17 TIPS CHO NGƯỜI ĐI CHÂU ÂU MỘT MÌNH
Châu Âu một mình không phải là điều quá xa lạ với Cơ, 8 chuyến Châu Âu, thì có 4 chuyến đi xuất phát một mình. Có nhiều chuyến đi bất đắc dĩ vì bạn đồng hành rớt visa, hay đơn giản đó là lựa chọn vì mới thất tình, hay đại khái chỉ muốn tận hưởng không gian cho riêng mình. Dù với bất cứ lý do nào bạn sắp đi Châu Âu một mình, thì đây là những tips mà Cơ đúc kết được sau những chuyến đi để giúp cho bạn chuẩn bị hành trang, tinh thần tốt nhất để trăng mật với bản thân!
1/ Những Đồ Cần Mang Trong Balo
Vì chỉ đi với chính mình, những gì bạn cần nhất đều phải nằm trong hành trang của bạn, vì sẽ không có ai giữ hộ, hay có thiếu gì đó cũng sẽ chẳng biết mượn ai. Nên Cơ nghĩ trong balo của bạn nên luôn có những items sau:
* Một bộ photocopy giấy tờ tuỳ thân (Passport, CMND, booking khách sạn, vé máy bay, bảo hiểm du lịch) vì có những lúc bạn không truy cập được Internet thì vẫn có những bản photocopy này để sử dụng, đặc biệt ở lúc cảnh sát nhập cảnh hỏi bạn.
* Một bộ vệ sinh cá nhân bỏ túi (kem đánh răng tuýp nhỏ, bàn chải) để phòng trường hợp delayed máy bay bạn vẫn có đồ sử dụng trong vài chục tiếng.
* Các loại đồ sạc cần thiết
* Ổ sạc 2 chấu tròn chuẩn Châu Âu
* 1 – 2 áo khoác, khăn choàng nếu bạn đi vào mùa lạnh, Cơ đã một lần bay và bị lạc hành lý lúc transfer (lỗi do hãng hàng không), lúc xuống may có mang theo một áo khoác nên chịu được trời Châu Âu tháng 11.
2/ Chuẩn Bị Giấy Tờ Tuỳ Thân Trên Cloud
Bạn đã có bản photocopy trong balo nhưng vẫn luôn có các bản scanned giấy tờ tuỳ thân trên Google Drive, iCloud, DropBox hoặc email cá nhân tự gửi cho bản thân để đảm bảo lỡ có chuyện gì trục trặc – chẳng hạn như bị giựt mất balo – thì bạn vẫn còn các giấy tờ cá nhân, lịch trình, booking khách sạn máy bay đầy đủ trên đó để đến Lãnh Sự Quán Việt Nam làm thẻ thông hành thay passport hay check-in khách sạn và lên máy bay được.
3/ Mang Hành Lý Vừa Phải
Khi Cơ du lịch Châu Âu 1 tháng, Cơ chỉ mang theo 1 balo 15 kg mà thôi. Trong đó chứa laptop, máy ảnh, các thiết bị sạc, 4 áo thun, 2 quần jeans khác màu, 1 áo khoác, 1 quần short ngủ ở hostel.
Vì sao phải mang ít hành lý ư?
1. Bạn sẽ đi bộ, di chuyển rất nhiều qua các thành phố, xách vali to đùng sẽ làm bạn di chuyển rất mệt đặc biệt là các đoạn cầu thang lên xuống metro.
2. Đi bắt tàu đi qua các thành phố khác cũng khá bất tiện nếu bạn kéo lê vali đi
3. Balo giúp bạn không cần check-in baggage khi bay các hãng giá rẻ trong Châu Âu và tiết kiệm khá nhiều chi phí
Vậy làm sao có đồ để mặc ư?
1. Mang những đồ cơ bản và dễ phối. Bạn có thể mix & match với nhau dễ dàng để bạn trông vẫn thanh lịch nhưng khoẻ khoắn lúc di chuyển. Như Cơ mang 2-3 quần khác màu, và bền có thể mặc nhiều lần, và phối với các loại áo thun, áo khoác khác nhau.
2. Thực hiện chiến dịch đi 3 ngày giặc 1 lần tại hotel, hostel mà bạn ở. Thông thường các khu lưu trú đều có máy giặt bỏ xu, bạn có thể dùng và trả tiền thôi, khá đơn giản.
3. Kết hợp phụ kiện như nón, kính râm, khăn choàng sẽ giúp bạn trông vẫn thanh lịch mà không chiếm quá nhiều dung tích trong hành lý.
4/ Lên Lịch Trình Cơ Bản Co Giãn Được
Khi du lịch Châu Âu, không ai đi 3 ngày cả. Đối với Cơ, lịch trình Châu Âu tối thiểu 2 tuần mới bõ công bay hơn 13 tiếng đồng hồ để đến Châu Âu. Thế nên bạn sẽ cần một lịch trình cụ thể bạn cần đi những đâu chứ không thể bạ đâu đi đó như những chuyến đi ngắn ngày được.
