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2020-12-24 11:37:18 有 230 人按讚

The struggle to perfection – the paintings by Lo Chan Peng

Pan An-Yi, Director of Graduate Stdies, The department of the History of Art & Visual Studies, Cornell University

Historic Figures provide concrete clarification to A Brief History of Time and showcase the artist’s perspective and philosophical approaches to the history of humanity. The historical personae he has selected narrate the progress from “godliness” to the “Theory of Evolution” followed by “Anthropocentrism” and “Eurocentrism” before the expansion of Imperialism and Capitalism which then led to Colonialism and eventually the rise of “Socialism”. The “Nazism” of World War II in Europe and “Japanese Imperialism” caused the unprecedented disaster. Skrik from the Portraiture collection shows Lo’s concerns over the working class whom reiterated their mindless tasks in order to survive: “I think I now have a better understanding of this world and have realised how helpless I am in this vast universe.”

Lo tactfully chooses to paint former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and American president Abraham Lincoln as a contrast and comparison. Churchill fought against the invasion of Nazism, even though he succeeded with the help of allies, the rise of Neo-Nazism and extreme right-wing supporters in recent years are slowly gaining advocates in Europe. The current president of the United States Donald Trump sees himself as a pioneer like Lincoln, yet his deep-rooted racism has encouraged the believers of extreme right-wing philosophy and white supremacy. Despite his defeat in the recent presidential election, the issues regarding extreme right-wing supporters in Europe and America would remain a challenging one. Both Churchill and Lincoln reflect on the bight and the good of humanity, and they are praised for their reminding us of the dark side of humanity.

Through Portraiture, Lo explores the struggles men encounter on their path to the godliness. The female sitter and plants stand for the friction between temptation and the sacred, which then lead to the nuanced relationship between “consciousness” and “the ability to define good and evil”, meaning the connection between the “mortal” and the “saintly” .

#art #artistlife #artists #oil #painting #artworks #artistsofinstagram #artfair #artgalleries #contemporaryart #sketch #lochanpeng #羅展鵬 #羅展鵬工作室 #藝術家 #繪畫 #油畫 #水墨 #藝術 #肖像 #素描 #繪畫 #畫圖 #ink #drawing

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羅展鵬 /Lo Chan Peng

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藝術家創作於台北/Artist Work in Taipei, Taiwan

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2019-11-17 15:25:34 有 135 人按讚

舊文重貼

前按：最近多了很多讀者連基礎經濟學觀念都不具備，腦袋充滿價值偏見或是傳統經濟學教科書的錯誤理論。

只好把很久以前寫的一些經濟學入門觀念貼上來，看能發揮多少效果。裡頭都是經過千錘百鍊的觀念，是我20年市場實戰中累積下來的，跟一般學者騙稿費的論點是兩回事。有能力的人才看得出門道，這說明訊息費用是高的，所以我並不期待太多人能懂。

舊文重貼【經濟學基礎第四講–自私的假設（上）】

今天我們進入經濟學基礎，自私的假設。

經濟學最著名的「自利」假設，起源於Adam Smith「國富論」一書中，開天闢地一刀擘畫而出。

Give me that which I want, and you shall have this which you want, is the meaning of every such offer; and it is in this manner that we obtain from one another the far greater part of those good offices which we stand in need of. It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages.

屠夫、釀酒師、麵包師父可不是因為同情你肚子餓或是希望有一頓華美的晚餐才給你他們的產品，而是因為他們關心自己的利益！

只是原文Adam Smith所用的字眼是「self love」，而非現在多數經濟學家所用的「self interest」。但概念上差異不大。
惟許多人將經濟學的「自利」講成「自私」，我認為不是很恰當。但也無不可。因為多數人都用自私這個字眼，我也就不做更改，繼續沿用。

這邊我再次強調，科學性理論的建立，基礎必定是一些公理（axiom），這些公理必定要被認同，如連起點都不認同，那這門學問你也不用學了。

比如數學的公理就是1+1=2，沒有其他答案；你不能說一杯水+一杯麵粉 = 一個麵團。可是在控制環境下，100g水+100g麵粉，必定得到200g麵團（或任何其他東西）。

物理學也是，質量（m）是個想像出來後靠人為武斷定義的東西，但因為在地球表面上跟重量太像了，使得大家都以為真有其物。加速度的觀念也是，你必須武斷地接受一些公理，大家才能在同一個基礎上討論加速度，也才能討論 F= ma這個觀念。

幾何學定義一個點本身是不可量度；一條線（二點之間的直線距離）才是可以量度。可是一個不可量度的點，怎麼會存在？點不可量度，那為什麼直線又可以量度？那面積又什麼？

舉這些例子，是要大家知道科學性理論的基礎都是武斷的人為定義的公理，一定要接受，才能往下走。公理甚至很荒謬，如幾何學，但是卻可以衍生大有用途的理論。

一、自私的定義

經濟學關於「自私」的定義有二個重點：個人決策與自私的內涵

1. 個人決策

經濟學上，所有決策都是由個人做成，而個人做成的決策成千上萬，舉含要不要吃飯、吃什麼、什麼時候吃、要早點吃還是晚點吃、要不要睡覺、什麼時候睡、睡多久、要怎麼到上班地點、要選擇什麼工作、要不要蹺課、要上什麼大學、要不要延畢、要不要跳傘、要不要結婚、跟誰結婚、什麼時候結婚、要不要辦婚禮、要不要生小孩、生了要不要養、要不要自殺…。

