關於 clinical outcome ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

Composite v.s. Ceramic Veneers, which team are you on? If you’re interested to see me share the clinical flow in my stories, lemme know down below.🤗

Patient had her pre-existing composite veneers done elsewhere, and requested for a change due to chipping issues & to better the appearance of the veneers.
Her composite veneers were pretty satisfactory in terms of appearance, but we decided to give her a fuller smile arch with gingivectomy & 8-unit Ceramic Crowns and Veneers.

To achieve this result:
Gingivectomy • Smile Design • Mock-Up • Ceramic Veneers

One of the question I get the most is when to decide whether to go for crown or veneer prep when the tooth is vital. My answer? Think like a ceramist. Imagine where your margins are going to end, and whether the ceramic thickness is adequate to achieve the tooth shape desired. (I’ve learned this from one of the best ceramist!)

In this case, we’ve done Emax crowns from her 12-22 due to multiple large interproximal restorations as well significant increase in tooth length. The rest are veneers as we intend to reduce her buccal corridor, hence minimal prep is achievable.

Ceramic veneers are definitely more time & energy consuming but the outcome is definitely more aesthetic & long-lasting than composite veneers! ✨In the end of the day, when a patient is able to smile happily, it’s all that matters!

#SmileMakeover #Whitening #CeramicVeneers #PorcelainVeneers #Ceramic #Porcelain #Veneers #Emax #LayeredPorcelain #CeramicVeneer #PorcelainVeneer

最近被拿來攻擊國產疫苗的範例，說通過二期未必能通過三期的 CureVac 疫苗其實有點倒楣。因為這支疫苗面對的主要是變種病毒，自然大幅降低其防護的效力。

在實驗中的感染案例裡面，有 57% 是來自於變種病毒。眾所周知的是，大多數疫苗，在面對變種病毒的時候，防護力通常會掉個兩成左右。而如果以 CureVac 實驗做出來的 47% 保護力來看，如果面對的不是以變種病毒株而是早期的武漢肺炎病毒版本，很有機會做出來的結果也會超過 WHO 標準的 50% 的 - 別忘了，科興就是以 51% 的保護力通過 WHO 的審核的。

---
In total, 134 Covid-19 cases were assessed in this interim analysis. Out of these cases, 124 were sequenced to identify the variant causing the infection. The outcome confirms that only one single case was attributable to the original SARS-CoV-2 virus. More than half of the cases (57%) were caused by Variants of Concern. Most of the remaining cases were caused by other less characterised variants such as Lambda or C.37, first identified in Peru (21%) and B.1.621, first identified in Colombia (7%).

疫情嚴重，注意健康，加油

2019-2020相關資料文獻整理
＃新型冠狀病毒和黑種草油的科學研究
2019-nCoV & Nigella Sativa Science
Researches
＃林博士聲明: 2020.01.28
1.本文為本人整理編寫的原創文獻醫學文稿，重要內容均注明原文出處(或網路連結)若有疏漏，敬請指正。

（一）＃抗病毒作用-正義單鏈RNA病毒
Antiviral effect-positive and single stranded RNA virus
- 2019新型冠狀病毒(Novelcoronavirus)，世界衛生組織命名縮寫為2019-nCoV、武漢肺炎(Wuhanpneumonia)等。2019新型冠狀病毒與2003年4月在亞洲爆發SARS，SARS-CoV都是正義單鏈RNA病毒(positivesinglestrandedRNAvirus)，這類病毒還包括人類的C型肝炎病毒(HepacivirusC)。

黑種草油(子)迄今並無抗冠狀病毒的研究。但臨床研究顯示黑種草油可以抗C型肝炎病毒(30名C肝病患)，降低體內病毒載量。
埃及30名患有C型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染患者，未經甲型干擾素(α-Interferon)治療，每天餐後食用黑種草油，每日3次，連續服用3個月後，可顯著改善HCV病毒載量(380808.7±610937vs147028.2±475225.6,P=0.001)和提高體內總抗氧化能力TAC(1.35±0.5vs1.612±0.56, P=0.001)，與下列實驗室參數得到改善：總氮蛋白、白蛋白、紅血球細胞數、血小板計數和下肢水腫等臨床狀況指數。

1.Barakat, EmanMahmoud Fathy, Lamia Mohamed El Wakeel, and RadwaSamir Hagag. "Effects of Nigella sativa on outcome of hepatitis C in Egypt." World journal of gastroenterology: WJG 19.16 (2013): 2529.
2.Oyero, OlufunmilayoG., et al. "Selective inhibition of hepatitis c virus replication by Alpha-zam, a Nigella sativa seed formulation." African journal of traditional, complementary and alternative medicines 13.6 (2016): 144-148.