Tuy nhiên, nếu bạn làm lịch trình quá chi tiết, bạn sẽ không thể tuỳ cơ ứng biến, ở một nơi lâu hơn hay rời một nơi sớm hơn, vì nhiều lý do. Thế nên khi lên lịch trình, đừng quá vội thanh toán hết các vé tàu, phòng khách sạn. Hãy book trước khách sạn có thể huỷ miễn phí, và vé tàu có thể mua trước 1 ngày thôi là được. Như vậy bạn sẽ linh hoạt hơn trong hành trình, và chuyến đi không bị biến thành một công việc chạy deadline theo đúng boong từng thời gian đặt trước.
5/ Đi Chậm, Cảm Sâu
Cơ biết những bạn mới đi Châu Âu lần đầu thường rất… tham lam. Vì tâm lý mình nghĩ sẽ không biết bao giờ mới quay lại đây nên sẽ ráng đi trong 10 ngày mà đi tới 5 – 6 nước. Chỉ đơn giản vì muốn check-in tháp Eiffel 1 tấm, Vatican 1 tấm, núi Alps 1 tấm, v.v… Vô hình chung, bạn biến chuyến đi thành một cuộc chạy đua tốn tiền bạc, tốn sức lực. Hãy bình tĩnh lại nào! Tin Cơ đi, bạn sẽ còn quay lại Châu Âu nữa mà. Nên hãy đi chậm rãi thôi, đừng đi nhanh quá. Ở một thành phố to như Paris mà chỉ 2 ngày để check-in vài công trình, bảo tàng, xong lại đi nơi khác, bạn sẽ chỉ thấy được bề nổi của Paris mà thôi, chỉ khi bạn ở lại, chậm rãi thưởng thức bánh mỳ và pain au chocolat ở một quán cafe tại Strasbourg – Saint-Denis bạn mới thấy được vẻ đẹp của Paris. Và tương tự với những nơi còn lại.
Việc đi chậm, cảm sâu còn mang lại lợi ích nhiều hơn như:
1. Tiết kiệm chi phí di chuyển. Ngoài vé máy bay và khách sạn, chi phí di chuyển chiếm 1 khoản rất lớn trong chuyến đi. Nếu cứ ngày 1 đi Amsterdam, ngày 2 lại đi tàu đi Berlin, bạn sẽ tốn khá nhiều tiền.
2. Tiết kiệm thời gian di chuyển. Bạn có thể lý luận rằng bạn sẽ bay cho nhanh, nhưng 2 tiếng trước giờ bay, rồi bay tầm 1 tiếng trong Châu Âu, xong check-out khỏi sân bay thêm 1 tiếng, bạn mất tối thiểu 4 tiếng để di chuyển bằng máy bay cho mỗi địa điểm, nên hãy cân nhắc nhé!
3. Tiết kiệm sức lực. Rõ ràng, di chuyển nhiều bạn sẽ bị travel fatigue là một trạng thái kiệt quệ do di chuyển. Dù bạn có ngồi trên tàu không làm gì, bạn vẫn sẽ mệt. Và đi như vậy có đáng không?
6/ Khoanh Vùng Các Quốc Gia/Địa Điểm Cần Đi
Để bắt đầu lên kế hoạch cho Châu Âu, bạn hãy thử mở Google Maps và học Địa Lý một chút xíu nhé. Hãy khoanh vùng những quốc gia nằm trong bucket list của bạn và khoành vùng chúng trên bản đồ. Hãy chọn những quốc gia hay thành phố gần nhau để đi. Ví dụ bạn quá mê The Fault in Our Stars nên nhất quyết phải ghé Amsterdam, hãy chọn đi Hà Lan – không phải cô gái trong Mắt Biếc nha – sau đó nhìn qua hàng xóm của Hà Lan xem có nước nào khiến bạn thích thú không. Nếu mê chocolate Bỉ tại sao không xuống đó, chỉ tốn vài giờ đi bus khá rẻ. Rồi lỡ rồi xuống Paris (Pháp) luôn vì thành phố này cũng rất đẹp. Một cách học Địa rất đơn giản nhờ nhìn vào bản đồ đúng không?
Cách khoanh vùng này giúp bạn tiết kiệm thời gian di chuyển giữa các nước, tiết kiệm chi phí di chuyển vì đỡ phải bay lượn, mà vẫn đi được nhiều nơi trong thời gian cho phép.
7/ Hãy Chọn Ở Hostel
Hostel/dorm luôn là lựa chọn Cơ yêu thích mỗi khi đi một mình, không chỉ riêng Châu Âu. Nhưng tại Châu Âu thì hostel/dorm đều có phòng khá tiện nghi. Một số chuỗi hostel mà Cơ tin dùng ở Châu Âu là A&O Hostels, Generator Hostel, Antler Hostel, có mặt khắp Châu Âu.