所有你人生中的每一個作為或不作為，背後都是基於你的決策。

而不管我們討論的群體有多大，就算大到一個社會、國家、全地球，都是基於單一個人（individual）的決策而組成。

經濟學不存在「直接以集體為起點」的理論。換言之，不管這個理論有「多宏觀」，只要不是基於「個人決策」為起點，都是廢物理論。因此，有許多所謂的「宏觀經濟學」大師，數學玩到天花亂墜，但都只是智力遊戲，不是經濟學，沒有科學解釋力。

而這裡談的個人，是經濟人，也就是不管男女老幼、性別傾向、天才白痴，在理論的假設上，都是一個自私的個人。

為什麼個人很重要？那是因為我們無法想像「一個群體竟然有決策能力？！」就算是民主投票，也是群體中一個人一個人決策累積出來。一個群體，邏輯上不可能有決策能力。必定是一個人決定或是很多的個人的決策累積。但絕不會是抽象的群體自己下決定。

就算是在最極端的環境之下，例如極權政治下的政治犯失去了多數自由，依然還是能決策許多事情，甚至可以決定「要不要繼續無自由地生活」。這方面有興趣研究的，可以看柏楊回憶錄、李敖大全集、德國集中營倖存者回憶錄、安妮日記以及一些北韓脫北者的回憶錄。

這裡也告訴我們，天底下沒有絕對的自由或是絕對的不自由，而是要端視侷限條件為前提。

同時各位要注意的重點是：經濟學自私假設第一內涵建立在個人決策上，但個人決策作為或不作為，並不需要探討決策本身是否正確、是否理性、是否盲目或是否本身毫無目的。也就是說，重點在「決策」本身，這是經濟學第一個公理。

了解這層，各位也就能了解為什麼經濟學最重要的價格理論（Price Theory）又被稱為選擇理論（Choice Theory）。這也是說，經濟學認為任何人的決策決定了任何人的行為，而這些決策/行為都是在科學上可被預測的（predictable）。

正因為經濟學討論的是人怎麼決策，所以經濟學本身就是一門解釋人類行為的學問。有位奧地利經濟學派大師Ludwig von Mises更直接了當地把他的一本經濟學論著取名為「Human Action」。

2. 自私的內涵

有讀我前三篇科學方法論的朋友應該知道，說「人會決策」是個套套邏輯，永遠對而不可被證否。因此我們要科學性預測人類行為，必須加上條件約束，讓理論有被證否性。

自私就是理論的約束！

自私的正確意涵，是「每個人在侷限條件下會為自己爭取最大利益」。不管你是勤奮、偷懶、誠實、欺騙、慈善、小氣…通通是在爭取自己的最大利益。換成一個更白話的說法，就是在同樣條件下，個人會傾向用越低的代價去換得越多的效益。

這邊我要特別強調，經濟學是門科學，討論的是如何解釋、預測人類行為，不管好不好，道德是否可非議。就像蘋果掉下來沒啥好不好，有沒有美感或是有沒有道德。

經濟學假設人會爭取自己的最大利益，也是個公理性假設，不可否認也不可辯駁。因為人的行為就是這樣。

但是經濟學說的利益不是只錢財，而是任何你想要的東西，包含愛情、家庭幸福、友情、權力、尊嚴、自由、美貌、休閒時光…。

影響我很深的經濟學大師A. A. Alchian在其經典著作就有這麼一段：

「Exchange and Production Theory in Use」 P. 20:

Often, it is incorrectly asserted that economics presumes an “economic man,” whose sole interest is making more money or getting wealthier or improving just his own circumstances. Not so! Economics does not assume that men are motivated solely, or even primarily, by the desire to accumulate more wealth. Instead, economic theory assumes that man — in Karachi, Canton, or Kalamazzo– desires more of many other things as well: prestige, power, friends, love, respect, self-expression, talent, liberty, knowledge, good looks, leisure, Day to day, economic theory is usually applied to the production, sale, and consumption of goods with money expenditures via the market place. But economic theory does not ignore, let alone deny, that man is motivated by culture and intellectual goods, and even by an interest in the welfare of other people — as we shall see.

只要是「有勝無、多勝少」的有形或無形物品，只要有人願意犧牲某些東西（例如精神、時間、體力、財物、健康…..）來換取「有或更多」，這些行為就符合經濟學「自私假設」。

因此，我們可以說這世界上沒有人的行為不符合自私假設，邏輯上不可能也不允許出現違反的情形。因為這就變成 f(x)可以等於2種以上的結果，邏輯是不對的。

有人捐款，捐到傾家蕩產在所不惜，一樣是符合自私假設！因為他想要換取的可能是名聲、可能是自我安慰，但是經濟學不需要討論他的動機。這點文章下半部會解釋。

可是，正因為自私假設是公理，所以也必然是套套邏輯（tautology），也因此重點不在於自私假設本身是對是錯亦或可否被接受，重點在於我們基於此假設和其他假設，利用邊際分析的方式，從真實世界可觀察到的現象，去得出合邏輯的經濟解釋，從而可以預測人類或生物的行為。

也就是說，在侷限條件下，我們可以準確預測人的捐款行為會變多或變少。比如政府改變規定，只要捐款給慈善團體可以享有跟捐款給政府機構一樣的稅則優惠，則捐款量必定增加。反之，如果政府改變規定，只要有捐款行為一律罰款10倍，則可以想見捐款量會減少。

