紅外線治療眼底疾病的可能性1
美國眼科醫學會AAO在2020年8月分享了一篇討論未來可能利用紅外線用來改善一些眼睛疾病的文章,但我們要強調,目前,此項技術只用在細胞實驗、動物實驗以及少數人體臨床實驗,尚未被任何衛生醫療主管單位核准一般性的治療使用,千萬『不要』用在他人與自己身上。
粒線體的工作示意圖出自參考6。
眼部照射紅光圖出自以下網站
https://www.ophthalmologytimes.com/view/photobiomodulation-shows-the-power-of-light
眼後部血管網圖來自以下網站的Figure1
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Functional-Hyperemia-and-Mechanisms-of-Coupling-in-Newman/91a9816bb538f9d30fd0604e2f27ae1f9bf0bc69
紅外線治療、低劑量雷射治療low level laser therapy,或是光生物調節Photobiomodulation (PBM),美國眼科醫學會引用的4篇論文所討論的紅光或近紅外線波長為625nm~1000nm(nanometers,奈米),所以這次只會就文章中的資料討論,不會討論到波長更長的紅外線。
其實紅光的運用歷史悠久,1903諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎的得主芬森N. R. Finsen使用紅光治療普通狼瘡,可以說是為紅光的醫療利用開啟新局。有趣的是,真正可實用的研究是在1960年代出現的,研究者想要用雷射在實驗鼠身上誘發皮膚癌,但卻發現使用的694奈米波長的雷射反而使實驗鼠身上被剃掉的毛快速生長,因為實驗設計有「不照射雷射」的對照組,正好比較兩者之間的差異。
此後,紅光/近紅外線成為一個在醫學領域備受矚目的研究主題。目前在傷口癒合或疼痛控制或是神經性損傷上都有動物或人體上的成效,細項這邊就不多談了。(參考2)
可以從參考2的回顧中了解,紅光/近紅外光對眼睛細胞層面的作用,主要發生在粒線體中如細胞色素C氧化酶Cytochrome C oxidase、一氧化氮NO的變化,使細胞內的代謝速率增加(文獻3,5的內容也是在論述關於如何改善粒線體功能降低老化的發炎反應與增加ATP的供應)。另外也會抑制穆勒氏細胞Müller’s cells產生會影響感光細胞代謝的自由基。以上由細胞或動物實驗-老鼠來驗證。
從AAO網站文章中引用的研究,我們可以瞭解到一件事,研究中專注於視網膜上的代謝情況,如上一段所述,為什麼呢?
因為視網膜或更明確地說,感光細胞的代謝需求,是眼睛一張開始看東西就不會停止而且非常大量,直到閉起眼睛才會下降。在黑暗中看東西也是會運作的。但感光細胞的代謝,需要視網膜色素上皮層RPE來協助。所以,RPE的活力才會這麼受到重視,否則感光細胞不是餓死就是被自己製造的代謝廢棄物淹死(誇飾法)。(補充:視網膜各層,除了RPE,剩下的都不會再生。RPE是凋亡後,有新的RPE細胞補上。另外,粒線體就是所謂的細胞的發電廠,活著的細胞內通常都會有粒線體,感光細胞自己也有。參考6)
因此,回顧中眼科的紅光/近紅外光(以下稱FR/NIR)主要研究的適用症就是與RPE相關的眼底疾病,例如:年齡/老年相關性黃斑部病變(Age-related Macular Degeneration, AMD)、糖尿病視網膜病變(Diabetic Retinopathy, DR)、早產兒視網膜變性(Retinopathy of prematurity, ROP)、視網膜色素變性/色素性視網膜炎(Retinitis Pigmentosa, RP)、還有視網膜的甲醛毒性問題(Methanol toxicity in the retina),這些都與RPE是否健康有活力來維持感光細胞正常代謝有關。當然可能還有其他未提及的視網膜病症或是眼部其他病症。
另外,參考2中也提及,年齡相關性黃斑部病變、糖尿病視網膜病變、弱視Amblyopia (包含屈光不正Ametropia或斜視Strabismus造成的)、視網膜色素變性Retinitis Pigmantosa已經有臨床研究。根據論文分享的內容,在多數的結果中,都是呈現改善的傾向。但除了,糖尿病視網膜病變的研究有說明是「閉眼」情況下照射治療,其他研究並沒有提及照射光線時是閉眼或張眼。(再次提醒,雖然已經有臨床實驗,但這樣的治療是還沒有被任何主管單位批准為常態性治療使用,目前甚至沒有標準的照射時間、照射劑量、甚至光線波長。請勿在他人或自己身上執行照射。)
AAO文章中還有一個研究因為題目比較特別,我們下個星期再來分享喔!
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參考文獻
1. Reena Mukamal, 《Does Red Light Protect Aging Eyes?》
https://www.aao.org/eye-health/news/red-light-protect-aging-eyes-rlt-pbm-near-infrared
2. Ivayla I. Geneva, 《Photobiomodulation for the treatment of retinal diseases: a review》, Int J Ophthalmol, Vol. 9, No. 1 Jan. 18, 2016.
3. Chrishne Sivapathasuntharam, Sobha Sivaprasad , Christopher Hogg , Glen Jeffery ,《Aging retinal function is improved by near infrared light (670 nm) that is associated with corrected mitochondrial decline》, Neurobiology of Aging 52 (2017) 66-70.
4. Claudia Núñez-Álvarez , Carlota Suárez-Barrio , Susana Del Olmo Aguado , Neville N Osborne, 《Blue light negatively affects the survival of ARPE19 cells through an action on their mitochondria and blunted by red light, Acta Ophthalmol》. 2019 Feb;97(1):e103-e115.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30198155/
5. Harpreet Shinhmar, Manjot Grewal, Sobha Sivaprasad, Chris Hogg, Victor Chong, Magella Neveu, and Glen Jeffery, 《Optically Improved Mitochondrial Function Redeems Aged Human Visual Decline》, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2020, Vol. 75, No. 9.
6. Eells J. T.. 《Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Aging Retina》. 2019 May. Biology, 8(2), 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology8020031
同時也有3部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過1萬的網紅Dr. Kayla Teh,也在其Youtube影片中提到,WATCH [Part I] HERE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kj7wxffMt4c&ab_channel=Dr.KaylaTeh FINALLY got my vision fixed!? ? In this vlog series, I'm shar...
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