核電不敵再生能源,衰退已成定局
2017《世界核能產業現狀報告》說到,「報告已敲醒鐘,辯論已然結束。世界能源的優先選擇順序上,核電將被太陽和風力所取代。這並非夢想或推估,而已成為現實」。而根據2020《世界核能產業現狀報告》全球能源發展的整體趨勢呈現為再生能源持續有突破性發展,核電則不論在發電量增長、發電占比或是發電成本上,皆 #不敵再生能源。
以下我們整理了幾點核能不敵再生能源的事實:
✅ 均化成本:核電已比風、光貴將近4倍
根據金融諮詢和資產管理公司拉札德(Lazard)2019年的能源技術成本報告,太陽光電的均化成本(註1)從2010年每度電 0.359美元降至2019年0.041美元(USD/KWh),降幅89%;風電從每度電0.135美元降至0.04美元,降幅70%;核電成本十年來則上升了26%,從每度電0.123美元漲至0.155美元,已比風、光貴將近四倍。
✅ 投資金額:全球再生能源投資金額是核電的10倍
《2020世界核能產業現狀報告》(註2)指出,2019年全球挹注於再生能源上的總投資超過3000億美元,是核能發電投資的十倍之多。
✅ 就業人數:未來再生能源就業人口是核電的36倍
根據國際再生能源總署(IRENA)2018年的報告(註3),2016年全球再生能源就業人數已達到近1000萬人,核電為70萬,而在全球升溫於世紀末前控制在2度C的情境中,再生能源至2050年預估可創造2880萬個就業機會,核電為80萬。
✅ 平均建置期:核電比風跟光多花2倍時間
根據五位能源學者分析123個國家的數據後共同發表的報告《對照追求再生電力、核電國家間的減碳排放量差異》(註4),核電的平均前置期為 90 個月,風力和光電僅為 40 個月。因此在投資同樣金額之下,再生能源比易受延宕的核電更能迅速地減少碳排放。
✅ 碳排放量:核電碳排最高將達到再生能源的10至18倍
史丹福大學環境工程學系教授Mark Jacobson的研究報告指出(註5),將不同電力來源生命週期,包括採礦、燃料製造、電廠營運到後端除役與廢料處理過程之碳排都完整計入時,核電的碳排放量將高出再生能源10到18倍。另一個匯集分析了103份核電生命週期碳排的研究(註6)則指出,每度核電的平均碳排約為66克二氧化碳當量,相較之下太陽光電是32克二氧化碳當量、離岸風力則是9克二氧化碳當量。
Jacobson也指出另一個常被忽略的「機會成本碳排」,是指由於興建速度緩慢,需要耗費更多時間依賴化石燃料,因此相較其他更快速的電力選項會再增加額外的碳排。新建核電的機會成本碳排和風電相比,每度電為64至102克二氧化碳當量。
✅ 發電佔比:再生能源占比超越核電
非水力再生能源在2019年時貢獻了全球10.39%的發電量,首度超越核電的10.35%,其中核能發電的發電占比自1996年以來便持續下降,2019年只比前一年微幅成長0.2%。
✅ 裝置容量年成長:風和光是核電的65倍
根據《2020世界核能產業現狀報告》,全球非水力再生能源在2019年新增的裝置容量達到184GW,創下歷史新高,其中風力發電量新增59.2GW,年增率為13%;太陽光電新增了98GW發電量,年增率為24%,相較之下,核能發電的淨成長僅為2.4GW,年增率為3.7%,且有一半來自於中國。
✅ 國際能源總署的評估:再生能源減碳貢獻遠超過核電
國際能源總署(IEA)今年發布的「2050淨零:全球能源部門路徑圖」報告(註7)中指出,為了達到2050年淨零目標,再生能源在全球電力的占比需要達到將近90%,核電則不到10%。
種種對比顯示核電在現今社會已經是過時又危險的舊世紀產物,全世界都在減少核電(除了中國),台灣卻還有某群人在掙扎,不免讓人擔心是否墨守成規,不願接受世界趨勢。因此,我們邀請大家在12/18的全民公投第17案投下不同意票,讓台灣邁向更乾淨、更安全的家園。
#分手吧我們不核四
#核四公投17不同意
#12月18日公投讓我們大家ㄧ起對核四公投案投下不同意票
---
註1:均化成本(Levelized Cost of Energy)用來計算發電設備壽命週期內的平均發電成本,包括投資、運轉與維護、燃料及除役成本,是評估電力技術競爭力的基本指標。
註2:《2020世界核能產業現狀報告》”World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2020” https://www.worldnuclearreport.org/-World-Nuclear-Industry-Status-Report-2020-.html
註3:國際再生能源總署(IRENA)- " Global Energy Transformation: A Roadmap to 2050 "
https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Apr/IRENA_Report_GET_2018.pdf
註4:《對照追求再生電力、核電國家間的減碳排放量差異》(Differences in carbon emissions reduction between countries pursuing renewable electricity versus nuclear power)https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344482658_differences_in_carbon_emissions_reduction_between_countries_pursuing_renewable_electricity_versus_nuclear_power
註5:”Evaluation of Nuclear Power as a Proposed Solution to Global Warming, Air Pollution, and Energy Security” https://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/NuclearVsWWS.pdf
註6:"Energy Balance of Nuclear Power Generation" https://www.energyagency.at/fileadmin/dam/pdf/publikationen/berichteBroschueren/Endbericht_LCA_Nuklearindustrie-engl.pdf