Ưu điểm của Hostel:
* Giá rất rẻ dành cho người đi một mình từ 400,000 – 600,000 VNĐ/đêm tuỳ thành phố
* Có thể kết giao bằng hữu với bạn chung phòng haha
* Có nhiều dịch vụ trả phí tiện lợi cho bạn: máy giặt, bữa sáng, tour, thuê xe đạp, v.v… nhưng giá không quá cao. Tưởng tượng bạn dùng laundry service ở khách sạn xem, sẽ đắt hơn rất nhiều
* Các hostel thường có vị trí tương đối trung tâm. Chưa lần nào Cơ ở hostel mà bị đẩy đi vùng xa xa cả, tất cả hostel đều có vị trí rất thuận tiện cho đi lại. Duy chỉ có Venice kiếm hostel ở khu San Marco rất hiếm, mà phải qua đảo khác đi khá bất tiện, đó là trường hợp duy nhất
* Khu sinh hoạt chung khá cởi mở, có thể ngồi thoải mái. Nhiều hostel như A&O Hostel còn có lò vi sóng để bạn sử dụng.
8/ Những Lưu Ý Khi Sử Dụng Hostel
Hostel có nhiều ưu điểm, nhưng chắc chắn hostel không phải khách sạn. Lúc đầu Cơ đi thì có bị culture shock 1 vài thứ, nhưng khi quan sát thì thấy mấy bạn đi du lịch chung phòng có vẻ đều quen với văn hoá hostel tại Châu Âu rồi. Sau vài lần bị culture shock thì đây là kinh nghiệm của Cơ:
* Nhớ mang theo khăn tắm riêng vì hostel không cung cấp đâu, thường phải thuê giá từ 2 đến 3 euro.
* Mang theo ổ khoá riêng để sử dụng locker trong phòng. Hostel có bán luôn locker nữa nếu bạn cần mua. Tất nhiên mua từ Việt Nam thì rẻ hơn nhiều.
* Nhiều hostel sẽ không có drap giải giường và mền, bạn phải thuê luôn. Nhiều bạn backpacker đi chuẩn bị rất kỹ có đem theo drap và mền theo. Riêng Cơ thì cứ thuê cho gọn lẹ, tính ra chi phí vẫn sẽ rẻ hơn ở khách sạn, chịu cực xíu hihi.
* Nhưng điểm cộng thì đa số hostel Cơ ở đều có dầu gội, xà phòng sẵn cả để sử dụng. Nhưng nhất quyết không có khăn tắm haha.
* Nếu bạn muốn dùng bữa sáng tại hostel, nhớ mua phiếu ăn sáng lúc check-in vì lúc đó sẽ được giảm giá thay vì mua sau.
9/ Sử Dụng Phương Tiện Công Cộng
Nếu đi taxi, bạn sẽ tốn một chi phí khá lớn để di chuyển. Đi một mình thì còn đắt đỏ hơn. Nên đến thành phố nào, bạn hãy sử dụng đôi chân, bus, metro, tram để đi lại. Nhớ mua vé day pass để tiết kiệm hơn nhé vì theo kinh nghiệm của Cơ thì lúc đi một mình sẽ nổi hứng đi nhiều hơn là đi chung một nhóm, mua day pass sẽ giúp bạn đi thả cửa.
10/ Luôn Mua Bảo Hiểm Du Lịch
Nếu đi đâu đó gần Việt Nam và chỉ đi vài ngày thì bạn có thể ung dung, đi thoải mái mà không cần bỏ vài trăm ngàn ra để mua bảo hiểm du lịch. Nhưng đối với đi Châu Âu, mà lại còn đi solo travel thì tốt nhất mua ngay và luôn. Cơ thường mua loại mắc nhất luôn chỉ hơn 1 triệu, có mức đền bù cao mà giá cũng không bao nhiêu. Chủ yếu để yên bụng là nếu có tai nạn, bạn sẽ có bảo hiểm đứng ra hỗ trợ về mặt tài chính. Tất nhiên, không có tai nạn vẫn là tốt nhất. Đặc biệt trong những trường hợp chuyến bay bị huỷ, hành lý bị lạc do lỗi hãng hàng không thì bạn vẫn được đền bù kha khá đó chứ. Hoặc khi tai nạn, bệnh tật thì đi bệnh viện sẽ được viện phí.
11/ Tham Gia Các Day Tour/Free Walking Tour
Cơ rất thích đi các gói Day Tour/Free Walking Tour vì đi một mình nhiều lúc cô đơn lắm, đi các dịch vụ này sẽ có thêm người đồng hành ngồi cạnh xe nói chuyện, hoặc nói chuyện với guide thường khá dễ thương. Free Walking Tour theo Cơ thấy chỉ khá phổ biến ở các thành phố lớn và nổi tiếng thôi như Prague, Paris, Barcelona, Madrid, Seville, v.v… vì dịch vụ này của người địa phương họ tự phát. Còn Day Tour thì chỗ nào cũng có, cứ đến quầy Tourist Information, họ sẽ trưng rất nhiều brochure, tờ bướm cho bạn thoải mái lựa chọn.
Nhiều lúc nhờ xem các thông tin tour mà Cơ biết có nơi này, nơi kia tồn tại. Như đợt đến Florence chỉ nghĩ ở Florence thôi, nhưng vô tình thấy Day Tour đi Sienna vùng Tuscany khá thú vị thế là đi luôn và bị choáng ngợp hoàn toàn. Nên nếu đi một mình mà lên kế hoạch không nổi thì cứ lười biếng đi Day Tour cũng chẳng sao. Chỉ cần đặt trước 1 ngày thôi là đi được ngay.
