*這裡不討論台灣的核能議題,魔人退散!請看書!
最近的疫情管制,大概是我脫離學生時期後少數有好好看書的時間了吧...
The recent epidemic control is the reason give me more time for read.
【讀後心得---車諾比的聲音】
[Experience after reading---Voice from Chernobyl]
“車諾比”這個地名對我來說,在看此書之前是陌生的?!
你很驚訝嗎?我自己也很驚訝...
這個1986年發生,不能算太久遠的世紀大災害,可說是世界上最大的核災了吧,然而我只知道日本核事故和年代更久遠的原子彈爆炸。當然我本身不是個讀萬卷書的人,但我驚訝的是在我生活中,也從無人提起過這個地名。
這本書所有內容幾乎都是紀錄被“車諾比事件”影響的人們自述。作者想講述的並非只是這個災難,而是往往當災難過去,人們遺忘之後....那些受災的人們呢?
白俄羅斯現有五分之一的國民仍住在輻射區,核災發生後的白俄羅斯人民罹癌人數成長74倍,畸形兒、白血病嬰兒大增。而當時前往現場的共八十萬人,平均壽命為33歲,現白俄羅斯人民平均死亡年齡只有60歲。默默外銷的農產品...被認為是現今週邊國家兒童大量罹患甲狀腺癌的原因。
(以上是書的內容,我補充目前有研究指出“畸形兒和“白血病”沒有顯著增加,與輻射之間沒有確切可證明的關係。參考資料:
來源: Studies of mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 13: Solid cancer and noncancer disease mortality: 1950-1997. )
這本書訪問了不同觀點角度的人,有第一現場消防人員的遺孀,也有幫著政府欺瞞人民的科學家、全新信賴政府的村民、不願離鄉背景的老人家們...不避諱寫出不同角度的眼光和面對事情看法。
車諾比核災可說是推動蘇聯解體的其中一項因素,有人喜愛自由,也有人仍然執著忠誠於共產,但更多的...其實人民要的是生活與生命。
遭遇輻射污染與遭遇戰爭的人們...我很驚訝許多人選擇的是躲到無人煙的輻射區域去落腳,因為「人比看不見的輻射更可怕」。
第一時間衝入火場的消防隊員,吸收高達1600侖琴輻射污染,死前妻子描述他:肉從骨頭上分離,咳嗽時內臟碎塊會卡到氣管,血管無端爆裂,身體浮腫...
但我覺得最可怕的不是生命就這樣去了,而是生命就無法再延續了...
許多去現場清理的人,當時鄰近核電廠的人,無法生育,即使生育了也多是畸形、疾病、死胎...這彷彿預言了人類滅絕的方式。
對災民來說,車諾比這名字,從此離不開他們。存活下來的人,也無法再有正常的人生...當別人知道你從車諾比來,就會躲著你,親人不敢讓你回家、孩子在學校被排擠嘲笑,未婚男女難以找到伴侶。
然而迴避災民的人錯了嗎?
如果你看到因為不躲避受輻射污染的丈夫,因而害死出生嬰兒的婦人...保護自己和家人錯了嗎?
(這裡我更正,醫生說明染輻射的頭髮衣物去除後,人就不會有輻射感染力,但對當時的民眾而言,或許是事發當時在核場旁邊的妻子早就被輻射影響,或是嬰兒出生就器官有問題是巧合?總之照成了大家都相信傳染,並且當時的醫護也是這樣預防的。)
因此在這樣的知識宣導下,在摧毀一切相關書籍不讓人民知道真相的那個年代,人的躲避與畏懼也是災民的災難。
我印像很深的是書中訪問了創建基金會去幫助這些受災兒童的人,救助會讓許多人,尤其是孩童開始認為“這是應該的”,但他們也的確需要幫助阿。而政府在幾年後無法負荷對龐大數量災民的補助,乾脆修整補助標準,讓甚至一整區的人民都“健康”不符合補助標準...
「這場災難是文化與人性的考驗」他說。
這個災害沒有結束也無法結束,畢竟原子衰變還得等個幾千萬年啊...傷痛只是被外界遺忘了。
#車諾比 #車諾比核災
#讀書心得
PS.最厲害的是旅行社和遊客,車諾比現在變成觀光景點了,但是看完這本書之後,我實在無法相信旅行社說去那邊一遊的輻射比照X光還少(書尾說號稱去一個禮拜也不超過)...