註7:"Net Zero by 2050 - A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector" https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/beceb956-0dcf-4d73-89fe-1310e3046d68/NetZeroby2050-ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector_CORR.pdf
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同時也有8部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過12萬的網紅一二三渡辺,也在其Youtube影片中提到,ユーチューブつながりです、 素晴らしいGTRに圧倒されました、 日本初のダチョウ料理専門店、 ライダーズカフェMACHⅢ 大阪府堺市美原区北余部469-6 TEL&FAX072-361ー3171 It was formally announced to assume the ca...
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carbon report 在 自由時報 3C 科技 Facebook 的精選貼文
目前大企業都開始朝這方向邁進了啊
#LG
carbon report 在 Engadget Facebook 的精選貼文
The company highlighted carbon capture and energy efficiency in its 2021 Environmental Progress Report.
carbon report 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的最讚貼文
ユーチューブつながりです、
素晴らしいGTRに圧倒されました、
日本初のダチョウ料理専門店、
ライダーズカフェMACHⅢ
大阪府堺市美原区北余部469-6
TEL&FAX072-361ー3171
It was formally announced to assume the car name to be "Nissan and GT-R", and was begun the early reservation order on September 26. It came to walk on the road besides the skyline though a current tradition was succeeded to in consideration of the balance of Infiniti and G when selling it out of Japan. Opening a global site (six national languages including Japanese) to the public was begun on the same day, too.
Two from which installation of Nissan high performance center in 160 places in the whole country that does sales and after-sales service was announced at the same time
GT-R was first open to the public in Fuji Television Network "New report premiere A" on October 21. At this point, the mask was still given to the bumper.
Founder R35 type(2007-)
Impressive advertisement: THE LEGEND IS REAL
The sales price in Japan began selling from 7.77 million yen on the vicinity and December 6. "Premium edition" with which "Black edition" in which a special interior color and the leather seat in addition to the base model can be chosen in a Japanese specification and the BOSE premium sound system and the antitheft device are equipped normally is prepared.
Design etc.
The total length and the width, etc. have increased greatly by the R34 type as an initial model of the third generation GT-R in this R35GT-R seen Takehone the design though De Zain is suppressed.
It is equipped with the speed meter, the tachometer, and the display of the number of gears at 340 km/h in the car. (It was a bytalk, and the method that was the right in the left the speed meter as said by the tachometer for R34GT-R was adopted. )Moreover, it became more large-scale than MFD from which multi function display (MFD) that was able to be called one of the features of R34 type skyline GT-R even by this R35 type was installed in the R34 type equipped with continuation and more multifunctional. Polyphonic digital to develop Grantsurismoshirez took charge of the design of the MFD screen.
