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關於bottom-up meaning 在許秀雯律師 Facebook 的精選貼文

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bottom-up meaning 在 Alexander Wang 王梓沅英文 Facebook 的最佳解答

2020-06-19 14:04:51 有 146 人按讚

#公開課
【逆風文】不迷信「秒殺招」，GRE 閱讀不再是惡夢

GRE 的閱讀文章一篇常常動輒就有 5 行。不對。是一句話就可以有 5 行，是很多人出國同學的惡夢。那麼困難的考試，我們到底要怎麼準備呢？

我想先以心理語言學 (psycholinguistics) 的角度，排除個人要素 (易緊張、易粗心、專注力不好)，以兩個角度分析GRE 閱讀的難點。

【linguistic complexity (語言複雜性)】

• 字彙難度較高、熟字僻義多
• 句型複雜（眾多倒裝句、或主詞動詞離很遠的句子)
• 句子偏好 subordination 而非 coordination (學術文章特色)

【cognitive complexity (認知複雜性)】

• 時間壓力 (time pressure) (填空＋閱讀 20 題只有 30 分鐘寫，包含閱讀時間)
• 文章表達議論論點抽象、複雜 (meaning abstractness)
• 文章主題通常我們不熟悉 (absence of prior knowledge)
• 論點常常不是二分法式地「非黑即白」

也因其複雜性，GRE 補教老師在教閱讀時，常常立意良善地想要幫學生找出必殺絕招。絕招中通常分成 2 派。

【翻譯派】認為一句話翻不出中文，就是看不懂

但這樣的派別，有幾個缺點：

1️⃣ GRE 是英語為載體的學術邏輯考試，不是翻譯考試。
2️⃣ 這樣的說法忽略的長達 40 年的閱讀研究。有足夠的 top-down reading skills, 不需要看懂每一句話還是可以看得懂「主旨、態度、功能」做對題目。
3️⃣ 閱讀裡一定會有些字的「預設」期待，是 ETS 沒有要你看得懂就可以做對題目的。
4️⃣ 限時下，沒有時間這樣做

【技巧派】認為考試技巧比實力重要

但這樣的派別，有幾個缺點：

1️⃣ 某些技巧只會在某些題型中派得上用場。考試時考生通常「無法判斷」什麼是可用的。
2️⃣ 技巧要用得上，其實要具備一定的閱讀能力。不然遇到新的閱讀時，「使不上力」是 the norm。
3️⃣ 需要 bottom-up reading skills (eg. 長難句閱讀能力) 的細節題) 拿不到分數。

在 6/22 (一) 的 GRE 高分公開課當中，我將跟你分享「務實派」，如何在準備 GRE Verbal、AWA 的過程當中，一方面真的將考試分數衝高、另外一方面也加強學術語言能力 (學術閱讀、寫作、synthesizing、summarizing、字彙使用）！

• 公開課一秒報名:
https://www.accupass.com/event/2006130825379892462450

• 時間: 6/22 (一) 7:30 pm - 9:00 pm (7:00 pm 入場)
• 地點: 台北市朱崙街 60號2F (MRT 南京復興站)

【授課講師】創勝文教共同創辦人、GRE授課講師王梓沅
紐約哥倫比亞大學應用語言學碩士
賓州大學社會語言學碩士
GRE AWA PR98 (5.5) (2019 台灣紀錄保持)

Tags: bottom-up meaning 公開課

Alexander Wang 王梓沅英文

About author

☆ 創勝文教共同創辦人 ☆ 哥倫比亞大學應用語言學碩士 ; 主修: 第二語言習得, 英語教學、認知心理學 ☆ 專長：成人英語、企業英語內訓、留學考試、師資培訓、留學代辦

bottom-up meaning 在 Alexander Wang 王梓沅英文 Facebook 的最佳貼文

By Alexander Wang 王梓沅英文

2017-03-17 10:12:16 有 273 人按讚

【英文聽力要學好，先分好這兩件事情】a state-of-the-art article

上一篇文章我們談到了，如果一句話聽不到的時候，要怎麼剖析自己需要加強的地方（因為不是所有的聽不到、聽不好都跟聽力不好有關係)。

這一篇文章要以Top-down approach 和 bottom-up approach 來跟大家分析，練習英文聽力時，要注意的事情。

大多人在練習英文聽力時，想到的都偏向 bottom-up approach 的面向，如:
1. 發音 (pronunciation)
2. 抑揚頓挫 (intonation)
3. 連音 (connected speech)、消音 (deletion)
4. 字的重音 (stressed syllables) 和字間連結等等。(and more)

這些面向雖重要，在教學過程中，也會發現學生也可能會「每一句話都了解，但句子間的關係沒弄懂 -- focusing on individual sentences, missing the relationship between ideas」那樣也會造成有聽沒有懂。

因此，除了跟「聲音」相關係的部分要注意外，也要採取 top-down approach 來聽。而Top-down approach 著重

(1) 對話/演說的重點、主題、背景 (gist, main ideas, topic, and setting of the text)
(2) 資訊與資訊的關係 (general information or details)
(3) 資訊的整理 (how the speaker sequences the information)
(4) 對於內容的猜測 (inferencing, guessing, predicting)

大家要記得，母語人士、亦或聽力很好的人一定是不管有意識到、無意識到、還是些微意識到地同時使用這兩個approaches 在聽，才能培養出好的listening skills. (Skilled listeners simultaneously engage in top-down and bottom-up processing, using both types of skills to construct meaning. )

下一篇文章，我們將討論可以看電影來練習英文聽力嗎？電影和美劇的英文是不是最好學英文聽力的管道？此問題。

Feel free to share the article! Happy listening!