二、基礎假設不需要真實

經濟學有個邪魔歪道的流派叫做「實驗經濟學」，裡面有些學者汲汲營營地希望透過實驗來證明「人並非自私」亦或「人不是理性」的，某些人以為只要能證明，自己就能揚名立萬。

這些人卻都犯了我前篇文章「經濟學基礎–經濟學的科學方法論3」中所說的錯誤：若要證明P–>Q邏輯錯誤，一定要找出~Q –> P這種情形來反證。光只是在那邊說P不存在，本身並不能反證整個理論。

這邊的邏輯大論戰，早在1950年代經濟學界就大吵特吵，而諾貝爾經濟學獎得主Milton Friedman一篇鴻文「The Methodology of Positive Economics」甚至舉出，在科學上公理的假設根本不需要真實，甚至與真實違背都無妨，只要能被驗證，同時也沒被事實推翻，就具備科學預測力/解釋力。這邊我題外話講一句，就是FB或社群網路上有一堆抨擊經濟學自私假設的文章，講難聽的，沒有一篇討論的論點超過1950年代大論戰的內容，甚至連水準都遠遠不及。此中最著名的就是沽名釣譽的清大教授彭明輝，此人對於經濟學的基礎理論批評，在在彰顯他什麼屁都不懂。

回到正題，關於自私的假設觀點，經濟學界最算得上蓋棺論定、終止所有爭吵的，我認為首推經濟學大師A. A. Alchian 經典論文「Uncertainty, Evolution, and Economic Theory」。此文一樣作於1950年代，作者認為「自私是競爭之下的結果」。也就是說，市場上的人並不需要知覺他自身自私與否，而是在競爭壓力下能夠存活（survive）下來的，必定遵守自私行為。凡是違反的，早就被淘汰掉。

一個極端的假設例子可以參考：

假設世界上的人都是白痴，被上帝隨機選了其中一群白痴開設加油站，地點也隨機地散落在世界各處。有的在喜瑪拉雅山上、荒郊野外、市郊、市區乃至於各種地方。

假設不管在哪，建造與營運加油站的成本都一樣，則經濟學假設自私的人會建造在有車流量的馬路邊。但其實這群人是白痴，經濟學「假設他們是自私、理性的」根本就假設錯了，可是不打緊，因為最後存活下來的，只有建造在有車流量馬路邊的加油站。

這例子的含意是：不管自私假設是否正確，也不管行為主體真正的想法是什麼或純碰運氣，作為一門科學，經濟學基於自私假設可以正確推斷有車流量的公路旁邊才有加油站，荒山野嶺不會有。

這邊題外話也談中醫的科學性。

中醫認為人體存在12經絡與其他奇經八脈，也認為人生病會有6經傳變。前述的經絡與傳變均會在脈相上有同等的展現。可是現代西醫解剖學都否定了這些假設的存在。

但是中醫透過經絡觀念，可以正確判斷病情並成功治病，效果與速度甚至常比西醫還快。

舉幾個我曾經醫治的病例來說：

1. 某女被西醫診斷有嚴重子宮腺肌瘤，此生懷孕無望。該女大腿外側長年冷痛，西醫如何檢查都查不出原因。中醫觀點認為大腿外側為膽經，肝膽為內外表裡，外側的冷痛代表肝臟太冷，而子宮使用的血來自於肝臟，血液太冷當然不容易受孕；於是開藥著重熱肝。同時子宮從脈診來看確時有瘀血存在，就算受精卵能著床也難以成長，因此再加開專攻子宮瘀血藥方。

不到三個月，成功懷孕；現在小孩早已健康誕生成長。

2. 腕隧道症候群，西醫除了止痛藥、消炎藥之外，只能開刀刮除關節韌帶。而中醫自古就有處理方法。

我成功治癒的幾個病例，均是從手腕背面養老穴下針、手肘曲池穴、手三里下針、肩膀附近的雲門穴放血，大約10分鐘即可復原不再受病痛之苦。西醫解剖學無法解釋，為什麼手腕的問題卻可以從手肘、肩膀處理，還會痊癒；但是中醫卻有其經絡觀念來解釋並推斷。有的老中醫會直接養老穴下針透到間使穴，然後不留針直接拔掉，也能治癒。只是透穴對現代人來說太恐怖。

其他尚有從手掌掌心魚際穴的色澤，再佐以小腿上足陽明胃經穴道的輔助，可以推斷病患有慢性腹膜炎、慢性闌尾炎的可能。這種診斷方式，西醫是既不懂也否認。科學發展最可悲的就是這類人，因為無知而自大。

中醫絕對符合科學方法論要求的科學性，且實證上也同樣具備。這是題外話，但可以加強理解自私的假設在經濟學所扮演的角色。

回頭談自私，生物學家Richard Dawkins經典名著「自私的基因」一書更極端，認為「不是人自私，而是所有生物從基因上就自私，因為不自私的早就被演化給淘汰！」

邏輯上很簡單：物種進化是透過突變後在自然界競爭淘汰倖存的，方能把基因傳下去。某些突變符合自私、某些不符合，不符合的不可能能倖存，因為自私行為更有利，會把不自私的淘汰出去；倖存下來的都有自私基因，而且一代一代加強遺傳，最終決定所有物種均自私。

