18 August on television in prison, when many peace-loving people took to the streets despite the rain and bullets, to protest against unjust laws. Some people may ask, "The Government has already suspended the legislative amendments in June and formally withdrew the bill in September, but we are still demonstrating, are we not being unreasonable?" I am sure your Honour has heard of the adage "Justice delayed is justice denied". When more than a million people took to the streets to express their discontent peacefully, the Lam administration ignored them and instead acted arbitrarily, brutally trampling on the wishes of the people of Hong Kong, resulting in endless arguments and even confrontations. After so many conflicts and painful experiences, the so-called moratorium is no longer meaningful. We only know better: without democracy, we cannot even have basic human rights!

In this case, although we did not instigate or commit acts of violence, I believe that in the eyes of the prosecution and the court, the violence on the day of the incident can still be counted against us, based on the August 18 and October 1 case. And now I must ask - If Hong Kong had a fair and just universal election, and the public could directly veto laws they did not approve of at the Legislative Council, then how could the violent clashes of 2019 have come about? If the violence we see is so heinous, how do we feel about the institutional violence that insists on the imposition of draconian laws even after millions of people have taken to the streets? If we cannot accept violent rebellion, how can we remain silent in the face of even greater and more oppressive institutional violence? The true and frequent violence is the kind of violence that ignores people's demands, that tramples on their opinions, that deprives them of their right to express themselves. People who truly hate violence and abhor it cannot accuse violent resistance on the one hand and tolerate institutional violence on the other. If I have to bear the criminal responsibility for the violence caused by the peaceful demonstration, then who should bear the criminal responsibility for the social unrest caused by failed administration?

The roots of society's problems

From a court's point of view, it may be that what happened in 2019 was just a series of social unrest, and that those who broke the law must be held personally accountable. What happened in 2019 was not something that I alone or the defendants could have made possible, and the crux of the social problem was not the 'criminals' but the 'causes of crime'. I understand the concept of " applying severe punishment to a troubled world", but if "decimation" was really the solution, there would not have been more violent rebellions in 2019 after the Mongkok "riot" in 2016 and the heavy sentences handed down to protesters by the Court of Appeal in 2017.

If we do not want social unrest, we must get to the root of the problem and implement the "five demands" step by step, so as to achieve fundamental reforms and win back the hearts of the people. 2019's anti-revision movement is indeed a continuation of 2014's Umbrella Movement, and even though the court may think that both movements are caused by a "perverse wind", I must clarify that the core of both movements is the pursuit of democracy and universal suffrage, and the people being the masters of their own house. In the District Council election on 24 November 2019, which is the closest thing to universal suffrage, nearly 3 million people voted, and the democratic camp won a huge victory, winning majority in 17 District Councils. As canaries in the monetary coal mine, we have repeatedly reminded the government to withdraw the extradition bill and fundamentally reform the system, and the march in Kowloon on 20 October was certainly an opportunity to reflect public opinion. Now, by imposing heavy penalties on us, the court is only punishing public opinion, trapping the canaries in a birdcage, or even stifling them in the palm of their hands, suffocating the freedom of expression.

The importance of persistence

As a result of the crackdown after the mass movement, we lost Apple Daily, the Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union, and the Civil Human Rights Front. Many of our democratic leaders and comrades who had contributed to the movement were imprisoned, and many of our friends who had been passionately involved in the movement had been forced to lay low under the threat of the National Security Law. I still believe that the faith of Hong Kong people and the glory of humanity seen in 2019 will remain unchanged. I will never forget the millions of people who braved the rain and the heat to resist tyranny and evil laws, demonstrating our unity of purpose; I will never forget the crowds of people who gave way to ambulances, demonstrating our civility; I will never forget the young people who sacrificed their lives, demonstrating our courage and bravery; I will never forget the silver-haired who took to the streets to protect the youth, demonstrating our care for each other; I will never forget the "five demands" and the 2019 District Council election, demonstrating our rationality and decency.