Tags: bottom-up meaning

Alexander Wang 王梓沅英文

About author

bottom-up meaning 在許秀雯律師 Facebook 的精選貼文

By 許秀雯律師

2016-12-03 01:56:01 有 113 人按讚

【亞洲究竟何時才會通過同性婚姻？】（中譯）

Foreign Policy 於日前（11/30) 刊出專文報導台灣婚姻平權法案進程，文章以伴侶盟發起「婚姻平權革命陣線」，於 2014/10/5 彩虹圍城行動中，群眾把婚姻平權四個大球推入立院作為開頭。精要勾勒了近年來台灣婚姻平權發展簡史，並詳盡分析了目前法案風雲詭譎的政治情勢，報導也委婉但明確點出，婚姻平權法案的通過與否，正在考驗著蔡總統的領導能力與政治誠信。

原文參見
http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/11/30/marriage-equality-in-taiwan-isnt-a-done-deal-tsai-ing-wen-legislation-lgbt-taipei/?wp_login_redirect=0
作者/LINDA VAN DER HORST
2016年11月30日
中文翻譯：Tasha Chang

標題：When Will Asia Finally Have Same-Sex Marriage?
亞洲究竟何時才會通過同性婚姻？？
Taiwan is on the verge of becoming the first Asian government to legalize marriage equality. But the public is deeply divided.
台灣即將成為亞洲第一個同性婚姻合法化的國家，但輿論仍高度分歧。
In October 2014, a crowd at an LGBT rights rally in Taipei, one of many, lobbed four large red balloons emblazoned with the Chinese characters for marriage equality into the fenced courtyard of Taiwan’s legislature. At that time, a comfortable majority of Taiwanese supported same-sex marriage; a number of polls in the self-governing island of 23 million indicated as much, with one showing as many as 71 percent in favor. But several initiatives to amend the law to achieve marriage equality, first mooted in 2003, have not been successful. Two years later, three marriage equality bills now sit on legislators’ desks; although international media have been quick to announce that Taiwan stands on the cusp of being the first government in Asia to achieve marriage equality, the island’s public seems deeply divided. In the latest poll on the subject, released on Nov. 29, 46 percent of respondents supported marriage equality, while 45 percent opposed it. Meanwhile, Taiwan’s lawmakers and its civil society have been more cautious than recent headlines in Western media suggest.

2014年10月，在架起拒馬的立法院外，有一大群為了同志權益發聲的群眾，高推著四顆分別寫著「婚」、「姻」、「平」、「權」四字的紅色大球，推往立法院的方向。當時，在有著2,300萬人口的台灣，有絕大多數民眾都支持婚姻平權，幾個民意調查也顯示同樣的結果，其中有個調查的支持度甚至還高達71%。然而，最早於2003年所發動，接續欲修法以達成婚姻平權的數個提案，最後都無疾而終。兩年後，三套版本的婚姻平權法案現正擺在立法委員的案前等待審議。雖然國際媒體迅速下了判斷宣告台灣即將成為亞洲第一個達成婚姻平權的國家，但台灣的民意似乎仍高度分歧。最近一次於今年11月29日公布的一份調查指出，46%的受訪者支持婚姻平權，另有45%的受訪者表示反對。同時，相較於西方國際媒體樂觀的報導走向，台灣的立法委員與公民社會的態度反而較為小心謹慎。

Island-wide marriage equality initiatives have been unsuccessful in spite of growing support over decades. Even without national legislation, many local governments in Taiwan now allow same-sex couples to participate in collective weddings and to record their partnership in household registries across the island, although neither action confers any legal rights.

過去數十年，即便婚姻平權的支持度越來越高，推動婚姻平權的行動卻屢遭挫敗。雖然中央尚未立法保障同志權益，台灣有許多地方政府已開放同性伴侶參與聯合婚禮並開放同性伴侶註記，然無論是聯合婚禮還是同性伴侶註記，皆未能給予同性伴侶法律上的權利。

To many, the election of President Tsai Ing-wen and her Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) in January portended a broader, deeper change. Tsai openly made statements that appeared to support marriage equality during and after her campaign. In an October 2015 Facebook video posted to coincide with Taipei’s annual LGBT pride parade, Tsai exclaimed, “Everyone is equal before love.” A year later, she posted a photo on her Facebook page showing a rainbow, adding that her “belief has not changed” post-election. In August, Tsai appointed the first transgender official in government, Audrey Tang, as executive councilor for digital policy, which looked like another step toward acceptance of different gender norms.

