關於 equus species ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

[開估時間] 10隻動物的共通點是?

答案有些傷感，因為他們全都是絕種動物的身影。They are all extinct species。

找了很久終於找到了隨件附送的地圖和學名介紹，10隻之中我原本只認識右3的Dodo 鳥。

在網上做了一點小功課，10隻之中部份還有些近親，但為數也不是太多，也令我認識到「國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄」IUCN RED List (http://www.iucnredlist.org/)，集合了所有動植物現存的情況。分為Extinct(EX)絕種, Extinct in the wild(EW)在野外絕種, Critically Endangered (CR)嚴重瀕臨絕種, Endangered (EN) 瀕臨絕種, Vulnerable (VU)脆弱, Near Threatened (NT)瀕臨受威脅和Least Concern (LC)少量關注。

現在，就為大家由左至右介紹一下牠們：

1. Canis lupus hodophilax – The Japanese Wolf, 日本狼。是一種已滅絕的狼亞種，曾經在日本大量繁衍，分佈於本州、四國、九州，之後被人大量獵殺，最後在1905年滅絕。另一亞種北海道狼和日本狼是近親，但亦於1889年滅絕。

2. Nipponia Nippon – Japanese crested ibis, 日本羽冠朱鷺。最後一隻日本本土找到的已於2003年去世。原廣泛遍佈俄羅斯、日本、韓國、中國等，但現在除山西因刻意繁殖保育而有少量外，已絕跡其他地方。

3. Equus quagga –斑驢, 是南非洲一種已滅絕的動物，前半身像斑馬、後半身像馬。於19世紀後期滅絕。

4. Capra pyrenaica hispanica –Spanish Ibex, 西班牙巨角山羊。不知是否資料有誤，hispanica 還是extant(現存)的，已滅絕的是C. p. lusitanica died out at the end of the 19th century, and C. p. pyrenaica went extinct in 2000。巨角山羊的肉可供食用，胃糞石是有效的解毒劑。毛皮可以製作為披肩，角則可以用來裝飾及製作成號角，使牠們成為獵殺的目標。

5. Dinornis maximus – The Giant Moa, 大恐鳥，原生於紐西蘭，是現今發現最高的雀鳥，可高達3米，不能飛行。恐鳥被認為在約16世紀左右絕種，在英國的Natural History Museum 能看到它的骨架。

6. Pinguinus impennis – The great auk , extinct in the mid-19 century. 大海雀，又稱大海燕，因外表和企鵝相似而有時又被稱作北極大企鵝，是一種不會飛的鳥。曾廣泛存在於大西洋周邊的各個島嶼上，但由於人類的大量捕殺而在19世紀滅絕。對美國土著印地安人文化(Native American cultures)有重大意義，他們以此為食亦作文化象徵。 在紐芬蘭島的一個公元前2000年的墓中，便發現圍著超個200個大海雀的啄，相信是作為一件衣服的裝飾。

7. Ursus arctos californicus – California grizzly bear 加洲兇悍灰棕熊。第一次被記錄是1769年，自1848年加洲發現金礦後，短短75年內加洲差不多所有灰棕熊都被捕殺。最後一隻被捕獲的棕熊是1922年。2年後(1924年)，有人再目擊過棕熊，但自此以後便絕跡了。但California grizzly bear的形象代表了加洲，1849年出現在短暫的加洲旗(Flag of California Repulic)上。在1953成為洲動物(official state animal)。直至現在，多間加洲的大學仍使用熊作為他們運動校隊的吉祥物(mascot of the sports teams)。

8. Raphus cucullatus – Dodo, 渡渡鳥，原生於毛里裘斯島。這種鳥在1505年被人類發現後，僅僅200年的時間裏，便由於人類的捕殺和人類活動的影響，大量減少。約在1660年代前後，徹底絕滅。它是人類歷史上第一個被記錄下來，因人類活動而絕種的生物，是除恐龍之外最著名的已滅絕動物之一。

9. Zalophus japonicas – The Japanese sea lion, 日本海獅。 1900年代初，日本漁獲紀錄中顯示有3200隻海獅被捕獵。到了1915年及1930年代，由於過度獵殺，捕獵的數量分別下降至300隻及幾十隻。日本海獅最終在1940年代滅絕。18世紀日本的百科全書《和漢三才圖會》中有記載，牠們的肉質並不可口，只利用牠們的油脂來點燈。從牠們的皮膚上可以提取貴重的油脂，內臟可以製成名貴的藥材，而毛皮則可製成毛革用品等。於20世紀，牠們則被馬戲團所捕獵。