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過147萬的網紅Kento Bento,也在其Youtube影片中提到,Our merch store: https://standard.tv/kentobento Our patreon: https://patreon.com/kentobento ★ Has McDonald's Conquered Asia?: https://youtu.be/pgHiR...
chernobyl cancer 在 媽媽監督核電廠聯盟 Facebook 的精選貼文
輻射傷害的防護基本理念: ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable),受曝劑量越低越好的合理抑低原則。
在輻射傷害防護的範疇內,總的來說,LNT(Linear-Non-Threshold)模式對於高劑量、高強度的輻射暴露的情況相對來說,更加的適用。在一般日常生活的狀態來說,避免輻射傷害,普遍採取 ALARA( As Low As Reasonably Achievable),也就是越低越好的合理抑低原則,這是人類關於游離輻射防護的基本理念。
ALARA( As Low As Reasonably Achievable; 越低越好的合理抑低 )原則也是美國能源部國家核子保安總署(DOE/NNSA)輻射 緊急事件支援及訓練中心(REAC/TS)出版之「The Medical Aspects of Radiation Incidents (台灣翻譯為:輻射傷害醫療處置)」手冊內容中所提及的輻射防護基本理念。
“ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) is the underlying philosophy associated with protecting people from ionizing radiation.
It basically means that one should not unnecessarily expose themselves to radiation without the benefit outweighing the risk.
Time, distance, andshielding are widely considered to be the primary
concerns. At REAC/TS, we like to add a fourth item to the list - quantity. All four of these concepts are used concurrently with the others. "
其基本意涵是 : 一個人應該避免不必要且無利益的輻射 曝露風險(這裡指的是非醫療性質的輻射暴露。任何輻射暴露都會造成傷害,但在治療重大疾病的時候,兩害相權取其輕,接受有限度且嚴格控管的輻射照射將體內惡性病變組織破壞,阻止其增生、擴散惡化的潛在利益大於輻射照射所引起的傷害的醫療應用案例,不屬於這裡所指的“不必要且無利益的輻射曝露風險”的範疇)。
此外,有報導指出:“...... 在日本的實際研究案例中,「餵飲氘水佔1/3的水,經過1個禮拜,老鼠腦部組織裡的氫被替換掉,老鼠變得眼睛上吊,有攻擊性,一直囓咬鐵籠的鐵網,反覆地昏睡或暴躁。」東京工業大學理工特任教授入口紀男(Norio Iriguchi),透過老鼠實驗,提醒福島氚污染水的危害。
入口紀男教授是日本核磁共振學會委員,透過上述實驗鼠的核磁共振影像,解說老鼠腦部組織內的氫被氘替換之後,所發生的變化。「左邊有點突出的是嗅腦(嗅覺發達中樞),右下突起的部份是延髓開端。目前只有腦部明顯地浮腫了。」
福島核災後,產生大量輻射污染水,其中氚因為無法用過濾去除,又稱為氚污染水。多位專家警告,氚污染水的危害,不只是體內輻射被曝,還有在體內被當成氫嵌入到蛋白質等組織的問題。而入口紀男(用有同樣效果的氘做)的實驗,具體呈現後者的狀況。
「氚在體內被當成氫嵌入」是什麼意思呢?擁有近40年的放射線治療經驗、北海道癌症中心名譽院長西尾正道詳細解釋道:「氚在人體內會被當成氫來代謝。人體有62%是水(H2O),氚會被當成氫來結合,在種種構成人體的高分子化合物的化學式裡也一樣。」
「氚因為有這樣和物質相結合的性質,在體內造成長期被曝。用醫學實驗,可以證明氚會被當成氫攝入到細胞核內。構成DNA的基因的4個鹽基,是靠氫來結合,換成氚進去的話(失去結合力),鹽基化學式產生變化,遺傳情報也會改變。導致健康上的實際損害。」而當被攝入的氚衰變成氦時,也會損傷細胞( http://www.inaco.co.jp/hiroshima_2_demo/pdf/20140103_tori_A4.pdf )。
對此,西尾正道等專家批判:「不能說自然界本來就有而不考慮,原本自然界裡氚的最大來源就是核試爆跟核電,排放標準也是為了沸水式原子爐把氚排到海裡而制定的,並不是因為有在科學上醫學上檢討健康被害而決定的。」「因為距離極近,即便氚的放射線弱,仍會相當程度地傷害DNA。」
又,氚水的化學式是HTO,因為氚很容易和生物體內的碳結合,成為有機結合型氚(Organically Bound Tritium、簡稱為OBT),跟氚水相比,後者滯留體內時間為20~50倍,被染色體等人體重要部份攝取。「氚水被放流後,經生物攝取變成有機結合型氚,人類去吃這些生物,便會蓄積在體內。」在核食檢測上,有機結合型氚的檢測程序,又比普通的氚來得複雜。
氚,被日本諾貝爾物理學獎得主小柴昌俊,與馬克斯威爾獎(美國物理學會頒發)得主長谷川晃,稱之為劇毒。
福島核電廠在災後,因為會不斷放出有放射性的蒸氣等污染,入口紀男比喻為「國土百萬年的惡夢」。而這惡夢除了往大氣的污染,還因為地下水流經,每天產生3-400噸的輻射污染水。
在日本政府規劃的輻射污染水處理方案裡,海放是成本最低的方法,比起地下埋設等耗資千億日圓以上的方法,海放只要17~34億日圓。另一方面民間、在地漁業團體與鄰國,持強烈反對的立場。....."