12/ Ngủ Tại Các Thành Phố Kém Nổi Tiếng
Đây là tip mà Cơ rất thích để tiết kiệm chi phí khi du lịch một mình. Nhiều thành phố nổi tiếng đôi khi thuận tiện đó, nhưng vì bạn đi 1 mình nên là tỷ phú thời gian, nhiều lúc thành phố lân cận chỉ tốn 20 phút đi tàu thôi mà giá phòng sẽ rẻ hơn, nhịp sống nhẹ nhàng hơn, bạn sẽ không thấy khách du lịch quá đông đảo. Một số gợi ý như nếu đi chơi Amsterdam thì ở thử Utrecht (20 phút tàu), đi chơi Venice ở thử Mestre (5 phút tàu).
13/ Trang Bị Một Túi Balo Chống Trộm
“Châu Âu không an toàn”
“Trộm cắp tại Châu Âu”
“Du khách nước X bị móc túi tại Châu Âu”
Đây là những tiêu đề bạn sẽ thấy nhan nhản trên báo mạng. Thế nên không có gì sai khi bạn du lịch cần phòng bị một chút đúng không? Và balo chống trộm tức là balo hoặc có ổ khoá, hoặc có dây kéo được úp vào bên trong lưng thì được gọi là balo chống trộm. Đơn giản thôi, không có gì cao siêu đâu. Chiếc balo như vậy giúp bạn tránh bị rạch balo trong đám đông, lúc đi trên metro. Nói chung, phòng bệnh hơn chữa bệnh nhé, cẩn thận chút chỉ thêm lợi thôi.
14/ Không Nên Giữ Tất Cả Tiền & Thẻ Một Chỗ
Không cần phải nói bạn cũng hiểu vì sao. Nếu bị móc túi hay giựt mất balo bạn sẽ mất hết. Nên hãy chia tiền và thẻ ra nhiều nơi để thua keo này ta bày keo khác. Đừng để mất cả chì lẫn chài nhé.
15/ Ăn Mặc Đơn Giản Tại Các Địa Điểm Du Lịch
Có 1 lý do duy nhất chính là bạn không nên tạo sự chú ý cho mình ở ngay dưới chân tháp Eiffel, ở những bảo tàng đông đúc, vì như vậy càng khiến bạn trở thành tầm ngắm cho kẻ gian. Tất nhiên nếu bạn tới đó với bạn bè và sẵn sàng photoshoot thì cứ mặc lồng lộn. Nhưng đi một mình thì chúng ta nên cẩn thận chút nhé.
16/ Đừng Phí Tiền Vào Nước Suối
Tại Châu Âu ở bất kỳ vòi nước nào cũng là nước uống được. Thậm chí có nhiều vòi nước công cộng từ nguồn nước suối rất sạch, điển hình là các vòi nước ở Ý. Thế nên để tiết kiệm chi phí cho nước uống, bạn cứ việc mang theo một bình đựng nước và sử dụng.
17/ Chi Tiêu Cho Ăn Uống Hợp Lý
Thú thực, ăn nhà hàng sang trọng thì phải có bạn hiền, người yêu thì ăn mới thấy thú. Cơ vẫn thích ăn sang nhưng không ăn sang mỗi bữa khi đi một mình được. Nên thường sẽ chia ra có 1 bữa trong ngày ăn nhà hàng được đánh giá cao trên các trang review, 2 bữa còn lại ăn nhẹ nhàng hàng quán nhỏ hoặc đi siêu thị.
Bạn hãy tận dụng siêu thị vì hàng hoá ở Châu Âu chất lượng nhưng khá rẻ. Khi đi Tây Ban Nha và Ý, nhớ đi siêu thị mua trái cây rất tươi ngon và lại rẻ nữa. Trong các chuỗi dạng Express (dạng như cửa hàng tiện lợi) như Carrefour City, Carrefour Express có bán thức ăn làm sẵn. Nếu ngày hôm đó bạn chỉ lên tàu di chuyển thì có thể ghé qua mua rồi lên tàu dùng. Không cần phải tiêu quá nhiều trong một ngày nhé.
Hy vọng với 17 tips này, bạn có thể tự tin đi Châu Âu một mình. Đó là trải nghiệm thú vị vô cùng mà ai cũng nên thử, không có gì đáng sợ cả. Điều đáng sợ không phải đi một mình, điều đáng sợ nằm ở tư tưởng “mình không làm được”
berlin tram 在 ลงทุนแมน Facebook 的最佳貼文
“เวียนนา” ทำอย่างไร? ให้เป็นเมืองน่าอยู่ที่สุดในโลก 10 ปีซ้อน / โดย ลงทุนแมน
จากการจัดอันดับเมืองน่าอยู่ของบริษัทที่ปรึกษา Mercer จากทั้งหมด 231 เมืองทั่วโลก
กรุงเวียนนา เมืองหลวงของประเทศออสเตรีย ครองตำแหน่งเมืองน่าอยู่ที่สุดในโลก
ในปี 2019 และครองตำแหน่งนี้มาตั้งแต่ปี 2010
เท่ากับว่า เมืองที่มีประชากร 2 ล้านคนแห่งนี้ เป็นเมืองน่าอยู่ที่สุดในโลกมาเป็นเวลา 10 ปีซ้อน..