好萊塢左派幻想家最愛在電影中宣稱「只有人類才會自相殘殺」，事實是這樣嗎？

黑頭鷗是一種群聚鳥類，彼此之間的巢位置往往只有幾英呎遠，雛鳥剛破殼時非常嬌小軟弱，毫無防禦能力。而黑頭鷗常常會在牠的鄰居不注意或出外覓食時，便撲上去將鄰居的雛鳥一口吞下。

這樣的同類相殘有個好處 — 自己不離巢，保護了自己的雛鳥；自己不需要離巢，就能獲得能量繼續保護。

黑頭鷗是否知道或是有「自私」的意圖，我們不得而知。但是根據前面關於自私的定義與討論，我們可以知道就算我們不知道黑頭鷗真正的意圖，但是根據經濟學自私的假設，我們可以解釋甚至預測這類動物自食同類的行為的出現。

同樣的，南極帝王企鵝會公母下蛋之後輪流下海捕魚。到了岸邊，卻很少看到有企鵝一馬當先潛入水中，那是因為企鵝都知道水中可能等著天敵海豹。

所以帝王企鵝常會推旁邊的下水，確定沒有危險才跟著下去。

企鵝需要知道「自私」這個意圖嗎？並不需要。在侷限條件下，經濟學自私的假設就能解釋並預測企鵝有這種行為。

看到這有些道德膨脹、自尊高貴的人要大發嬌嗔：「倫家一點都不自私！倫家才不相信人是自私的！」

是的，我前言就說了，自私的假設是經濟學這門科學的公理，你不接受就別學經濟學，沒學過經濟學就別批評。否則，有本事，你就自己發明一套「不自私的經濟學」來解釋人類行為。但是，可別忘了，就算你發明了這樣的理論，一樣要接受科學方法與事實的驗證！如果通不過驗證，你只能修改甚至放棄你的「無私假設」。

到現在我們都還沒看到有人成功做到，這本身暗示「無私的假設」解釋不了任何東西，甚至根本不能成為科學。

總體來看，經濟學理論必定要遵守「自私假設」，你不能一下假設人會自私、一下又說不會，這樣就違背科學精神；反之，如果我們看到一個經濟學理論涵意中出現了無私，那這個理論必定是錯的。

你可能想：怎麼可能出現無私？不是說好要遵守自私假設嗎？嘿～偏偏很多所謂的大師級人物也常犯這個錯，未來我們會談到經濟學的均衡概念時，同時討論怎樣快速地看出一個經濟學理論正確與否。

回到開頭引述的Adam Smith經典，該段文字也隱含兩個層次：

a. 要滿足私利的前提，在市場經濟下，必須先達到他利才有可能滿足自己的。

b. 一個不在乎公眾利益只在乎自利的人，雖然也毫無意圖改善社會，但是在市場經濟引導之下，他的貢獻會比有意圖的（如慈善家）還大。

行文至此，我們可以總結：

關於自私的假設有兩個重要條件，整個經濟學都是建立在此二公理上。公理不可質疑，否則科學理論會崩盤。

公理假設可以很荒謬，但只要可被事實證否又沒被事實推翻，就是一個正確的科學理論。

行為主體知不知道自己的意圖無關自私假設，因為經濟學均能基於該假設正確預測其行為。

我還有兩點要補充，但是我先以Milton Friedman當年的一場訪談錄影以及A. A. Alchian的一段文字作小結：

「There is a valid core of economic theory applicable to all economic systems and countries. There is not one special economic theory for capitalism and another for communism, although significant differences exist in the institutions and legal frameworks.」
就那麼一個合理的經濟學理論核心，可適用解釋所有的經濟架構及國家。儘管資本主義與共產主義在體制與法治架構上有顯著地差異，但仍沒有一個專門用來解釋資本主義的經濟理論，或特別來解釋共產主義的。

本文尚有兩點要補充，分別是：

1. 理性不代表決策正確

2. 違背自私假設的後果

下回分曉。

全文連結：
http://www.yuanyu.idv.tw/?p=1543

Tags: evolution meaning

元毓

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元毓說粉絲頁美國法學碩士，智財權、競爭法與法律經濟分析專業。分享20年投資經驗所得之經濟學體悟。

evolution meaning 在 Prada Facebook 的精選貼文

By Prada

2019-11-05 06:45:11 有 148 人按讚

Society is in a constant state of evolution and so is the meaning of #culturalidentities and #newethicalstandards. These are the main topics which will be discussed along the the conference’s round table, with the aim to explore possible contributions to #socialdevelopment.

Follow the live streaming on pradagroup.com on November 8th 2019: https://tinyurl.com/y2kby9qg
#ShapingASustainableSociety #PradaGroup

Tags: evolution meaning culturalidentities newethicalstandards socialdevelopment ShapingASustainableSociety PradaGroup

Prada

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Sophisticated and trendsetting, Prada’s inspiring concept of uncompromised quality and constant innovation has endured from 1913, when Mario Prada, Miuccia Prada’s grandfather, opened a shop of luxury goods in the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele in Milan. The search for rare and valuable materials and sophisticated manufacturing techniques is part of Prada’s DNA.