對於許多人來說，現任總統蔡英文與其所屬政黨民主進步黨（民進黨）在一月總統大選的勝選，預告了更大幅度、更深程度的改變。無論是在選舉期間或當選後，蔡英文數次公開發表支持婚姻平權的文章。2015年10月，為響應臺北的年度同志大遊行，蔡英文的臉書發表了一支影片，影片中的蔡英文說道：「在愛之前，大家都是平等的。」一年過後，她在臉書上發佈了一則彩虹橫跨天際的照片，補充道：「雖然我的身分變了，但是我相信的價值沒有改變」，強調選後立場沒有改變。今年八月，蔡英文內閣任命首位跨性別官員唐鳳擔任政務委員，督導數位經濟與開放政府。此舉看來又是另一個接納不同性別典範的舉措。

Since Tsai took office this May, pressure has been building on her to deliver.
自蔡英文五月就任後，要求實現承諾的壓力升高

Since Tsai took office this May, pressure has been building on her to deliver. Yet she has never explicitly promised that her administration would push for same-sex marriage legislation, and critics have feared that once in office, she would find herself unable to follow through on her progressive rhetoric. The party that Tsai leads, the DPP, “has neither devoted sufficient resources to communicate the issues of marriage equality nor to reconcile differences within the party,” Victoria Hsu, who heads the nonprofit Taiwan Alliance to Promote Civil Partnership Rights (TAPCPR), told Foreign Policy.

蔡英文自今年五月就任後，要求她實現承諾的壓力不斷升高。然而，蔡英文卻從來沒有公開承諾她的行政團隊會推動婚姻平權的立法，批評者認為，一旦就任，蔡英文就無法堅持實現她過往曾發表過充滿進步性的言論。非營利組織台灣伴侶權益推動聯盟理事長許秀雯向《外交政策》表示，「蔡總統所領導的民進黨一直沒有真正投注夠多的資源在婚姻平權議題之上，或去溝通與化解黨內歧見。」

It was therefore a setback when Justice Minister Chiu Tai-san announced in August that his ministry still intended to introduce its own same-sex partnership bill — but only in 2017, after studying the impact of such a law on Taiwanese society. (In Taiwan, ministries can introduce bills into the legislature.) The effort dates back to the previous, more socially conservative Kuomintang (KMT) administration of Ma Ying-jeou and is an attempt to compromise between supporters of marriage equality and religious groups opposed. Proposing a separate law for same-sex partnership is politically easier, as it leaves the institution of marriage as currently constituted unchanged.

於是，當法務部長邱太三在八月宣布，經過研究相關法律對於台灣社會的影響，法務部仍傾向在2017年推出同性伴侶法時（台灣的行政部門可自行推出法案送進立法院審議），對於同志社群來說是一大挫敗。推行同性伴侶法可溯及較為保守的國民黨馬英九政府當權時期，用意在面對支持婚姻平權的群眾與反對婚姻平權的宗教團體中取得妥協。對於當政者而言，推動同性伴侶專法因未修改現行婚姻制度，在政治上的壓力較小。

In the absence of strong top-down leadership on the issue from Tsai, momentum for the bills currently under consideration has come from the bottom up. Audrey Ko, the chief editor of Womany, an online media outlet focused on gender issues and LGBT rights, says a stigma remains for gays and lesbians in Taiwan, one her company seeks to dispel. Other organizations, such as the Taiwan Tongzhi (LGBT) Hotline Association, perform peer counseling and advocacy work. Even corporations are chipping in; in March, McDonald’s released a commercial in which a son comes out to his father in one of its restaurants. (The father accepts it.)

缺少蔡英文「從上而下」貫徹的領導力，對於三個版本婚姻平權法案的支持聲量多來自「由下而上」的力量。關注性別與同志議題的線上媒體女人迷總編輯柯采岑表示，臺灣的同志族群還是被污名化，而女人迷就是想要破除此種污名；其他的組織例如台灣同志諮詢熱線協會則提供同志諮詢服務與倡議。企業也紛紛響應婚姻平權的議題。今年三月，在麥當勞發表的電視廣告中，有一個兒子在麥當勞向自己的父親出櫃（而父親也接受他了）。

This summer, a number of Taiwanese pop artists organized a benefit concert to raise awareness for marriage equality; tickets sold out in minutes. Pop superstar Jolin Tsai performed a lesbian-themed song for the occasion. In the music video for the song “We’re All Different, Yet the Same,” she makes the case for marriage equality by describing the plight of a woman whose partner of more than 30 years is hospitalized; the woman is unable to sign a consent form for emergency surgery because she is legally not a spouse or family member.