นอกจากบริษัทที่ปรึกษาด้านบริหารทรัพยากรบุคคลอย่าง Mercer แล้ว
สถาบันอย่าง The Economist ก็ได้มอบตำแหน่งเมืองน่าอยู่ที่สุดในโลกให้กับเวียนนาในปี 2019 ด้วยเช่นกัน
สิ่งที่ทำให้เวียนนาเป็นเมือง “น่าอยู่” คืออะไร?
ลงทุนแมนจะเล่าให้ฟัง
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พบกับ หนังสือ ลงทุนแมน 13.0 ที่อัดแน่นไปด้วยกรณีศึกษาและมุมมองธุรกิจที่น่าสนใจ
พร้อมให้คุณเป็นเจ้าของแล้ววันนี้ที่
Lazada: https://www.lazada.co.th/products/130-i1587474257-s4309842746.html
Shopee: https://shopee.co.th/Longtunman-หนังสือลงทุนแมน-13.0-i.116732911.7453767586
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ก่อนอื่นมารู้จักประวัติของเวียนนากันสักนิด
กรุงเวียนนา หรือชื่อภาษาเยอรมันว่า “Wien” ตั้งอยู่ทางตะวันออกของประเทศออสเตรีย
มีแม่น้ำดานูบไหลผ่านกลางเมือง
กรุงเวียนนาเป็นศูนย์กลางของราชวงศ์ฮับส์บวร์กมาตั้งแต่ศตวรรษที่ 16
ในศตวรรษที่ 18 ก็ขึ้นแท่นเป็นศูนย์กลางการปกครองที่ยิ่งใหญ่แห่งหนึ่งของยุโรป
มีพระราชวังเชินบรุนน์ที่งามสง่า มีถนนหนทางโอ่อ่า อาคารประดับประดาสวยงาม
เป็นศูนย์กลางวัฒนธรรมโดยเฉพาะดนตรีคลาสสิก ได้รับฉายาว่า “นครหลวงแห่งการดนตรี”
คีตกวีชื่อดังระดับโลกทั้ง โยฮันน์ ชเตราสส์, โมซาร์ท, เบทโฮเฟิน
ล้วนมีช่วงชีวิตรุ่งโรจน์อยู่ในเมืองแห่งนี้
เวียนนายังคงเป็นศูนย์กลางต่อเนื่องถึงจักรวรรดิออสเตรีย-ฮังการีในช่วงปลายศตวรรษที่ 19 เวลานั้นตรงกับยุคปฏิวัติอุตสาหกรรมของยุโรป
เวียนนาก็ไม่ต่างกับเมืองใหญ่ๆ หลายแห่งของยุโรป มีการสร้างโรงงานมากมาย ดึงดูดแรงงานจากชนบทให้เข้ามาอยู่ในเมือง ประชากรของเวียนนาเพิ่มขึ้นอย่างรวดเร็วจนมากกว่า 1 ล้านคน
ในช่วงทศวรรษ 1880s
ท้ายที่สุดก็นำมาสู่ปัญหาขาดแคลนที่อยู่อาศัย..
นอกถนนวงแหวนที่ล้อมเขตเมืองเก่าที่สวยงาม เต็มไปด้วยอาคารที่อยู่อาศัยที่เสื่อมโทรม
ผู้คนแออัดยัดเยียด หลายแห่งไม่มีห้องน้ำ ยังไม่นับรวมผู้คนอีกมากมายที่อาศัยอยู่ในบ้านทั้งหมดส่งผลให้สุขอนามัยของชาวเวียนนาอยู่ในขั้นวิกฤติ เกิดการระบาดอย่างรุนแรงของโรคติดต่อระบบทางเดินหายใจ โดยเฉพาะ “วัณโรค”
ปัญหาดูจะย่ำแย่ลงไปอีก เมื่อจบสงครามโลกครั้งที่ 1 ในปี ค.ศ. 1918 พร้อมกับการล่มสลายของจักรวรรดิออสเตรีย-ฮังการี ผู้อพยพจากดินแดนอื่นๆ ของจักรวรรดิต่างหลั่งไหลมาอยู่กรุงเวียนนา และเกิดวิกฤติเศรษฐกิจตกต่ำทั่วโลก หรือ Great Depression ที่ทำให้ผู้คนว่างงาน
แต่ช่วงเวลาที่ย่ำแย่ที่สุด ก็นำมาสู่การเปลี่ยนแปลงครั้งใหญ่ ที่ทำให้วิถีชีวิตผู้คนดีขึ้น
หลังจักรวรรดิล่มสลาย ออสเตรียกลายเป็นสาธารณรัฐ มีการปกครองระบอบประชาธิปไตย
โดยเริ่มให้สิทธิเลือกตั้งกับทุกคนรวมถึงผู้หญิง ไม่จำกัดเฉพาะชนชั้นสูงผู้ชายอีกต่อไป
พรรคสังคมนิยมประชาธิปไตยได้ขึ้นมาเป็นเทศมนตรีแห่งกรุงเวียนนาในช่วงปี ค.ศ. 1918 - ค.ศ. 1934 และชีวิตความเป็นอยู่ของชาวเมืองก็เริ่มได้รับการพัฒนาขึ้นทีละน้อย
อย่างแรกก็คือ การแก้ปัญหาเรื่องที่อยู่อาศัย..