Prada official pages: http://twitter.com/prada http://instagram.com/prada http://store.prada.com

evolution meaning 在志祺七七 X 圖文不符 Youtube 的最佳貼文

By 志祺七七 X 圖文不符

2021-03-19 20:07:21 有 132,707 人看過有 3,406 人喜歡

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#七宗罪 #貪吃 #大餓
各節重點：
00:00 前導
00:49「志祺七七徵企劃夥伴」廣告段落
01:49 人類可以多貪吃？
03:36 中世紀時的貪食之惡
05:11 其他宗教與文化對貪食的看法
06:24 貪吃會受到懲罰？
07:59 貪食是生物本能
09:19「貪吃罪」的沒落
10:20 我們的觀點
11:58 提問
12:19 結尾

【製作團隊】

｜企劃：蛋糕說話時屑屑請閉嘴
｜腳本：蛋糕說話時屑屑請閉嘴
｜編輯：土龍
｜剪輯後製：Pookie
｜剪輯助理：歆雅
｜演出：志祺

——

【本集參考資料】

→Florent Quellier，《饞：貪吃的歷史》。台北，馬可孛羅，2015。
→The English Standard Version Bible: Containing the Old and New Testaments with Apocrypha. (2009). Oxford University Press.
→Prose F. Gluttony. Oxford University Press. 2003.
→Hill, S. E. (2011). Eating to Excess: The Meaning of Gluttony and the Fat Body in the Ancient World: The Meaning of Gluttony and the Fat Body in the Ancient World. abc-clio.
→Hull, E. M. (2011). Sex, drugs and gluttony: how the brain controls motivated behaviors. Physiology & behavior, 104(1), 173-177.
→The Evolution of Human Gluttony：hhttps://bit.ly/3f8G7VV
→Mythbusting Ancient Rome – the truth about the vomitorium：https://bit.ly/2Pb66kd
→Gluttony: rise, fall, and resurgence of a capital sin”：https://bit.ly/3r0NQaJ
→Gluttony, Gastronomy, and the Origins of ‘French’ Food：https://bit.ly/3s36XSR
→Our gigantic problem with portions: why are we all eating too much?：https://bit.ly/30Uv4qO
→Cargill, K. (2015). The psychology of overeating: food and the culture of consumerism. Bloomsbury Publishing.
→《史記．五帝本紀》：https://bit.ly/3cMAZnn
→Hill, S. E. (2011). Eating to Excess: The Meaning of Gluttony and the Fat Body in the Ancient World: The Meaning of Gluttony and the Fat Body in the Ancient World. abc-clio.
→Schwartz, H. (1986). Never satisfied: A cultural history of diets, fantasies, and fat. New York: Free Press.
→Smith T. (2013) Gluttony. In: Thompson P., Kaplan D. (eds) Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://bit.ly/3cIkDw4
→破紀錄！28歲男改名「愛台灣鮑鮪鮭魚松葉蟹干貝龍蝦...」36字全台最長：https://bit.ly/3cMWW5F
→《大餓》正式預告╱11.15 自然就素美！：https://bit.ly/310Fd5g
→「105公斤就該死嗎？」《大餓》血淋淋呈現胖女孩的辛酸減肥史引起熱烈共鳴！5大重點道出社會「微霸凌」：https://bit.ly/2P8L8T4

【延伸閱讀】

→饕餮書蔡珠兒聯合文學 2006：https://bit.ly/3tAHO23

＼每週７天，每天７點，每次７分鐘，和我們一起了解更多有趣的生活議題吧！／

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七宗罪貪吃大餓

志祺七七 X 圖文不符

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Hiho 大家好，我是志祺。你現在收看的是志祺七七， 365 天不斷更的時事議題評論型頻道！在這裡，你會看到⋯⋯ ? // 即時議題・堅持每日發片的時事分析 // 遇到各種議題的時候，社會上總是充滿對立。常常不同立場之間，只剩下謾罵，無法互相溝通、討論。志祺七七，剖析不同立場觀點，能讓關心社會上重要議題、擔心立場極化的你，了解不同立場的不同想法。 ? // 多元議題・不同立場都說讚 ? // 人權、同婚、兩岸關係、中美貿易戰、能源議題、政治評論... 志祺七七不畏懼各種敏感議題，全盤呈現多樣化主題與觀點。同時，也獲得不同政治立場的一致好評！成為台灣唯一訪問過蔡英文、郭台銘、韓國瑜、朱立倫等一線政治人物的新世代時事評論員 ✨ 　　＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ?　探索世界・現在就開啟右上角鈴鐺訂閱志祺七七吧　? 　　￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣￣ ? 如果你想與志祺七七合作，歡迎寫信到：[email protected] 與我們聯繫【關於團隊】 YouTube ｜志祺七七｜是由台灣最強資訊設計團隊「圖文不符」所開發策劃，融鑄多年議題設計經驗，由團隊共同創辦人張志祺作為節目主持人，以時下最熱門的 YouTube 影音頻道形式做呈現。 FaceBook｜圖文不符｜推出台灣第一個製作時事議題懶人包的團隊，被譽為懶人包始祖，在 FB 上創造總瀏覽量超過三千萬人次。現正活躍於台灣在地文化採集與設計轉譯，期望將更多關於台灣、關於生活、關於土地的知識帶給社會大眾，期望透過設計帶來更好的內容環境。定期籌備大型議題策劃，喜歡精緻細膩的設計作品，閱讀台灣之美的你不可錯過。圖文不符 FB 專頁：www.facebook.com/simpleinfo Our Brand｜簡訊設計｜是我們成立的商業設計品牌，橫跨議題—設計—行銷，服務涵蓋社群內容經營、網站設計、動畫設計與整合行銷專案。曾獲 2 座德國紅點 Best of the Best 大獎。合作洽談請至：[email protected] - 贊助志祺七七，讓我們可以走得更久更遠：https://bit.ly/support-shasha77 如有遇到金流問題，麻煩請聯繫：[email protected]

evolution meaning 在一二三渡辺 Youtube 的精選貼文

By 一二三渡辺

2020-03-27 14:44:12 有 230 人看過有 1 人喜歡

It was established by Arthur and Walter's Dabiddoson brother and William Sylvester Harleys in 1903.