今年夏天，有多個臺灣流行音樂藝人組織了一場為婚姻平權而唱的公益演唱會，演唱會門票一開賣就在幾分鐘內售罄。流行樂天后蔡依林在該場演唱會中也演出以女同志為主題的歌。在她的「不一樣又怎樣」的MV中，描述了一對相守30年的女同志伴侶，其中一位因病住院，然她的伴侶卻無法在她需要進行緊急手術時簽署手術同意書，因為她的伴侶並不具有配偶或是親屬的身份。

A real-life version of this tragedy triggered public outcry and reinvigorated support for marriage equality. On Oct. 16, 67-year-old French professor Jacques Picoux fell to his death from the top of a 10-story building in Taipei, police said. He is thought to have committed suicide after depression caused by the death of his partner due to cancer; Picoux was unable to make medical decisions for his partner in his final days, as Picoux had no legal status. In a response to this outcry, legislators from the DPP and the KMT, as well as the caucus of the New Power Party (NPP), a young activist organization, all introduced similar marriage equality bills.

此種悲劇的真實案例引發了社會上強烈的抗議聲浪，推動婚姻平權運動更進一步。在今年10月16日，據警方表示，67歲的法國籍教授畢安生（Jacques Picoux）從位於台北的10樓住家一躍而下身亡。據悉，他有可能是因長期伴侶因癌症過世所引發的憂鬱症而自殺。當畢安生的伴侶在癌症末期時，因他沒有法律地位而無法替伴侶做醫療決定。為了回應關於婚姻平權的呼聲，民進黨與國民黨的立委以及由年輕的社運組織所組成的時代力量的黨團都推出了類似的婚姻平權法案。

All three proposals would amend the Taiwan Civil Code to open marriage to same-sex couples, but they differ in how to do so. DPP legislator Yu Mei-nu’s proposal introduces a general provision extending to same-sex couples the right to marriage, as well as other family law rights that accompany married status. But it leaves further gendered language across the civil code intact. The proposals of KMT legislator Hsu Yu-ren and the NPP would make references to “husband and wife” and “father and mother” gender-neutral throughout all relevant civil code provisions. These latter two proposals have great symbolic meaning, because they remove a heterosexual presumption from the code, but the legal effect is likely no different than Yu’s proposal.

這三個提案都主張修改民法將婚姻制度對同性伴侶開放，但對於如何開放則各有其詮釋。民進黨尤美女的版本採用一概括條款(註：新增民法971-1條)使同性配偶適用夫妻、父母子女等相關權利義務，但保留了民法中「性別化」的法律用語，未加修改。國民黨立委許毓仁與時代力量黨團的版本則將「夫妻」、「父母」等現行民法中的用語性別中立化。許毓仁與時代力量的版本，將異性戀預設的用語「性別中立化」而具有重大的象徵性意義，但若在法律適用結果而論，三個版本並無太大差異。

There is still a long legislative road to travel before Taiwan can become the first Asian government to legalize same-sex marriage. The bills passed their first reading on Nov. 17, but the DPP caucus whip has said the proposed bills will next be reviewed on Dec. 26. During the review process, any legislator can introduce a competing same-sex partnership act. Even if the bills were to enter a second reading, they could still face a boycott and be removed from the agenda. The bills will only become legislation after passing three readings.

臺灣要成為亞洲第一個將同性婚姻合法化的國家，仍有一大段立法之路要走。婚姻平權三版本的民法修正案都在今年11月17日通過了立法院一讀，而民進黨黨團總召表示，下一次審議的時間為12月26日。在審查過程中，任何一位立法委員都可以提出同性伴侶法作為對案。即便三個版本的婚姻平權法案進入了二讀，也還是有可能面臨杯葛而無法排進立法院的議程中。這三個版本的法案要通過三讀才有可能正式成為法律。

As these bills went through their first reading in the legislature this month, thousands of people protesting against marriage equality, and only several hundred rallying for it, gathered on Taipei’s streets.

當三個版本的法案本月在立法院通過一讀後，上千名反對婚姻平權的民眾走上台北街頭集結，當天支持婚姻平權而上街的民眾僅數百人。

As these bills went through their first reading in the legislature this month, thousands of people protesting against marriage equality, and only several hundred rallying for it, gathered on Taipei’s streets. Opposition to marriage equality in Taiwan largely comes from small but well-organized and vocal conservative religious groups. Four people reportedly even managed to storm into the legislative meeting room, shouting that the “legislators are monsters” and would want to change Taiwan “into an AIDS island.”

這三個版本的法案本月都在立法院通過一讀，為此，上千名反對婚姻平權的民眾走上台北街頭集結，然當天上街支持婚姻平權的民眾卻只有數百人。在台灣，大部分反對婚姻平權的民眾來自規模小但組織嚴密且發言聲量大的保守宗教團體。據報載，甚至有四名反對修法的民眾嘗試要衝進立法院司法及法制委員會的會議室，高喊著：「立委都是怪獸」、台灣要變「愛滋島」。

It is hard to tell whether the legislature will pass a same-sex marriage bill this time, says Hsu of TAPCPR, partly because of internal opposition within the DPP and KMT. (The NPP caucus fully supports its bill but only holds five seats in legislature.) Tsai has reiterated that the bills are “clear evidence” marriage equality has support across all parties. But even Yu, who introduced the DPP bill, says she is only cautiously optimistic about the chances of passing a marriage equality law.