คุณ Karl Seitz นายกเทศมนตรีแห่งกรุงเวียนนาระหว่างปี ค.ศ. 1923 - ค.ศ. 1934
เป็นผู้ผลักดันโครงการที่อยู่อาศัยที่เมืองเป็นผู้สนับสนุนค่าเช่า
โดยเมืองจะทำหน้าที่เป็นผู้สร้าง และเก็บค่าเช่าจากผู้คนในราคาถูก
คิดเป็นสัดส่วนประมาณ 4% ของค่าครองชีพ
แต่เนื่องจากเมืองก็ไม่ได้มีเงินทุนมากมาย จึงจำเป็นต้องหารายได้ด้วยการปฏิรูปภาษี
โดยเริ่มการปฏิรูปในปี ค.ศ. 1922 ด้วยการปรับขึ้นภาษีต่างๆ โดยเฉพาะภาษีที่ดิน และภาษีที่อยู่อาศัยสำหรับเอกชน
เมื่อเมืองมีรายได้มากขึ้น สวนทางกับภาคเอกชน ที่ไม่มีใครอยากซื้อที่ดินมาทำโครงการบ้าน เพราะทำไปก็ไม่คุ้ม ผลที่ได้ เมืองสามารถซื้อที่ดินว่างเปล่ามาเพื่อสร้างอะพาร์ตเมนต์สำหรับประชาชน ซึ่งถูกเรียกว่า “Gemeindebau”
แต่ Gemeindebau ก็ไม่ใช่อะพาร์ตเมนต์ที่สร้างแบบหยาบๆ มีการออกแบบให้มีพื้นที่สีเขียวควบคู่ไปด้วย มีสิ่งอำนวยความสะดวกครบครัน ทั้งศูนย์ดูแลเด็ก ห้องสมุด โรงยิม ร้านค้าสหกรณ์ สนามเด็กเล่น ซึ่งกลายเป็นชุมชนให้ผู้คนได้มาพบปะแลกเปลี่ยนความคิดเห็น
ท้ายที่สุด เมืองก็กลายมาเป็นผู้ครอบครองที่ดินมากที่สุดในเวียนนา โดยมีการสร้างอะพาร์ตเมนต์แบบ Gemeindebau กว่า 60,000 แห่งทั่วเมือง โดยอะพาร์ตเมนต์ที่ใหญ่ที่สุด คือ Karl Marx-Hof ซึ่งมีความยาวถึง 1.1 กิโลเมตร
เมื่อที่อยู่อาศัยซึ่งเป็นปัญหาพื้นฐานที่สุดของเมืองได้รับการแก้ไข ผู้คนมากมายสามารถมีที่อยู่โดยใช้เงินเพียงเล็กน้อย ปัญหาต่างๆ จึงเริ่มบรรเทาลง ทั้งปัญหาสุขอนามัย และอาชญากรรม
หลังสงครามโลกครั้งที่ 2 ออสเตรียได้รับความช่วยเหลือทางการเงินจากสหรัฐอเมริกาในแผนการ Marshall ทำให้รัฐบาลมีเงินมาซ่อมแซมอาคารบ้านเรือนที่เสียหายจากสงคราม และปรับปรุงชีวิตความเป็นอยู่ของผู้คน โดยสร้างอะพาร์ตเมนต์แบบใหม่ที่สะดวกสบายมากขึ้นอีก และปรับปรุงระบบขนส่งมวลชนให้มีประสิทธิภาพ
เมื่อระบบรถราง (Tram) และรถไฟใต้ดินของเวียนนาที่สร้างมาตั้งแต่ปลายศตวรรษที่ 19
เริ่มเก่าและเสื่อมสภาพลง จึงมีการปรับปรุงและขยายเส้นทางให้ครอบคลุมทั่วเมือง ในช่วงทศวรรษ 1970s เกิดเป็น Vienna U-Bahn ระบบรถไฟในเมือง
และ Vienna S-Bahn ระบบรถไฟชานเมือง เชื่อมระหว่างใจกลางเมือง กับเขตเมืองรอบๆ
ในปัจจุบัน เวียนนาและเขตปริมณฑล มีระบบรถไฟทั้ง U-Bahn และ S-Bahn
รวมกันเป็นระยะทางมากกว่า 700 กิโลเมตร และระบบรถรางเป็นระยะทางกว่า 170 กิโลเมตร
โดยค่าตั๋วเดินทางแบบรายปี มีราคาเพียง 365 ยูโร สามารถใช้กับระบบขนส่งมวลชนในเขตเมืองได้ทุกประเภททั้งรถไฟ รถราง และรถเมล์ ซึ่งเฉลี่ยแล้วจะเป็นค่าใช้จ่ายวันละ 1 ยูโร หรือ 40 บาทต่อวัน
เมื่อเทียบกับ GDP ต่อหัวของชาวเวียนนาในปี 2019 ที่ 44,000 ยูโร
ค่าเดินทางจะมีสัดส่วนไม่ถึง 1% ของรายได้ด้วยซ้ำ..