The motorcycle manufacturer in the United States existed in the past and time only of one
company of Harley Davidson existed, too.

An actual pronunciation is near "Hurley Davissn" though an official name in Japan is "Harley
Davidson".
Feature

The feature of the maximum motorcycle made by the Harley Davidson company is a peculiar pulse feeling, externals that large displacement air cooling OHV and V type twin engine bring, and has a lot of charm fans in this. The drive is a belt drive that is converted the crank movement into the belt by the chain in a primary case and told the rear wheel. Most of the category that is called "American" of the domestic production manufacturer is OHC, V type twin engine, and the style that mimics features other than the drive. Blustan CEO of an American headquarters and chairman shows the idea, "Aim at the Harley that everyone can get on from a high-level Harley to a popular Harley" in 2001.

The shift started, twin cam 88B(balancer) was piled up from evolution 1340cc to present engine and twin cam 88.1450cc by the Softal system in 2000 in 1999, and those engines were improved to 1584cc in the boa in 2007(stroke). It is appearance of twin cam 96(cubic inch). The agreement of exhaust emissions regulations became a problem along with the large exhaust. The catalyst technology is introduced into the muffler in 2001, and all models to whom a new car is sold are made an injection in 2007. However, because the feeling etc. of the engine are different along with make to the injection from the one of a past carburetor specification (A peculiar feeling heavy to the cab was canceled), the deep-rooted popularitys are collected in the model of the cab specification. A present system is completed very much and has finished very much high about reliability though keeps sending the fuel even if the distortion occurs in the piston for the injection in 2003, and is reported on the case where Baspakkin of the cylinder mount is burnt.

Moreover, the motorcycle equipped with the first, water-cooled DOHC V twin engine (Revolution engine) was born ..this company in 2002.., too. (Refer to the page of VRSC for details. )

The model where the profit cannot be taken by the competition with the motorcycle manufacturer in Japan reduces the scale as abolition etc. , and the designed model ..straightening now "Run in the long distance with the United States freeway".. is centered though a small scooter etc. also were manufacturing the Harley company before. Therefore, the ability cannot be demonstrated in the mountainous district and the circuit. It was used in the United States for the police traffic management (Recently, a foreign car such as Kawasaki and BMWs is used).

The home manufacturer was acquired in the inside and 2001 when the entire two-wheel market reduced and the large-sized car share head position of more suppression 750cc was acquired in a Japanese market. It is assumed to two person in the expressway getting on opening of an automatic two-wheeled vehicle by the Road Traffic Law revision in the license acquisition system establishment in the car driving school by the large-scale automatic operation two-wheeled vehicle license foundation in 1996 and 2005 that a foreign manufacturer such as Harleys demanded in the background strong.

The Harley was a vehicle that enjoyed the sound and the pulse. Environmental protection..viewpoint..twin..cam..balanc er..engine..appearance..catalyst..techno logy..introduction..sound..pulse..model. .suppress.

The installation of an illegal muffler was controlled voluntarily by the notice of Harley Davidson Japan that was the sole agency by Japan in around 2003. The agreement of the installation self-imposed control of an illegal muffler was made also between the agency and the sales network in each administrative divisions. This is a meaning that prevents differences from being in the shop that installs it and the shop that doesn't obtain the defense of the notice in numbers of sales.

一二三渡辺

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synapse 酪農の仕事メインに動画投稿仕事動画は https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFeLW1RiOMxKyin-c9ZdXvw 日本初のダチョウ料理専門店、ライダーズカフェレストランMACHⅢ 大阪府堺市美原区北余部４６９－６ＴＥＬ＆ＦＡＸ０７２－３６１ー３１７１営業時間 8時～PM22時ラストオーダー PM21時です、関西で一番最初のバーガーです、港町・佐世保バーガーに対抗して、古くからの港町・堺から飛び出した堺バーガー堺から世界へ祝☆☆☆☆☆　「堺MACHⅢ白いカレー」が堺の新名物として堺市公認優良観光土産認定されました　 http://www.sakai-tcb.or.jp/souvenir/etc/e20.html 2013年１月シュウイチ 5月3日探偵ナイトスクープ 5月5日マルコポロリ 2011年 08月11日なるみブラマヨの叫びまショウ!2～これを知らないなんてどうかしてるぜっ!～ 11月10日TBS「はなまるマーケット」堺バーガー登場 10月23日関西TV　「世間の裏側のぞき見バラエティウラマヨ！」堺バーガー登場 Nicheee!　ニッチー！　テレビリサーチ会社がお届けする情報サイト http://www.nicheee.com/archives/1478310.html 9月20日おはようコールABC、 8月9日TV朝日　お願い!ランキング 7月5日「Pouch（ポーチ）」【関西グルメ探訪】 http://youpouch.com/2010/07/05/072451/ 5月3日朝日放送TV　おはよう朝日です、 http://asahi.co.jp/ohaasa/week/backnum/20100503.html 12月2日関ジャニ∞のジャニ勉関西ＪｒＢＯＹＳ中田大智と濵田崇裕] 10月29日いきなり黄金伝説・宇都宮まき http://www.tv-asahi.co.jp/densetsu/contents/intro/0181/ 7月6日「嵐の宿題くん」日テレ系「はんにゃ」ダチョウ親子丼 http://www.ntv.co.jp/arashi/content/index090706.html 4月5日フジTV「あっぱれさんま新教授」

evolution meaning 在一二三渡辺 Youtube 的最讚貼文

By 一二三渡辺

2018-09-09 10:23:52 有 310 人看過有 0 人喜歡

一二三渡辺

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社群媒體上有些相關的討論：

evolution meaning 在 Evolution Meaning - YouTube 的推薦與評價

Video shows what evolution means. Accumulation of change.. Gradual directional change especially one leading to a more advanced or complex ... ... <看更多>