(二) ＃免疫調節-提高巨噬細胞和樹突狀細胞作用.
*Immunomodulatory effects
- 研究顯示:黑種草油或其活性成分百里醌(TQ，Thymoquinone)可以調節免疫力(Th1和Th2)，提高巨噬細胞(macrophage)和樹突狀細胞(dendriti)作用，顯示出有效的抗發炎作用。

黑種草油可增加吞噬活性(吞噬率56.83±6.37％)和吞噬指數(5.18±0.39)，巨噬細胞分泌IL-12(最高水平在66.33±2.11μM)和TLR4的表達。數據通過單因子變異數分析(One-wayANOVA)進行統計學檢驗，顯著性為95％。

1.Akrom, Akrom, and MustofaMustofa. "Black cumin seed oil increases phagocytic activity and secretion of IL-12 by macrophages." Biomedical Research 28.12 (2017): 5241-5246.
2.Finlay, Trisha M., et al. "Thymoquinone-induced Neu4 sialidase activates NFκB in macrophage cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines in vivo." Glycoconjugate journal 27.6 (2010): 583-600.
3.Salem, Mohamed Labib. "Immunomodulatory and therapeutic properties of the Nigella sativa L. seed." International immunopharmacology 5.13-14 (2005): 1749-1770.

(三) ＃善肺部發炎症狀和損傷
Improve lung inflammation and injury
- 動物研究顯示:黑種草和其提取物或百里醌(TQ)對氣管反應和肺部炎症有預防作用，黑種草油可顯著降低因高氧吸入引起的肺損傷。
●黑種草的百里醌(TQ，thymoquinone)治療致敏組動物，可顯著善其肺部病理變化，降低其IL-4水平(p<0.05至p<0.001)，增加其IFN-γ水平(p<0.001)。
●黑種草治療可抑制炎症性肺反應，顯著降低（p<0.05）支氣管周炎性細胞浸潤、肺泡中隔浸潤、肺泡水腫 肺泡滲出液、肺泡巨噬細胞和間質纖維化，肉芽腫和壞死形成。
●在組織病理學和免疫化學評估中，高氧+ 黑種草組的肺損傷嚴重程度明顯降低（P <.05)，GSH-Px(穀胱甘肽氧化物酶)和SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)水平得到顯著保留MDA(血清脂質過氧化物)和MPO(骨髓過氧化酶)水平顯著低（P <.05）。

1.Boskabady,MohammadHossein,etal."TheeffectofNigellasativaextractontrachealresponsivenessandlunginflammationinovalbumin-sensitizedguineapigs."Clinics66.5(2011):879-887.
2.Keyhanmanesh,Rana,etal."Effectofthymoquinoneonthelungpathologyandcytokinelevelsofovalbumin-sensitizedguineapigs."Pharmacologicalreports62.5(2010):910-916.
3.Kanter,Mehmet."EffectsofNigellasativaseedextractonamelioratinglungtissuedamageinratsafterexperimentalpulmonaryaspirations."Actahistochemica111.5(2009):393-403.
4.Tayman,Cuneyt,etal."ProtectiveeffectsofNigellasativaoilinhyperoxia-inducedlunginjury."ArchivosdeBronconeumología(EnglishEdition)49.1(2013):15-21.

(四) ＃解呼吸道發炎症狀
Relief the symptoms of respiratory tract infection
- 多篇人體臨床研究:黑種草油可顯著緩解咽喉炎或扁桃腺炎的咽喉腫痛，補充黑種草油可改善哮喘和肺功能。黑種草的精油成分可抑制氣管收縮和增加黏膜纖毛的清除率。
●186位急性咽喉炎測試者，每天3次連續7天服用黑種草油和珠草萃取物，可完全緩解他們的咽喉腫痛，減少對止痛藥的需要。
●抗效喘和擴張氣管
80名哮喘患者的隨機，雙盲，安慰劑對照試驗，每天食用黑種草油兩次，連續4週，NSO組的平均哮喘控制測試得分顯著提高了21.1(標準差= 2.6)和19.6(標準差= 3.7)(p = 0.044)，血液中的嗜酸性粒細胞減少了-50 (-155至-1)對15（-60至87）個細胞/μL(p = 0.013)。
29例哮喘成年患者隨機分為對照組和研究組，研究組給予每天口服黑種草提取
物，研究3個月後顯著改善哮喘症狀的頻率/週，胸部喘息和肺功能測試(PFTs）
值顯著改善(P <0.05到P <0.001)，與對照組相比有顯著差異(P <0.01到P <0.001)。
在15例哮喘患者，黑種草萃取物對哮喘的氣道(airways)具有相對強效的抗喘效果（支氣管擴張）。

●天然氣管擴張劑，抑制氣管收縮和增加黏膜纖毛的清除2010年歐洲藥用植物和天然產品研究雜誌《Planta Medica》研究：黑種草的精油活性成分-百里醌(TQ) 、黑種草酮(Nigellone)是優於哮喘的吸入性氣管擴張藥fluticasone(屬類固醇類)，賦予哮喘和過敏症患者帶來希望。
2008年歐洲藥用植物和天然產品研究雜誌《Planta Medica》研究表明:黑種草油的精油成分黑種草酮(Nigellone)和百里醌(TQ)可用於治療不同的呼吸系統疾病，可緩解氣管的痙攣和增加黏膜纖毛的清除率。