The start and the stop of the engine are done with a red button that exists in the center console. When the door is opened from the outside, the doorknob is a storage type, and it pushes in a knob, the knob that has projected from the other side is pulled, and the opened shape is taken.
Drive train
...past ATTESA E-TS.. following 3. Moreover, the clutch, the transmission, and the transfer are put behind the vehicle, and "Independent type transaxle 4WD" integrated with Riyadef is adopted. It is called, "Premium midship package" together with the engine arranged in the reception desk midship. Moreover, because it has machine type 1.5WayLSD (Rimiteddosrippdef) in Riadef, running in the circuit is easy.
It exists a lot, and alpha Romeo in the FR age etc. also have the one that the clutch and the transfer were distributed to rear, and the rear-wheel-drive car of the transaxle : about transaxle type 4WD though it has been achieved by delivery Ford and RS200 by it in the 1980's. As "Independent type transaxle 4WD" to make the clutch, the transmission, and the transfer become independent by the set because the clutch is installed in the engine side in the drive train of RS200, it becomes the first in the world, and Nissan is acquiring the patent for this. This was achieved by adopting the drive shaft made of carbon FRP light, Inarsha few, the vibrational absorption high. Moreover, it is called "VDC-R" because of GT-R that does a weather resistant super-car in Shilshi, has three modes, and it equips it with the slipping sideways prevention mechanism of a special tuning.
carbon report 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的最佳解答
ユーチューブつながりです、
素晴らしいGTRに圧倒されました、
日本初のダチョウ料理専門店、
ライダーズカフェMACHⅢ
大阪府堺市美原区北余部469-6
TEL&FAX072-361ー3171
It was formally announced to assume the car name to be "Nissan and GT-R", and was begun the early reservation order on September 26. It came to walk on the road besides the skyline though a current tradition was succeeded to in consideration of the balance of Infiniti and G when selling it out of Japan. Opening a global site (six national languages including Japanese) to the public was begun on the same day, too.
Two from which installation of Nissan high performance center in 160 places in the whole country that does sales and after-sales service was announced at the same time
GT-R was first open to the public in Fuji Television Network "New report premiere A" on October 21. At this point, the mask was still given to the bumper.
Founder R35 type(2007-)
Impressive advertisement: THE LEGEND IS REAL
The sales price in Japan began selling from 7.77 million yen on the vicinity and December 6. "Premium edition" with which "Black edition" in which a special interior color and the leather seat in addition to the base model can be chosen in a Japanese specification and the BOSE premium sound system and the antitheft device are equipped normally is prepared.
Design etc.
The total length and the width, etc. have increased greatly by the R34 type as an initial model of the third generation GT-R in this R35GT-R seen Takehone the design though De Zain is suppressed.
It is equipped with the speed meter, the tachometer, and the display of the number of gears at 340 km/h in the car. (It was a bytalk, and the method that was the right in the left the speed meter as said by the tachometer for R34GT-R was adopted. )Moreover, it became more large-scale than MFD from which multi function display (MFD) that was able to be called one of the features of R34 type skyline GT-R even by this R35 type was installed in the R34 type equipped with continuation and more multifunctional. Polyphonic digital to develop Grantsurismoshirez took charge of the design of the MFD screen.
The start and the stop of the engine are done with a red button that exists in the center console. When the door is opened from the outside, the doorknob is a storage type, and it pushes in a knob, the knob that has projected from the other side is pulled, and the opened shape is taken.
Drive train
...past ATTESA E-TS.. following 3. Moreover, the clutch, the transmission, and the transfer are put behind the vehicle, and "Independent type transaxle 4WD" integrated with Riyadef is adopted. It is called, "Premium midship package" together with the engine arranged in the reception desk midship. Moreover, because it has machine type 1.5WayLSD (Rimiteddosrippdef) in Riadef, running in the circuit is easy.