也有多項相關的醫學研究報告指出:
A 1961 experiment showed that mice dosed with 21.5 μCi/g of Cs-137 had a 50% fatality within 30 days (implying an LD50 of 245 μg/kg).
A similar experiment in 1972 showed that when dogs are subjected to a whole body burden of 3800 μCi/kg (140 MBq/kg, or approximately 44 μg/kg) of caesium-137 (and 950 to 1400 rads), they die within 33 days, while animals with half of that burden all survived for a year.
Important researches have shown a remarkable concentration of 137Cs in the exocrine cells of the pancreas, which are those most affected by cancer.
In 2003, in autopsies performed on 6 children dead in the polluted area near Chernobyl where they also reported a higher incidence of pancreatic tumors, Bandazhevsky found a concentration of 137Cs 40-45 times higher than in their liver, thus demonstrating that pancreatic tissue is a strong accumulator and secretor in the intestine of radioactive cesium.
一項重要的醫學研究發現,人體胰腺外分泌細胞中所聚積的137Cs濃度非常高,而胰腺外分泌細胞是受癌症影響最大的人體細胞。
在2003年由Bandazhevsky研究團隊,對六名生活在靠近車諾比核災污染區附近的兒童的屍體進行醫學檢驗解剖。
解剖研究發現這六名兒童患胰臟惡性腫瘤的比率,比一般正常狀態下來的更高,經檢驗,研究團隊發現這六名兒童胰臟中所含的Cs-137濃度,竟然是肝臟中所含Cs-137濃度的40-45倍之多。研究證實在人體內Cs-137最容易聚積在胰臟內。
胰臟癌是指胰臟細胞發生癌變而產生的腫瘤,這些腫瘤細胞具有侵犯其他組織的能力。胰臟癌很少發生在40歲以下的病人,半數以上的患者超過70歲。
此外,1961年的一項實驗發現對老鼠注射21.5 μCi/g 濃度的Cs-137,在30天之內有一半的受試老鼠死亡,這項實驗的結果等同於半至死劑量為0.000245公克(也就是百萬分之245公克),所謂半至死劑量指的是指在固定濃度下,暴露一定時間(通常1~4 小時)後,觀察14 天, 能使試驗動物組群半數(50 %)死亡的濃度。
在1972 年有另外一項類似的實驗, 對受試驗的狗群注射3800 μCi/kg (140 MBq/kg, or approximately 44 μg/kg,大約百萬分之44公克濃度)Cs-137,這群受試的狗在33天內全數死亡,而另一群接受一半劑量的受試狗群,則可以存活到為期一年。
從上述的那些實際醫學研究例證,包括了比較適用於LNT模式的狀態,以及一般日常生活環境下遭遇到低劑量但是長期輻射暴露累積下來的狀態。ALARA( As Low As Reasonably Achievable; 合理抑低 )原則在兩種狀態下通通一體適用。
參考資料:
https://orise.orau.gov/resources/reacts/documents/medical-aspects-of-radiation-incidents.pdf
http://www.inaco.co.jp/hiroshima_2_demo/pdf/20140103_tori_A4.pdf
https://e-info.org.tw/node/221554
^Moskalev, Yu. I. (1961). "Biological Effects of Cesium-137". In Lebedinskiĭ, A. V.; Moskalev, Yu. I. (eds.). Distribution, Biological Effects, and Migration of Radioactive Isotopes. Translation Series. United States Atomic Energy Commission (published April 1974). p. 220. AEC-tr-7512.
^ H.C. Redman; et al. (1972). "Toxicity of 137-CsCl in the Beagle. Early Biological Effects". Radiation Research. 50 (3): 629–648. Bibcode:1972RadR...50..629R. doi:10.2307/3573559. JSTOR 3573559. PMID 5030090.
^ Nelson A , Ullberg S, Kristoffersson H, Ronnback C (1961). "Distribution of Radiocesium in Mice". Acta Radiologica. 55, 5 (5): 374–384.
doi:10.3109/00016926109175132. PMID 13728254.
^ Bandazhevsky Y.I. (2003). "Chronic Cs-137 incorporation in children's organs". Swiss Med. Wkly. 133 (35–36): 488–90. PMID 14652805.