1.Dirjomuljono, M., et al. "Symptomatic treatment of acute tonsillo-pharyngitis patients with a combination of Nigella sativa and Phyllanthus niruriextract." International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 46.6 (2008): 295-306.
2.Koshak, Abdulrahman, et al. "Nigella sativa supplementation improves asthma control and biomarkers: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial." PhytotherapyResearch 31.3 (2017): 403-409.
3.Boskabady, Mohammad Hossein, et al. "The possible prophylactic effect of Nigella sativa seed extract in asthmatic patients." Fundamental & clinical pharmacology 21.5 (2007): 559-566.
4.Boskabady, M. H., N. Mohsenpoor, and L. Takaloo. "Antiasthmaticeffect of Nigella sativa in airways of asthmatic patients." Phytomedicine 17.10 (2010): 707-713.
5.Keyhanmanesh, Rana, et al. "The effect of thymoquinone, the main constituent of Nigella sativa on tracheal responsiveness and white blood cell count in lung lavage of sensitized guinea pigs." Planta medica 76.03 (2010): 218-222.
6.Wienkötter, N., et al. "The effect of nigelloneand thymoquinone on inhibiting trachea contraction and mucociliaryclearance." Planta medica 74.02 (2008): 105-108.

#薑黃文獻研究
●#薑黃的薑黃素抑制所有C型肝炎病毒基因型進入人肝細胞
Colpitts, Che C., et al. "Turmeric curcumin inhibits entry of all hepatitis C virusgenotypes into human liver cells." Gut 63.7 (2014): 1137-1149
●#薑黃素在病毒性急性呼吸窘迫綜合症的老鼠模中，調節發炎症反應並抑制隨後的纖維化
Avasarala, Sreedevi, et al. "Curcumin modulates the inflammatory response and inhibits subsequent fibrosis in a mouse model of viral-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome." PloSone 8.2 (2013).
●#薑黃素通過減輕肺損傷和調節巨噬細胞細胞因子產生來減輕嚴重的流感性肺炎
Han, Shuguang, et al. "Curcumin ameliorates severe influenza pneumonia via attenuating lung injury and regulating macrophage cytokines production." Clinical and Experimental. Pharmacology and Physiology 45.1 (2018): 84-93.

#蜂蜜文獻研究
●2014年一項基於前瞻性隊列研究:以蜂蜜做保守療，35％的慢性C型肝炎病毒患者可持續清除C肝炎病毒
KOTB, MAGD A., and AHMED K. ABDALLA. "Sustained Hepatitis C Virus Clearance was Achieved by Honey Based Conservative Management in 35% of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study." Interferon 8: 10.
●蜂蜜與健康：近期臨床研究述評-蜂蜜具抗發炎免疫調節活性、減少咳嗽、發燒和減輕哮喘相關症狀
Samarghandian, Saeed, TaherehFarkhondeh, and FariborzSamini. "Honey and health: A review of recent clinical research." Pharmacognosy research 9.2 (2017): 121.)

#食用建議

＃黑種草油5ml + ＃蜂蜜10ml +＃薑黃粉(＃或薑黃素)適量
❗每日2次❗

＃黑種草油、＃蜂蜜和薑黃
都有抗單股RNA病毒、抗發炎、減少肺部發炎症狀，調節免疫力和增加抵抗力的效果，非常適合這個季節做為每日保健的補充劑。

身體在受到輕微碰撞或沒有碰撞下產生瘀青、瘀斑，且久而不退，其中一個可能性就是患上免疫性血小板減少紫斑症 / 免疫性血小板減少症 (ITP)。

免疫性血小板減少症 專題 - 廖崇瑜 血液及血液腫瘤科醫生
(本短片作健康教育之用，並不可取代任何醫療診斷或治療。治療成效因人而異，如有疑問，請向專業醫療人士諮詢。)

(一) 沒有撞傷，為甚麽會有瘀青？是患上紫斑症嗎？00:10
(二) 甚麼是免疫性血小板減少症？ 00:45
(三) 免疫性血小板減少症的治療方法是甚麼？ 01:27
(四) 哪些病人可以使用較新的藥物(TPO-RA)治療？ 02:30


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參考資料：
Rodeghiero, F., Stasi, R., Gernsheimer, T., Michel, M., Provan, D., Arnold, D. M., ... George, J. N. (2009). Standardization of terminology, definitions and outcome criteria in immune thrombocytopenic purpura of adults and children: report from an international working group. Blood,113(11): 2386-2393.
Lambert, M. P., & Gernsheimer, T. B. (2017). Clinical updates in adult immune thrombocytopenia. Blood, 129(21): 2829-2835.
McCRAE, K. (2011). Immune thrombocytopenia: No longer “idiopathic.” Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 78(6), 358–373. http://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.78gr.10005
The Ohio State University Medical Centre. Preventing Bleeding When You Have a Low Platelet Count – Patient Education. 2018