10. Hydrodamalis gigas –Steller’s sea cow, 大海牛/巨儒艮，在1741年被發現。當斯特拉第一次描述大海牛的時候，大海牛的群體已經很小，分佈地區很有限，數量僅餘1,000至2,000頭。在人類發現牠們後不久，白令海地區湧入許多獵人，這些人的目標是捕殺生存於當地的海獺與北方海狗以獲取毛皮，而為了補給需求造成了大海牛的悲劇。這些人大量捕殺大海牛，吃牠們的肉、用牠們的皮來製造與修補船隻。已知1768年在白令島捕獲最後1頭大海牛，距離斯特拉發現他們的存在僅僅27年。

#支持保護野生動物
#向獵人說不
#保護環境 #保護大自然 #保護動物
#絕種動物 #extinct
#冰山一角

【種】
這幾天在打一篇關於動物園存在意義的文
因為比較長可能分成三次發
想說在那之前先來些無關緊要的
所以這次來稍微說一下為什麼要在意【種】

物種、品種、雜種
在某些生物相關的討論中
我們時常看到這些意思相近卻又有著決定性差異的詞彙
一般而言
生物分類的基本單位是物種(Species)
定義為有生殖能力的個體之間在自然狀態下能產生正常後代。
像中華白海豚(Sousa chinensis)、三線潮龜(Batagur borneoensis)、長戟大兜蟲(Dynastes hercules)
就是我們常說的種

而在動物園裡
經常提到亞種(Subspecies)的概念
亞種指的是那些
因為地理隔離而產生差異但卻缺乏生殖隔離的類群
就像加拉巴哥象龜與平塔島象龜(Chelonoidis nigra；Chelonoidis nigra abingdoni)
其中亞種名與種小名相同的就被稱做指名亞種
比如台灣穿山甲即為中華穿山甲的指名亞種(Manis pentadactyla；Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla)

動物園在意亞種
是因為在保育工作上
保持血統純淨是很重要的事情
有些野生動物就因為與家畜的雜交
陷入了絕種的危機
比如非洲野驢(Equus africanus)
而亞種不同於種
有時難以以肉眼區別
就容易造成管理上的疏失
而要是作業方面一不小心出了差錯
像中國當初進行華南虎(Panthera tigris amoyensis)保種計畫時
因為選定的種獸中混入了一頭印支虎(Panthera tigris corbetti)
造成血緣的汙染
再加上近親交配帶來的衰退
別說野放了
甚至連維持族群都成問題
也意味著純種華南虎已經不存在於地球......

嘮嘮叨叨說了這麼多
但其實自然界會發生什麼事往往說不准
所以可以說物種分類只是為了方便理解與討論
並沒有所謂一定的標準
不過基本操守還是要有
倘若在課堂上出現狗是有蹄類、駱駝是反芻動物之類的唬爛
到時候可就不只是貽笑大方自己丟臉的問題了
誤人子弟的影響才是難以磨滅

※品種(Breed)常被誤用為物種的同義詞
但其實只用於那些經過人為淘選的
所以只應該出現在家禽畜、實驗動物、伴侶動物等身上
------------------------------------------------------
延伸閱讀、圖片來源: https://goo.gl/POCD2W

Zebra (zebra, UK: Zebra) is Mammalia Order Perissodactyla Equidae Equus (Equus) of the general term that has several black and white stripes.
The plant-eating diet, eating the grass in general. The embryonic form of reproduction. Big ears and tail tip was like a bunch, that figure is very similar to the wild ass, even local "striped donkey" he said. It is also close to the donkey cry.

The hair is black with white stripes.

Non-primate mammals because of the low ability to distinguish colors that are difficult to determine the patterns buried in the grass and see black and white from a distance. The stripes have different body parts each direction, since it visually assimilated into each individual mix of stripes and form a herd, difficult to identify the individual effect of prey and predator hunting It is said to have. Predators are lion, spotted hyena, African hunting dog, the Nile crocodile.

Sensitive to the structure of the weight back, the luggage is not suitable for horse farming. Taking a rough year and temper, Kuni Natsu it is said that humans are seldom. What will take years to temper the rough is not known why.