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chernobyl cancer 在 說說能源 Talk That Energy Facebook 的最讚貼文
《2018環保、健康與核能國際論壇》
國家的能源政策規劃出了問題,執意往下走的後果,就是未來的國計民生一定遭受重創。能源政策推動的主管機關不斷地粉飾太平,在資訊不對等的情況下,一般民眾感受不到問題的嚴重性。然而,盛夏之際,供電持續吃緊;入秋以後,空汙蔓延全台,難道這就是台灣日後不變的宿命?隸屬基載的綠色核電被當今政府視為寇讎,但又捨不得立即丟棄,在霧霾嚴重時,甚至還期待歲修的核電機組能夠儘快上線。
到底甚麼才是真正對台灣環境最友善的能源?是未來發電佔比達80%的火力發電?是20%的「風」「光」發電?還是被政府漠視的核電?國際知名的美籍環保專家Michael Shellenberger,同時也是富比士(Forbes)雜誌專欄作家,不遠千里而來,足跡踏遍全球的他將現身說法,分享他觀察世界先進國家的能源使用與環保作為後的心得,並提供具體建言。
另一方面,多年來在錯誤資訊被持續惡意散布後,一般民眾對於輻射總是存在著一股莫名的恐懼。英國倫敦帝國學院的Gerry Thomas教授是病理學專家,從事輻射與生物的研究多年,曾親手建立「車諾比生物組織銀行」(Chernobyl Tissue Bank),也曾擔任「威爾斯癌症銀行」的科技主任 (Scientific Director of the Wales Cancer Bank),她同樣不辭辛勞應邀來台,並將分享她對於福島輻射恐懼的看法。
中華民國核能學會有幸安排大師講座,同時邀請原能會前主委蔡春鴻同台參加專家座談,並由清大工科系教授葉宗洸擔任論壇主持人,將與現場觀眾一起聊聊環保、健康與核能。
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-----------------------
10 THINGS YOU DIDN'T KNOW ABOUT FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR DISASTER 福島第一原子力発電所事故
The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster was caused by the massive tsunami triggered by the Tohoku Earthquake on March 11th, 2011. This was a Level 7 nuclear event, comparable only to Chernobyl.
1. Unheeded Warning
Before the disaster even happened, there were industry experts who warned of mega tsunami-generating earthquakes hitting the area every 800 to 1100 years, with the next one being overdue. But those in charge dismissed such warnings.
2. No Good Robots
During the crisis at Fukushima, high radiation levels at the plant made it desperately hard for human workers to do what they needed to do.
Back in 2001, the Japanese had actually developed extremely capable robots that were deemed technical successes, but then a government task force concluded that a Chernobyl-scale disaster was never going to happen in Japan .
The program was shut down and the robots were dismantled or donated.
3. Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant
The Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant was the closest power plant to the earthquake epicentre, yet it successfully withstood the barrage.
While the Fukushima Plant had sea walls up to 5.7 meters, Onagawa had it up to 14 meters.
4. Wrongful Evacuation
Due to miscommunication between the evacuation authorities and the experts who were analysing the fallout, many residents were evacuated from pretty safe areas right INTO the radioactive plume.
5. Evacuation Deaths
More people were killed by the evacuation process in Fukushima
than by the actual earthquake and tsunami, the disaster itself.
People died of fatigue, exhaustion, illness, suicides - losing their homes, not knowing where they would end up, cramped evacuation centres; the whole ordeal was taxing.
6. Geiger-Counter Hobby
After the Fukushima disaster, random radiation hot spots were discovered in unexpected locations.
Radiation levels as high as those in the no-go zone were detected as far as some Tokyo suburbs. This prompted many Japanese residents to take up a new hobby - walking with Geiger-counters through their city or village in search for random radiation levels to report.
7. Animal Guardian
55 year old Naoto Matsumura is the only man brave enough to live in Fukushima’s no-go zone. After the initial evacuation, he returned back
to take care of the animals that were left behind. Not just his animals, but everyone’s.
8. Mutations
There were a few small scale Fukushima discoveries.
9. Human Radiation Effects
No one died from radiation exposure in Fukushima.
And contrary to a well-publicised, yet poorly-executed, study
that made the rounds in 2015, thyroid cancer rates in Fukushima children were actually lower than the national average.
10. Disobedient Hero
Masao Yoshida was the manager of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant and on March 15th 2011, he lead a brave group, now dubbed ‘The Fukushima 50’ into the radioactive trenches.
With cooling systems crippled and having run out of fresh water, Yoshida decided they would pump seawater straight from the ocean into the damaged reactors.
Then corporate headquarters (TEPCO) ordered him to stop the seawater injection. They didn’t want the corrosive seawater to permanently damage their reactors.
Feeling his superiors were inept for risking a colossal radioactive fallout, Yoshida disobeyed the direct order and continued with the seawater injection.
Many experts now agree that his actions on that day
arguably prevented a much greater catastrophe.
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