［教育時評］激發批判性思考
拿我們的【新聞英文-Marketing & Influencers 補充包】 https://bit.ly/2YJPZvb
在上一篇文章中，我們將批判性思考大致定義為——使我們能處理資訊並解決問題的能力。讓我們藉由下列問題，來進一步限縮定義。
１、哪些人是最佳的批判性思想家？
２、你為什麼認為這些人是批判性思想家？
３、他們擁有哪些技能？
你想到了誰？他們擁有哪些技能？
也許有些人會想到喬姆斯基（Noam Chomsky）、霍金（Stephen Hawking）或喬治・歐威爾（George Orwell）。他們所共有者包含了好奇心、客觀性與分析性思考等諸多核心特點。
至此，我們的定義已相當清晰。我們知道即便批判性思考是一種抽象的技能，但仍可想到一些批判性思想家，並對其加以分析。
以下是與批判性思考相關的六大核心技能列表，以及有助於開發核心技能的問題：
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1. Interpretation 詮釋
•What does this mean?
•What’s happening?
•How should we understand that (e.g., what he or she just said)?
•What is the best way to characterize/categorize/classify this?
•In this context, what was intended by saying/doing that?
•How can we make sense out of this (experience, feeling, or statement)?
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2. Analysis 分析
•Please tell us again your reasons for making that claim.
•What is your conclusion/What is it that you are claiming?
•Why do you think that?
•What are the arguments pro and con?
•What assumptions must we make to accept that conclusion?
•What is your basis for saying that?
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3. Inference 推論
•Given what we know so far, what conclusions can we draw?
•Given what we know so far, what can we rule out?
•What does this evidence imply?
•If we abandoned/accepted that assumption, how would things change?
•What additional information do we need to resolve this question?
•If we believed these things, what would they imply for us going forward?
•What are the consequences of doing things that way?
•What are some alternatives we haven’t yet explored?
•Let’s consider each option and see where it takes us.
•Are there any undesirable consequences that we can and should foresee?
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4. Evaluation 評估
•How credible is that claim?
•Why do we think we can trust what this person claims?
•How strong are those arguments?
•Do we have our facts right?
•How confident can we be in our conclusion, given what we now know?
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5. Explanation 解釋
•What were the specific findings/results of the investigation?
•Please tell us how you conducted that analysis.
•How did you come to that interpretation?
•Please take us through your reasoning one more time.
•Why do you think that (was the right answer/was the solution)?
•How would you explain why this particular decision was made?
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6. Self-regulation 自我調整
•Our position on this issue is still too vague; can we be more precise?
•How good was our methodology, and how well did we follow it?
•Is there a way we can reconcile these two apparently conflicting conclusions?
•How good is our evidence?
•OK, before we commit, what are we missing?
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請留意，這六大核心技能只是定義批判性思考的一種方式。若你想閱讀我們有關批判性思考的最後一篇文章，以及學習如何發展此一能力，歡迎按讚或分享貼文，並於留言區回覆「I want to develop my critical thinking」。
我們將於５月３０日晚間８：００ ，從留言的粉絲中抽出３位幸運的得獎者。贈送獎品為——《Times》、《People》以及《Bloomberg Businessweek》雜誌各一本。我會透過臉書通知得獎的同學。
抽獎活動已圓滿結束！
感謝大家的參與! Stay tuned for our next critical thinking post!
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參考文獻：
Facione, P. A. (2011). Critical thinking: What it is and why it counts. Insight assessment, 2007(1), 1-23.
McPeck, J. E. (2016). Critical thinking and education. Routledge.
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Try asking yourself some of these questions every time you encounter new information.
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