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Our definition of rapid evolution also includes selection on standing genetic variation in populations. Many of the best examples of rapid ...

#17. Best 27 Definitions of Evolution - YourDictionary

Evolution is defined as the process of growth and development or the theory that organisms have grown and developed from past organisms. An example of evolution ...

#18. 21 Synonyms & Antonyms for EVOLUTION - Thesaurus.com

Find 21 ways to say EVOLUTION, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, ... See definition of evolution on Dictionary.com.

#19. Definitions of Evolutionary Terms | National Academies

According to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, organisms that possess heritable traits that enable them to better adapt to their ...

#20. Evolution - LDOCE - Longman Dictionary

evolution · Related topics: Biology · evolutionev‧o‧lu‧tion /ˌiːvəˈluːʃən, ˌevə- $ ˌevə-/ ○○○ AWL noun [uncountable] · 1 HBthe scientific idea that plants and ...

#21. CLONAL EVOLUTION IN CANCER - PMC - NCBI

Cancers evolve by a reiterative process of clonal expansion, ... Cancer clone evolution takes place within tissue ecosystem habitats which have themselves ...

#22. The Meaning of Evolution: A Study of the History of Life ... - jstor

The Meaning of Evolution: A Study of the History of Life and of Its Significance for Man, Revised Edition. GEORGE GAYLORD SIMPSON. Copyright Date: 1967.

#23. Evolution - National Human Genome Research Institute

Evolution. updated: June 2, 2022. Definition.

#24. evolution - 進化；演化 - 國家教育研究院雙語詞彙

出處/學術領域, 英文詞彙, 中文詞彙. 學術名詞海事, evolution, 進化；隊形變換；操演. 學術名詞實驗動物及比較醫學名詞, evolution, 演化. 學術名詞地質學名詞

#25. [1611.02420] Meaning = Information + Evolution - arXiv

Notions like meaning, signal, intentionality, are difficult to relate to a physical word. I study a purely physical definition of "meaningful ...

#26. evolution | Learn Science at Scitable - Nature

Evolution is a process that results in changes in the genetic material of a population over time. Evolution reflects the adaptations of organisms to their ...

#27. Darwin's Theory of Evolution: Definition & Evidence - Live ...

In his book, Darwin describes how organisms evolve over generations through the inheritance of physical or behavioral traits, as National ...

#28. evolution 的中文翻釋｜影音字典- VoiceTube 看影片學英語

evolution. 分享單字. US /ˌɛvəˈluʃən, ˌivə-/. ・. UK /ˌi:və'lu:ʃn/. B1 中級. 定義影片字幕. n. 發展；進化；演進；演化.

#29. Theory of Evolution | National Geographic Society

Anaximander was correct; humans can indeed trace our ancestry back to fish. His idea, however, was not a theory in the scientific meaning of the ...

#30. Evolution Meaning - YouTube

Video shows what evolution means. Accumulation of change.. Gradual directional change especially one leading to a more advanced or complex ...

#31. "Brief Note on the Origins, Evolution, and Meaning of the ...

The origins, cross-disciplinary evolution, and definition of “thick description” are reviewed. Despite its frequent use in the qualitative ...

#32. DARWIN'S DANGEROUS IDEA: EVOLUTION AND THE ...

DARWIN'S DANGEROUS IDEA: EVOLUTION AND THE MEANINGS OF LIFE [Daniel C. Dennett] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers.

#33. The Meaning of Evolution - The University of Chicago Press

The book The Meaning of Evolution: The Morphological Construction and Ideological Reconstruction of Darwin's Theory, Robert J. Richards is published by ...

#34. Etymology, origin and meaning of evolution by etymonline

EVOLUTION Meaning : "an opening of what was rolled up," from Latin evolutionem (nominative evolutio) "unrolling (of a… See definitions of evolution.

#35. Words or phrases that are synonyms for EVOLUTION ...

If, in a biology textbook, words or phrases from the following list were substituted for evolution , evolutionary , and evolve , then the meaning of any ...

#36. What is LTE (Long-Term Evolution)? - TechTarget

Home · Mobile infrastructure · Wireless and mobile; LTE (Long-Term Evolution). Definition. LTE (Long ...

#37. Biological Evolution - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Biological evolution is the change in inherited traits over successive generations in populations of organisms. Adaptation is a key evolutionary process in ...

#38. Evolution - definition of evolution by The Free Dictionary

Define evolution. evolution synonyms, evolution pronunciation, evolution translation, English dictionary definition of evolution. n. 1. a. A gradual process ...

#39. Convergent evolution - ScienceDaily

In evolutionary biology, convergent evolution is the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits ...