台灣伴侶權益推動聯盟理事長許秀雯表示，現在沒有辦法預知立法院是否會通過婚姻平權法案，情勢走向如何，真的很難說。因為主要政黨國民黨及民進黨的立委雖然都有提出婚姻平權民法修正案，但這兩個黨裡面也都有反對者（時代力量雖然全黨都支持婚姻平權，在立法院內也只有五個席次）。蔡英文總統數度表示，不同版本婚姻平權法案的推出，即為此議題獲得跨黨派支持的「明證」。然而，即便是推出民進黨版本婚姻平權法案的尤美女立委也表示，對於婚姻平權是否能過關成為法律，她仍只抱持審慎樂觀的態度。

Outside lawmakers’ offices, the battle for public support continues. If anything, it seems to be waning precisely at the time when it will be most needed. “More and more people are confessing that they love gays but that they don’t support same-sex marriage,” said Ko, because they believe allowing same-sex partners to get married will harm traditional family values. She is therefore unsure whether Taiwan will manage to pass a bill in the next year. At least, Ko added, “people are talking [about it], and it is not a taboo anymore.”

在立法委員的辦公室外，爭取民意支持的戰爭仍未停歇。若真要說，此時此刻婚姻平權運動最需要的是什麼？大概就是更多的支持。女人迷總編輯柯采岑表示，「有越來越多人坦白表示，他們愛同志但是不支持婚姻平權」，因為他們認為，若同性伴侶可以結婚，將損害傳統家庭價值。」她也說，不確定臺灣能否在明年內通過婚姻平權法案。她補充：「但至少，大家都開始討論（婚姻平權法案）了，這再也不是禁忌了。」

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長照是一個劇變的旋轉舞台百年難得一見沒有準備的人被旋轉舞台甩出去不是坐下就是躺下而大象中醫是太極的推手推動著旋轉舞台讓所有爬不起來的人背後有一股推手力量支撐再站起來

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bottom-up meaning 在 Top Down Meaning - Bottom Up Definition - ESL English 的推薦與評價

Top Down Meaning - Bottom Up Definition - Top Down Examples - Bottom Up Explained - ESL EnglishTop Down - Bottom Up - Top Down Meaning ... ... <看更多>

The bottom-up definition of fork-node trees given in section 4.3 captures these structural constraints. 來自Cambridge English Corpus. The bottom ...

#2. Bottom-up definition and meaning - English - Collins Dictionary

Bottom -up definition: from the lowest level of a hierarchy or process to the top | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples.

#3. Bottom-up Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com

organized or proceeding from smaller, more detailed units to the larger, more general structure: His bottom-up approach to research involves immersing himself ...

#4. BOTTOM-UP (adjective) definition and synonyms

Definition of BOTTOM-UP (adjective): starting with details.

#5. BOTTOM-UP | Meaning & Definition for UK English - Lexico.com

Proceeding from the bottom or beginning of a hierarchy or process upwards. ... 'But then the Board was set up to be at the apex of a consensus based bottom-up ...

#6. bottom-up - Longman Dictionary

bottom -upˌbottom-ˈup adjective ; POSSIBLEa bottom-up plan is one in which you decide on practical details before thinking about general principles OPP top-down ...

#7. bottom-up adjective - Oxford Learner's Dictionaries

Definition of bottom-up adjective in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, ...

#8. Bottom–up Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary

BOTTOM –UP meaning: progressing upward from the lowest levels controlled or directed from the lower levels.

#9. Bottom-up - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms - Vocabulary.com

of an approach to a problem that begins with details and works up to the highest conceptual level.

#10. bottom-up - Yahoo奇摩字典搜尋結果

bottom up · ph. 自下而上式經營管理；屁股朝天；顛倒著 ; bottom up · ph. 自下而上式經營管理；屁股朝天；顛倒著 ; bottom-up · adj. 【英】從細節到總體的，從個別到全貌的； ...

#11. Top-down and bottom-up design - Wikipedia

Top-down and bottom-up are both strategies of information processing and knowledge ordering, used in a variety of fields including software, humanistic and ...

#12. Bottom-up - The Free Dictionary

Progressing from small or subordinate units to larger or more important units, as in an organization or process. American Heritage® Dictionary of the English ...

#13. 82 Synonyms & Antonyms for BOTTOM UP - Thesaurus.com

Find 82 ways to say BOTTOM UP, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, ... See definition of bottom up on Dictionary.com.

#14. Bottom-Up Investing - Investopedia

Bottom -up investing is an investment approach that focuses on analyzing individual stocks and de-emphasizes the significance of macroeconomic and market ...

#15. bottoms up - Urban Dictionary

To drink the contents of one's beverage. Used especially when alcohol is concerned. Literally to tilt the bottom of one's glass upward until it is empty. The ...

#16. Bottom up | TeachingEnglish | British Council | BBC

Bottom -up processing happens when someone tries to understand language by looking at individual meanings or grammatical characteristics of the most basic ...