ปัจจุบันเวียนนาจึงมีระบบขนส่งมวลชนที่ครอบคลุมในราคาที่เอื้อมถึง มีพื้นที่สีเขียว มีพื้นที่แลกเปลี่ยนความคิดเห็น และที่สำคัญ ประชาชนมี “บ้าน” ที่ปลอดภัย ถูกสุขอนามัย และมีค่าเช่าที่ไม่แพง
ปัจจุบันมีชาวเวียนนากว่า 60% อาศัยอยู่ในอะพาร์ตเมนต์ Gemeindebau ที่มีการออกแบบทันสมัยมากขึ้น มีการนำนวัตกรรมด้านประหยัดพลังงานมาใช้พัฒนาให้คุณภาพชีวิตดีขึ้นไปอีก
โดยตัวแปรในการจัดอันดับเมืองน่าอยู่ของ Mercer ประกอบไปด้วย
ความมั่นคงทางการเมือง เสรีภาพในการแสดงออก สุขอนามัย อาชญากรรม การศึกษา
ระบบขนส่งมวลชน พื้นที่สาธารณะ และที่อยู่อาศัย
ถ้าอ่านมาถึงตรงนี้ คงได้คำตอบแล้วว่า
อะไรที่ทำให้เวียนนา “น่าอยู่” จนได้รับตำแหน่งอันดับ 1 ของโลกมาครอบครอง..
สำหรับกรุงเทพมหานคร จากการจัดอันดับเมืองน่าอยู่ของ Mercer อยู่ในอันดับที่ 133 จากทั้งหมด 231 เมืองทั่วโลก
ทุกคนรู้ว่ากรุงเทพฯ มีนักท่องเที่ยวต่างชาติมาเยือนเป็นอันดับ 1 ของโลก
เป็นเมือง “น่าเที่ยว” ที่มีสถานที่สวยงามมากมาย มีอาหารอร่อย มีบริการที่ครบครันในราคาไม่แพง
แต่สำหรับความ “น่าอยู่” แล้ว
สิ่งรอบตัวคนกรุงเทพฯ เช่น ระบบขนส่งมวลชน การจราจร พื้นที่สีเขียว และทางเท้า คงจะเป็นตัวอย่างแบบง่ายๆ ว่าทำไม กรุงเทพฯ ถึงเป็นเมืองน่าอยู่อันดับที่ 133 ของโลก..
╔═══════════╗
พบกับ หนังสือ ลงทุนแมน 13.0 ที่อัดแน่นไปด้วยกรณีศึกษาและมุมมองธุรกิจที่น่าสนใจ
พร้อมให้คุณเป็นเจ้าของแล้ววันนี้ที่
Lazada: https://www.lazada.co.th/products/130-i1587474257-s4309842746.html
Shopee: https://shopee.co.th/Longtunman-หนังสือลงทุนแมน-13.0-i.116732911.7453767586
╚═══════════╝
ติดตามลงทุนแมนได้ที่
Website - longtunman.com
Blockdit - blockdit.com/longtunman
Facebook - ลงทุนแมน
Twitter - twitter.com/longtunman
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Line - page.line.me/longtunman
YouTube - youtube.com/longtunman
References
-https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/2019-quality-of-living-survey.html
-https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/vienna-best-city-live-quality-life-ranking-mercer-australia-europe-a8820396.html
-https://www.wien.info/en/sightseeing/red-vienna/100-years-of-red-vienna
-https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/regional-innovation-monitor/base-profile/vienna
-https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/09/vienna-euro-a-day-public-transport-berlin-365-annual-ticket
-เมืองน่าอยู่ที่รู้สึก, Little Thoughts
berlin tram 在 ลงทุนแมน Facebook 的最讚貼文
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′′ Germany ′′ the top country of engineering advancement
From electrical appliances, automotive to mandatory system, electric car signals.
German Citizenship Tools Even With High Prices
But it comes with more performance, durability and innovation than anyone.
Many companies that are even over 100 years old.
But these German brands still guarantee their unmatched quality and expertise.
And where does Germany's engineering progress come from?
Welcome to the article series ′′ Branding the Nation ′′ branding instead of country.
Episode why is Germany a country of engineering?
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Investman wants to take everyone back to the 19th century industrial revolution era.
As many people already know that
Britain is the first country in the world to have an industrial revolution since July. B.E. 1780
Followed by Belgium and France
While the economy of other countries in Europe is turning through to progress.
Germany just reunited countries by land which is now Germany. Just completely united for the first time on July. Year 1871 which is the same as the reign of King Rama 5 of the Kingdom of Siam.
From the gathering of German tribes led by the Northern Prussian Kingdom.
With little and big south under the lead of Emperor Wilhelm 1
And Prime Minister Ottoffon Bi Mark
The industrial revolution later made Germans not want to waste their time. Try wrong, try right.
To develop the country to thrive.
The important thing in this regard is to put the process of education and research systematically, therefore, the government puts ′′ education reform ′′ first.
Even many European countries have founded the university since medieval times.
But Europe's academics won't be much involved in the business and industry.