Your Honour, I have nothing to be ashamed of and no remorse for what I did on that day. It is my great honour to be in prison with my comrades and to be able to walk with the public after my release. If the rule of law were to lose its democratic foundation, the courts would have no choice but to accept the legal restrictions set by the autocratic regime and become a political tool to eliminate dissent at any time. As Lord Hoffmann, a non-permanent overseas judge of the Court of Final Appeal, said, civil disobedience from the conscience has a long and honourable tradition, and history will prove us right. I hope that my comrades in arms who walked with me in protests will keep their faith and live in love and truth in the midst of this difficult time.

Finally, as I did nine years ago, I would like to say something to those who oppose us, borrowing the words of American civil rights leader Reverend Martin Luther King: "We shall match your capacity to inflict suffering by our capacity to endure suffering. We shall meet your physical force with soul force. Do to us what you will, and we shall continue to love you. We cannot in all good conscience obey your unjust laws because noncooperation with evil is as much a moral obligation as is cooperation with good. Throw us in jail and we shall still love you."

Peace be with me and my family, with Your Honour, and with the people of Hong Kong. There are no thugs, only tyranny; five demands, not one less! To god be the glory and to people be the glory!

The Fifth Defendant
Wong Ho Ming
19 August 2021

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團購網址：https://p3.groupbuyforms.tw/x8i7f

懶得看前面規格介紹的人，
直接拉到 02:16 看燙好後的 Before & After
衣服變成新的一樣！
用法上非常簡單又直覺，只有一個按鍵，按下去之後3 秒左右蒸氣就會噴出來，不挑任何衣服面料也不傷衣服，一分鐘內絲、棉、麻、纖維、西裝布都能快速燙好！！！因為是乾蒸氣，更不會留下討厭的濕氣還要等衣服乾！

搞不懂電器、不通家事的朋友都可以輕鬆上手！


滴水不漏的設計，掛燙、平燙二合一 智能蒸氣加熱
瞬出蒸氣不傷衣物， 22g/min高溫高壓蒸氣持續噴射
高效滲透衣物纖維，直線噴射蒸氣穿透力強勁
約可熨燙7~8分鐘，貼合金屬面板溫度132度，有效燙熨衣物
純白外型很時尚，像一台吹風機一樣，握把符合人體工學很好拿！
產品總重量約800g，整燙起來不費力！

Solac 二合一手持式掛燙機
團購價$1180！省$800
團購網址：https://p3.groupbuyforms.tw/x8i7f

事緣呢半年好多時候都在家食.....尤其早餐...
飲咖啡多左，半年後發現自己D牙真係好黃：（ （我以前D牙好白架～～～～！）
我太驚嚇了.......
於是本來諗住去買美白牙貼試下，
但研究過後，發現牙貼要貼30分鐘.....然後個一個星期又不能飲咖啡.....實在有點...麻煩。

點知我老公聽到我想美白牙齒呢個諗法，佢就諗起以前有朋友用過一種中藥清潔牙齒，
佢就建議我可以試下先！無錯，今次個美容分享係我老公介紹架！！！！！！HAAAA

呢樣野叫"木擦"中藥材店有了，
係for D人去牙跡，尤其食煙既朋友....由於我唔食煙，我只係想D咖啡黃牙白番D～
一両5蚊，我當時買左2両......因為我當時唔知1両會有幾多，我又怕自己只買5蚊野太cheap haaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa~
結果得到一個波咁多.....所以.....大家都真係買1両已經好夠了，因為用好少好少。

個樣好似樹枝咁，不過是軟身的。
由於個樣有點......所以我就無太大期望的。

用法好簡單：
將D木擦浸5-10分鐘.....然後就一條條逐隻牙擦....不要擦太久也不要擦太大力，因為會損害法榔質，每隻最多5分鐘好了.....
我只係擦肉眼見到個D牙～haaaaa
其實我都是求其每隻擦左十零廿下，
好彩我影左before，因為睇番after,WAI！！！！！！！真係白左呀！！！！
已經好方便又平！

咁我可以繼續飲咖啡啦～

要均勻D，當然等將來疫完左.....去牙醫度漂白啦～
我好多野打算做架：）～

5蚊值啦今次！仲有成包係雪櫃，有排用：）今次老公幫到手～HAAA

#maysum #美白牙齒
#牙齒去跡