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海詞詞典,最權威的學習詞典,為您提供bottom-up的在線翻譯,bottom-up是什麼意思,bottom-up的真人發音,權威用法和精選例句等。

#18. bottom-up approach - 由下而上方式 - 國家教育研究院雙語詞彙

由下而上方式 · bottom-up approach · 名詞解釋: (一)在系統開發技術中，指從抽象觀念的最低層開始逐漸向最高層發展的方法或過程。 (二)在一個層次結構的框圖中，從最低層的 ...

#19. What Does Bottoms Up Mean? - Writing Explained

Bottoms Up Meaning ... Definition: Drink! People will say, “bottoms up” to encourage others to drink something. If you are holding a cup full of liquid and lift ...

#20. Bottom-up estimating definition - AccountingTools

Bottom -up estimating involves the estimation of work at the lowest possible level of detail. These estimates are then aggregated to arrive ...

#21. Bottom Up Approach Definition - The Strategic CFO™

See Also: Top Down Approach How to Prepare an Investor Package Fixed Income Securities Common Stock Definition Finance Beta Definition Bottom Up Approach ...

#22. What does bottom-up mean? - Definitions.net

Definition of bottom-up in the Definitions.net dictionary. ... bot·tom-up. Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word bottom-up.

#23. bottom-up - Chinese translation – Linguee

Many translated example sentences containing "bottom-up" – Chinese-English dictionary and search engine for Chinese translations.

#24. Top Down Meaning - Bottom Up Definition - ESL English

Top Down Meaning - Bottom Up Definition - Top Down Examples - Bottom Up Explained - ESL EnglishTop Down - Bottom Up - Top Down Meaning ...

#25. Bottom-Up Forecasting - Corporate Finance Institute

Bottom -up forecasting is a method of estimating a company's future performance by starting with low-level company data and working “up” to ...

#26. bottom-up - Translation into Chinese - examples English

Translations in context of "bottom-up" in English-Chinese from Reverso Context: bottom-up approach, bottom up, from the bottom up, bottom-up approaches, ...

#27. 由上而下(Top-Down Approach)是什麼？有什麼差別？一分鐘 ...

3. 哪一個投資策略分析方式適合我？繼續往下看。什麼是由下而上(Bottom-Up Approach)？

#28. bottom-up processing - APA Dictionary of Psychology

Typically, perceptual or cognitive mechanisms use bottom-up processing when information is unfamiliar or highly complex. Also called bottom-up analysis; ...

#29. Best 6 synonyms for bottom-up - Thesaurus

Find all the synonyms, antonyms, and related words for BOTTOM-UP using the thesaurus at ... Awhile vs. A While: Meaning and Difference in Everyday English.

#30. How Bottom-Up Processing Works - Verywell Mind

Bottom -up processing involves perceiving based on information that is available through the senses. It is a reductionist view of perception.

#31. What is Bottom-Up Testing? - Definition from Techopedia

What Does Bottom-Up Testing Mean? Bottom-up testing is a specific type of integration testing that tests the lowest components of a code base first.

#32. Bottom-Up Approach to Planning - Monash Business School

Marketing dictionary. Bottom-Up Approach to Planning. a participative approach to planning in which there is involvement at all levels; plans are developed ...

#33. The bottom-up approach

Participatory selection of projects, “animation” of the partnership. Definition of courses of action and strategies. Implementation of the pro- gramme, new ...

#34. Bottom-Up Estimating – Definition, Example, Pros & Cons

Bottom -up estimating is a technique that involves estimations on a granular level for parts of a project. These are then aggregated to a total estimate for ...

#35. Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Management: What Is the Best Fit?

If you work in a heavily regulated industry or a much larger company, consider a top-down approach. However, be sure that you have other means ...

#36. Top Down vs. Bottom Up Management: What's the Difference?

The broad definition of bottom-up management is it's a structure where the whole organization participates in the process of leading the ...

#37. Bottom-up - meaning and origin. - The Phrase Finder

What's the meaning of the phrase 'Bottom-up'? ... An approach to organisation or planning that is built up from basic details rather than from a guiding principal ...

#38. Top-Down Approach vs. Bottom-Up Approach - Asana

How does top-down compare to bottom-up management? ... The top-down management style is common, which means there's less of a learning curve ...

#39. | Bottom-Up Vs. Top-Down Project Management 101

The top-down approach to project management means that you start with the final deliverable (project goal) and break it down into smaller, more ...

#40. Bottom-up approach - the openmod initiative's Wiki

Definition. 1. A bottom-up approach is the piecing together of systems to give rise to more complex systems, thus making the original ...

#41. What Are the Benefits of the Bottom Up Approach? – Clarizen

As the name would suggest, imagining a standard management hierarchy, it means that decision-making and process implementation originates from ...

#42. Bottom-Up Processing in Psychology: Examples & Definition

In psychology, bottom-up processing is when our body responds to a situation first, which then leads to emotions, and finally thoughts.

#43. Bottom-up vs Top-down (in the context of nanoparticle formation)

Definition : There are two approaches for the manufacturing of nanomaterials: The “top-down” approach, which involves the breaking down of large pieces ...