It exists a lot, and alpha Romeo in the FR age etc. also have the one that the clutch and the transfer were distributed to rear, and the rear-wheel-drive car of the transaxle : about transaxle type 4WD though it has been achieved by delivery Ford and RS200 by it in the 1980's. As "Independent type transaxle 4WD" to make the clutch, the transmission, and the transfer become independent by the set because the clutch is installed in the engine side in the drive train of RS200, it becomes the first in the world, and Nissan is acquiring the patent for this. This was achieved by adopting the drive shaft made of carbon FRP light, Inarsha few, the vibrational absorption high. Moreover, it is called "VDC-R" because of GT-R that does a weather resistant super-car in Shilshi, has three modes, and it equips it with the slipping sideways prevention mechanism of a special tuning.
carbon report 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的最讚貼文
日本初のダチョウ料理専門店、
ライダーズカフェMACHⅢ
大阪府堺市美原区北余部469-6
TEL&FAX072-361ー3171
http://www.h4.dion.ne.jp/~maltuha/index.html
It was formally announced to assume the car name to be "Nissan and GT-R", and was begun the early reservation order on September 26. It came to walk on the road besides the skyline though a current tradition was succeeded to in consideration of the balance of Infiniti and G when selling it out of Japan. Opening a global site (six national languages including Japanese) to the public was begun on the same day, too.
Two from which installation of Nissan high performance center in 160 places in the whole country that does sales and after-sales service was announced at the same time
GT-R was first open to the public in Fuji Television Network "New report premiere A" on October 21. At this point, the mask was still given to the bumper.
Founder R35 type(2007-)
Impressive advertisement: THE LEGEND IS REAL
The sales price in Japan began selling from 7.77 million yen on the vicinity and December 6. "Premium edition" with which "Black edition" in which a special interior color and the leather seat in addition to the base model can be chosen in a Japanese specification and the BOSE premium sound system and the antitheft device are equipped normally is prepared.
Design etc.
The total length and the width, etc. have increased greatly by the R34 type as an initial model of the third generation GT-R in this R35GT-R seen Takehone the design though De Zain is suppressed.
It is equipped with the speed meter, the tachometer, and the display of the number of gears at 340 km/h in the car. (It was a bytalk, and the method that was the right in the left the speed meter as said by the tachometer for R34GT-R was adopted. )Moreover, it became more large-scale than MFD from which multi function display (MFD) that was able to be called one of the features of R34 type skyline GT-R even by this R35 type was installed in the R34 type equipped with continuation and more multifunctional. Polyphonic digital to develop Grantsurismoshirez took charge of the design of the MFD screen.
The start and the stop of the engine are done with a red button that exists in the center console. When the door is opened from the outside, the doorknob is a storage type, and it pushes in a knob, the knob that has projected from the other side is pulled, and the opened shape is taken.
Drive train
...past ATTESA E-TS.. following 3. Moreover, the clutch, the transmission, and the transfer are put behind the vehicle, and "Independent type transaxle 4WD" integrated with Riyadef is adopted. It is called, "Premium midship package" together with the engine arranged in the reception desk midship. Moreover, because it has machine type 1.5WayLSD (Rimiteddosrippdef) in Riadef, running in the circuit is easy.
It exists a lot, and alpha Romeo in the FR age etc. also have the one that the clutch and the transfer were distributed to rear, and the rear-wheel-drive car of the transaxle : about transaxle type 4WD though it has been achieved by delivery Ford and RS200 by it in the 1980's. As "Independent type transaxle 4WD" to make the clutch, the transmission, and the transfer become independent by the set because the clutch is installed in the engine side in the drive train of RS200, it becomes the first in the world, and Nissan is acquiring the patent for this. This was achieved by adopting the drive shaft made of carbon FRP light, Inarsha few, the vibrational absorption high. Moreover, it is called "VDC-R" because of GT-R that does a weather resistant super-car in Shilshi, has three modes, and it equips it with the slipping sideways prevention mechanism of a special tuning.
The transmission adopts six velocity automatic transmission. The six plate dual clutch system of Bolgwarnar can be adopted, it provide with the multiplate wet clutch at 1, 3, five velocities, and 2, 4, and each six velocities, and it change the speed automatically in the velocity.
Limiter
carbon report 在 Huge carbon emissions cuts needed, UN climate report finds 的推薦與評價
Temperatures on Earth will shoot past a key danger point unless greenhouse gas emissions fall faster than countries have committed, ... ... <看更多>