Academics are posing as ′′ gentlemen ′′ not doing business and not messing with industrial sector.
The mechanics, technicians, or anyone involved in the industrial sector will be seen as lower than academics.
But German education doesn't look that way..
With Germany's absence of colony and its revolutionizing industrial slower than many countries.
The only thing that could make the Empire that was recently advanced further than others.
It's scientific advancement, especially in ′′ applied science
Under the lead of Bismarck, huge educational budgeting occurred.
Educational welfare is founded in technical college.
Educational emphasis on Technician and Engineering Career Specifically
Berlin's Technical College of Berlin was established in Year B.E. 1879
Developed from the college of mining that was founded in kho. B.E. 1770
This place is currently the Technical University of Berlin (Technische Universität Berlin)
Apart from Berlin
Technical universities are also established at other states around the country during the evacuation time.
Technical University of Darmstutt, established in July. B.E. 1877
Hannopher Technical University established in July B.E. 1879
Having a unique university in Technician and Engineering
Make a lot of workforce and technicians
When these workers graduate, they can enter into industrial sector immediately.
Government also supports universities to cooperate with industrial sector.
There is a collaborative research between academics and businessmen in industry circles.
Engineering research is easily implemented in the business world.
When businesses can make profit, they give money back to support research.
Later on, many big companies start having their own research and development institutions.
Germany's engineering development is growing in a leap.
Especially in the steel industry.
The German Empire Steel Industry Center is located around the Roore River Valley.
Aka Ruhrgebiet (Ruhrgebiet) which is west of the country.
This area is a major source of iron and coal mineral, with an epicenter in Esseen.
But originally, most steel industries use mild steel, these iron are fragile.
Make it not yet applied for much use.
For steel to be stronger and more durable, it is necessary to transform the chemical structure of steel by fusing and filling the mineral into steel.
But ironing requires a very high temperature at the moment, no effective and cost effective stove for production.
How to produce Siemens-Martin Steel
Which was invented in July. 1865 by 2 researchers
One of them is German named Sir Carl Wilhelm Siemens
Created an accelerated steel squid oven that can heat up to 1,500 degrees Celsius.
It's called a pan stove or open hearth furnace.
With education system that strongly connects research and industrial sector.
Not long ago, German steel company brought a new refiner.
xỳāng rwdrĕw application in the steel industry
Led by steel company called ′′ Krupp ′′
Krupp company founded by the Krupp family has a history back to mid 16th century.
There is an office located in Esseen during which German railway expands rapidly.
Esen City becomes the center of the steel industry.
Krupp company also leads to manufacturing metal-based products such as railroad tracks and locomotives.
Alfred Krupp has funded research to find out how to produce steel.
Scholarship to the scholars when a new refiner comes out successfully.
Krupp company has become a leader in global export steel production.
From railroad tracks, development to machinery and factories.
Not long ago, Germany was on board, Europe's major steel manufacturer overtakes England.
Krupp company currently has merged with Thyssen steel company.
Became a ′′ Thyssenkrupp ′′ company.
Even the steel industry is going to lower the role.
But Thyssenkrupp has continued to be a leader in engine parts.
Aircraft, elevator and escalator components.
Apart from the steel industry, another industry in which German engineering knowledge has advanced over many countries during the same time is the electrical industry.
Led by a company called ′′ Siemens ′′
Founder of this company is Werner von Siemens Berlin electric engineer
This is the real brother of Sir Carl Wilhelm Siemens who invented steel production methods.
Werner von Siemens has automatically invented a typed telegram system.
Instead of knocking, using Morse code, then founded Siemens company in July. B.E. 1847
Siemens company has expanded its business across Europe and USA.
Werner von Siemens also the world's first electric elevator developer in July. B.E. 1880
The inventor of mechanical dynamo that transforms mechanical energy into electric energy.
And build an electric bus or Trolley Bus in July. B.E. 1882
Siemens are currently the world's leading electrical engineering company.
There are a variety of products from electronics, electric car, medical tools.
Electric train signal system to wind turbine technology
In addition to Thyssenkrupp and Siemens, the brand is under 100 years old.
Germany also has many engineering companies that all have the same age.
The whole Leica company founded in July. B.E. 1869
Expert in the production of eyelet lenses, medical devices and cameras.
AEG company founded in July. 1883 Manufacturer of large generator and tram system
Osram company separated from Siemens in July. Prof. 1909 is a leader in light bulb technology.
Dedication to developing applied science education and connecting to the business sector, opens new advancements in engineering.
And bring Germany to step up, standing in the front line of the world's leading industrial countries.
But not only the advancements in the steel and electrical industry.
Founded Technical University will produce important people in the science industry.
To take Germany to open the world into a new industry.
Industry that will forever change people's lifestyle
′′ The chemical industry "..
Prepare to meet the article series ′′ Branding the Nation ′′ to build brand instead of country.
In the next episode coming soon..
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References
- Robert C. Allen, World Economic History
- Chattip Nak Supha, History of Comparative Industrial Revolution
-.. .. Chachphon Kolkathada, a war that never won.
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_hearth_furnace
-https://www.thyssenkrupp.com/en/productsTranslated