#44. Bottom-Up or Top-Down: English as a Foreign Language ...

tion, bottom-up and top-down, to Chinese university students ... hold, 1983; Rost, 1990), but when it comes to assigning a meaning to.

#45. bottom-up development | Encyclopedia.com

bottom -up development An approach to program development in which ... Source for information on bottom-up development: A Dictionary of Computing dictionary.

#46. Bottom-Up Learning and Top-Down Learning - SpringerLink

Definition. Bottom-up learning refers to learning implicit knowledge first and then learning explicit knowledge on that basis (i.e., through “extracting” ...

#47. Top-down和Bottom-up設計方法 - 搞笑談軟工

鄉民甲：所以Teddy你的意思是說GoF Design Pattern比較不好？達摩大師：無所謂好壞，端看造化而定。 Gamma自己評論說道：「I confess that this is less ...

#48. Bottom-Up Processing | Simply Psychology

Meaning that Gibson's theory argues that perception functions as a straight line, we experience new stimuli through our sensations and then ...

#49. Bottom Up Budgeting Definition | UpCounsel 2022

Bottom Up Budgeting Definition: Everything You Need to Know. Describes it as a budgeting method in which each department within an organization makes a list ...

#50. 6 Benefits of Using a Bottom-Up Management Approach | Voilà!

A bottom-up approach is a way of making corporate decisions that starts from the bottom of the hierarchy, rather than at the top. In practice, this means that ...

#51. Bottom up meaning in Hindi - बॉटम मतलब हिंदी में - Translation

Bottom up meaning in Hindi : Get meaning and translation of Bottom up in Hindi language with grammar,antonyms,synonyms and sentence usages.

#52. "viewed from the bottom up"是什麼意思？ - 關於英語(美國)的問題

viewed from the bottom up的意思. ... It means you are viewing something, maybe an object, from the bottom all the way to the start/top of ...

#53. Difference Between Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approach - Byju's

What is a Bottom-Up Model? It is a design approach that defines the various parts of a system in detail. In this method, after designing and developing the ...

#54. What is bottom-up innovation? - UNHCR

[4] For some, innovation has been conceived of as a process from problem definition, solution identification, iteration and scale. This process may happen in ...

#55. What is a Bottom-up Approach? Definition and meaning

Definition of a Bottom-up Approach: a democratic and consultative style of decision making, organizational change and leadership, in which employee ...

#56. Is Top Down or Bottom Up Processing Best When Learning ...

Well, in some ways it is bottom up because we are taking the smaller elements and combining them to create meaning. However, when we learn a ...

#57. Using Top‐down and Bottom‐up Costing Approaches in LMICs

1) in comparison with the mean top‐down cost of $US33.5 (SD, $US32.0). The mean bottom‐up unit costs were the same for observation 1 $US14.6 (SD ...

#58. The process of listening - UEfAP

Your brain makes meaning out of all the clues available. ... Your ears pick up sounds; your brain makes the meanings. ... bottom-up listening.

#59. Key concepts in ELT - Oxford Academic

described as 'bottom-up', while information ... At the 'top' is the overall meaning ... certain that bottom-up processing involves all the levels described.

#60. Top-Down versus Bottom-Up Budgeting - Datarails

Not sure whether a top-down or a bottom-up budgeting process will fit your ... which means there is a lack of cohesive budgeting. Bottom up ...

#61. Top-down or bottom-up management: Which is best for your ...

When it comes to managerial approaches, there are two that are commonly practiced at most companies: top-down and bottom-up.

#62. Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Management Styles - Indeed

Top-down management, also known as the autocratic leadership approach, means executives drive the organization's planning and management processes. As a more ...

#63. Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Approach - Smartsheet

In comparison, the bottom-up style of communication features a decision-making process that gives the entire staff a voice in company goals.

#64. bottom-up - Wiktionnaire

(Anglicisme) (Management) Se dit d'une démarche procédurale hiérarchiquement ascendante, qui va du bas vers le haut, analyse les détails ou les cas particuliers ...

#65. Bottom-up vs. top-down processing (video) - Khan Academy

Bottom - up processing is when the environment (stimuli) influence our thinking ... the prior knowledge of the mean person) when processing the information.

#66. Top-down and Bottom-up planning - Jedox

It is therefore a convergent approach. Top-down vs. Bottom-up? Top-down planning traditionally involves the definition of corporate goals and their subdivision ...

#67. Bottom(s)-up or is the Top-down? A Working Definition of ...

Bottom (s)-up or is the Top-down? A Working Definition of Systems Engineering. How to define "Systems Engineering" without using the words " ...

#68. Top-down and bottom-up approaches to language

How easy is it for learners to guess the meanings of what you present to them, and how much hand-holding do the class need with new forms that ...

#69. Why top-down and bottom-up innovation are both ... - Inside HR

Unless very clear guidelines are communicated to employees about the types of ideas the business is looking for, a bottom-up approach can ...

#70. The Investor's Dictionary: Top-down vs. bottom-up | Morningstar

Morningstar's Ben Johnson breaks down the often misunderstood difference between top-down and bottom-up approaches to investing.