Southern Ethiopia, northern Kenya [1] [2] [3] [4]
The distribution of extinction [edit]

Djibouti, Sudan, Somalia [4]
Morphology [edit]

Length 240-300cm. [2] [4], shoulder height 140-160cm. [3] [4] 350 weight-450kg. [3] [4] up to equine species for livestock, except horses. [3] has a long head and neck. [2] body was covered in white fur, the back is filled with fine black stripes. [1] [2] [4] striped stripes into the midline [1] is not connected, stripes and ventral surface are allowed. [2] [4]

Ear large and wide, rounded. [2] [3] the white tip of the pinna. [4] inside the ear or with dense hair. [2]
Ecology [edit]

Savanna and semi-desert habitat. [1] [2] [4] of crepuscular, and rest in shade during the day. [2] life form small flocks of about 10 heads a cub and a male and female heads. [1] [2] to form a territorial male. [3] [4] The aging male left the flock, sometimes living alone. [1]

Food habits are herbivorous, eating mainly grass. [3] [4] is basically drink water every day 2-05 are still alive to drink water. [2] looking for a vein in the nose, and sometimes frogs digging dry riverbeds. [2]

The embryonic form of reproduction. The gestation period is 390-428 days. [2] [4] to breed the whole year, the head of a bear cub at a time. [2] [4] cub stands up on 10 minutes after birth, will be able to run 45 minutes after birth. [2] lactation period of 6 months. [2] in captivity there are examples of sexual maturity in two years and six months of age. [2] believed that life is 18-30 years. [2] [4]
Relationship with humans [edit]

The skin was also used for leather. [2] [4]

Depletion of water resources and habitat destruction by development, overfishing of food and fur purposes, competition with livestock population has decreased sharply due to reproductive interference by tourists. [2] [4] In the present habitat of this species, but hunting is prohibited and may be poaching. [2] The population was 13,700 in Kenya in 1977 head of population in 1988 is estimated at 4,276 head. [2] in Somalia are thought to be extinct because no sightings since 1973. [2] [4]

Zebra (zebra, UK: Zebra) is Mammalia Order Perissodactyla Equidae Equus (Equus) of the general term that has several black and white stripes.
The plant-eating diet, eating the grass in general. The embryonic form of reproduction. Big ears and tail tip was like a bunch, that figure is very similar to the wild ass, even local "striped donkey" he said. It is also close to the donkey cry.

The hair is black with white stripes.

Non-primate mammals because of the low ability to distinguish colors that are difficult to determine the patterns buried in the grass and see black and white from a distance. The stripes have different body parts each direction, since it visually assimilated into each individual mix of stripes and form a herd, difficult to identify the individual effect of prey and predator hunting It is said to have. Predators are lion, spotted hyena, African hunting dog, the Nile crocodile.

Sensitive to the structure of the weight back, the luggage is not suitable for horse farming. Taking a rough year and temper, Kuni Natsu it is said that humans are seldom. What will take years to temper the rough is not known why.

Southern Ethiopia, northern Kenya [1] [2] [3] [4]
The distribution of extinction [edit]

Djibouti, Sudan, Somalia [4]
Morphology [edit]

Length 240-300cm. [2] [4], shoulder height 140-160cm. [3] [4] 350 weight-450kg. [3] [4] up to equine species for livestock, except horses. [3] has a long head and neck. [2] body was covered in white fur, the back is filled with fine black stripes. [1] [2] [4] striped stripes into the midline [1] is not connected, stripes and ventral surface are allowed. [2] [4]

Ear large and wide, rounded. [2] [3] the white tip of the pinna. [4] inside the ear or with dense hair. [2]
Ecology [edit]

Savanna and semi-desert habitat. [1] [2] [4] of crepuscular, and rest in shade during the day. [2] life form small flocks of about 10 heads a cub and a male and female heads. [1] [2] to form a territorial male. [3] [4] The aging male left the flock, sometimes living alone. [1]

Food habits are herbivorous, eating mainly grass. [3] [4] is basically drink water every day 2-05 are still alive to drink water. [2] looking for a vein in the nose, and sometimes frogs digging dry riverbeds. [2]

The embryonic form of reproduction. The gestation period is 390-428 days. [2] [4] to breed the whole year, the head of a bear cub at a time. [2] [4] cub stands up on 10 minutes after birth, will be able to run 45 minutes after birth. [2] lactation period of 6 months. [2] in captivity there are examples of sexual maturity in two years and six months of age. [2] believed that life is 18-30 years. [2] [4]
Relationship with humans [edit]

The skin was also used for leather. [2] [4]

Depletion of water resources and habitat destruction by development, overfishing of food and fur purposes, competition with livestock population has decreased sharply due to reproductive interference by tourists. [2] [4] In the present habitat of this species, but hunting is prohibited and may be poaching. [2] The population was 13,700 in Kenya in 1977 head of population in 1988 is estimated at 4,276 head. [2] in Somalia are thought to be extinct because no sightings since 1973. [2] [4]