#71. Top-down and Bottom-up Project Management - Wrike

Managing Projects Top-Down. “Top-down” means that all the project objectives, guidelines, information, plans, and fund processes are established ...

#72. Bottom-Up Communication Vs. Top-Down Management

In one definition from Smartsheet, bottom-up communication is—. the inclusion of all employees, their ideas, and their perceptions of the ...

#73. Data Collection Methods: Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up - TaroWorks

... to let their good ideas rise from the “bottom-up.” It has a very different meaning, however, we describing data collection methods.

#74. Initiatives that follow a bottom-up approach to education and ...

What does it mean to develop a bottom-up approach to education and lifelong learning? It means understanding – through consultation, ...

#75. A guide on Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up: What's the Difference?

What do you mean by the term top-down approach? In the terms of management, the top-down approach allows the head of the corporate to make the finalized ...

#76. What is the Bottom Up Budgeting? - GoCardless

It is also referred to as participative budgeting because department managers are given a role in setting their own budgets. Bottom up budgeting example. There ...

#77. Difference between Bottom-Up Model and Top-Down Model

In bottom up approach, we solve smaller problems and integrate it as whole and complete the solution. 2. Mainly used by structured programming ...

#78. Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Planning - insightsoftware

This means that there is no extra effort required to realign the endeavors of each department. However, top-down strategic planning also has its ...

#79. Bottom-Up 程式策略 - 交大出版社

Bottom -Up 的意思是由下而上，這個策略的最基本原則是－碰到不會解的問題. 試讀專用．國立交通大學出版社．著作權所有. Page 3. ‧113‧. 04. Bottom-Up 程式策略. 時，就 ...

#80. Top Down vs Bottom Up Forecasting: Choosing The Right Model

What do they mean and which approach should you use? Top-Down Financial Forecast. A top-down forecast looks at the overall market and uses this ...

#81. Top-down vs. bottom-up sales models: What they are and how ...

Top-down versus bottom-up sales models: What they mean and how to use them. A B2B business has several options when choosing a customer ...

#82. Bottom-Up Pricing - Meaning & Definition | MBA Skool

Bottom -up pricing is a method in which all the costs incurred are calculated first and the desired profit is added to the total cost to ...

#83. Making sense of bottom-up investing - CNBC

Financial advisor Mark Cortazzo says bottom-up investing, which banks on individual securities bucking trends, demands investors do their ...

#84. Bottom-up decoding: reading and listening for the future

In this blog I will attempt to explain why the bottom-up approach ... you probably started thinking about what it might mean, what the ...

#85. What is Bottom-Up Forecasting? | Outreach

More Forecasting Resources for Sales and RevOps Teams. Today's shifting economy means revenue leaders have to do more with fewer resources. So how do you ...

#86. Bottom-Up Control - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Indirect effects due to bottom-up controls (species limitation by ... First, a specialist able to eliminate the invasive species will, by definition, ...

#87. Top down, bottom up, side to side, inside out: 4 types of social ...

And there is nothing inherently right about 'bottom-up', ... We need to use all available tools; that means we need the vitality of personal ...

#88. Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches to Greenhouse Gas ...

from the national GHG inventory with the bottom-up or local results, we will ... these lessons may encourage renewable energy generation as a means of ...

#89. Top Down Approach vs. Bottom Up Approach - Simplilearn

The top-down approach and Bottom-up approach are two popular approaches that are used in order to measure operational risk.

#90. What is another word for "bottom up"? - WordHippo

“Building from the bottom up may be more prudent than throwing money at the top.” Find more words! Another word for, Opposite of, Meaning of, Rhymes with ...

#91. bottom up翻譯及用法- 英漢詞典 - 漢語網

bottom up 中文的意思、翻譯及用法：顛倒；倒置。英漢詞典提供【bottom up】的詳盡中文翻譯、用法、例句等.

#92. Top-Down and Bottom- Up Definitions of Human Failure ...

In PRAs used in the nuclear industry, as per the ASME definition, HFEs are determined as a subset of hardware failures, namely those hardware ...

#93. Bottom-up and top-down approaches to text analysis.

(By the way, this purely syntactic process may be used to elucidate some grammatical "meanings", albeit in unusual terms.) The dictionary nets contain some ...

#94. bottom - WordReference.com Dictionary of English

bottom out, [no object] to reach the lowest state or level:The sagging economy has finally bottomed out. adj. [before a noun]. of or relating to the bottom;

#95. What does top down and bottom up approaches mean?

There are two person in the picture. all human has 15 joint(key point). Top-down approach. find two bounding boxes including each person ...

#96. Listening matters: Top-down and bottom-up listening | Article

Which strategy do students usually use? It seems that in many cases students are locked into a bottom-up learning mode. By this I mean that they are desperately ...

#97. Basics (8): Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Project Planning

It means that any decisions and objectives come from upper management, who will then communicate this to the project manager, who in turn ...

#98. Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Budgeting | Vena Solutions

Which means they may feel the need to spend what they have even if they don't need it to meet their goals—or risk having their next budget cut.

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