#40. Is the Meaning of Your Life to Make Babies? - Scientific ...

What can -- and cannot -- be learned from evolution. From an evolutionary gene's-eye perspective, the genes are immortal, and our role, ...

#41. a study of the history of life and its significance for man. - APA ...

The meaning of evolution; a study of the history of life and its significance for man. Citation. Simpson, G. G. (1949). The meaning of evolution; ...

#42. What is evolution? - BBC Bitesize

Evolution is the way that living things change over time. The first person who explained how evolution happens was Charles Darwin with his scientific theory ...

#43. The evolution of language | PNAS

Attempts to shed light on the evolution of human language have come from many ... include acoustic misunderstanding and/or incorrect assignment of meaning.

#44. The Evolution and Development of Language - 博客來

書名：Communicating Meaning: The Evolution and Development of Language，語言：英文，ISBN：9781138971172，頁數：352，出版日期：2020/09/30，類別：心靈養生.

#45. Biological Evolution and Genetic Variation - ThoughtCo

The definition of a scientific theory differs from the common meaning of theory, which is defined as a guess or a supposition about a particular ...

#46. What Is Organic Evolution? Definition, Theories, Mechanism ...

Organic Evolution Definition. “Changes in the genetic makeup of species in a population as a result of responding to environmental changes is organic evolution”.

#47. Contingency and determinism in evolution: Replaying life's tape

Historical processes display some degree of “contingency,” meaning their ... Evolution is a strongly historical process, and evolutionary biology is a field ...

#48. Understanding Evolutionary Trees - Evolution: Education and ...

By definition, the more common ancestors that two species share to the exclusion of other species, the more closely related they are. For ...

#49. Evolution: Glossary - PBS

ancestral homology: Homology that evolved before the common ancestor of a set of ... Minds and Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life, ...

#50. evolution - Linguee | 中英词典（更多其他语言ïŒ‰

大量翻译例句关于"evolution" – 英中词典以及8百万条中文译文例句搜索。

#51. Introduction to Human Evolution - The Smithsonian ...

Humans first evolved in Africa, and much of human evolution occurred on that continent. The fossils of early humans who lived between 6 and 2 ...

#52. What is evolution? | Biological Principles

Definition: Biological evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of a population over succeeding generations. In more technical terms, evolution ...

#53. Evolutionary Economics Definition - Investopedia

Evolutionary economics proposes that economic processes evolve and are determined both by individuals and society as a whole.

#54. evolution - Meaning in Hindi - एवलूशन / ईवलूशन / एवोलूशन ...

Definitions and Meaning of evolution in English ... (biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic ...

#55. How are gene variants involved in evolution? - MedlinePlus

Evolution occurs when groups of organisms change over generations. Genetic variations cause these changes. Read more about genetics and ...

#56. Understanding Evolution - Your one-stop source for ...

Your one-stop source for information on evolution.

#57. Contemporary Evolution - Evolutionary Biology - Oxford ...

Contemporary evolution then influences a number of evolutionary and ecological processes, such as ecological speciation, population dynamics ( ...

#58. What Is a Theory? A Scientific Definition | AMNH

Yet even with these new advances, the theory of evolution still persists today, much as Darwin first described it, and is universally accepted by scientists.

#59. Darwin, evolution, & natural selection (article) - Khan Academy

What is evolution? · The basic idea of biological evolution is that populations and species of organisms change over time. · In the 1850s, Darwin wrote an ...

#60. A New Theory Explains How Consciousness Evolved - The ...

Theories of consciousness come from religion, from philosophy, from cognitive science, but not so much from evolutionary biology. Maybe that's ...

#61. Evolution caused by extreme events - Journals

Because extreme events are rare, almost by definition, they are difficult to study. So far most attention has been given to their ecological ...

#62. SARS-CoV-2 Evolution - WHO | World Health Organization

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Virus Evolution. 30 December 2020 | Q&A. What does it mean to say a virus mutates or changes?

#63. Evolution 101: Natural Selection | BEACON

The BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action is an NSF Science and Technology Center headquartered at Michigan State University, ...

#64. Hominid and hominin – what's the difference? - Australian ...

The term 'hominid' used to have the same meaning that 'hominin' now has. ... and was used when referring to various members of our human evolutionary tree.

#65. Assisted evolution | AIMS - The Australian Institute of Marine ...

Our goal is to enhance the resilience of corals to predicted future ocean scenarios of elevated temperature and acidification on the Great Barrier Reef. AIMS ...

#66. Geologic Principles—Organic Evolution - National Park Service

Organic evolution is the theory that more recent types of plants and animals have their origins in other pre-existing forms and that the ...

#67. What is natural selection? - Natural History Museum

Natural selection is a mechanism of evolution. Organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that ...

#68. What is Theistic Evolution? | Discovery Institute

Theistic evolution is the effort to reconcile Darwin's theory of undirected ... considerable confusion about the actual meaning of the term.

#69. EVOLUTION - NCERT

Attempt giving a clear definition of the term species. 4. Try to trace the various components of human evolution (hint: brain size and function, skeletal ...

#70. Creationism vs Evolution

In the Hebrew language, the word adam is rooted in the word meaning soil. The creation of Adam refers to the human soul, the neshama. Legends and biblical ...

#71. What is Language Evolution? - University of Pennsylvania

We tend to think of evolution as being mainly a process that affects biological populations, so it's worth starting with a definition of that.

#72. What is Cultural Evolution

The core idea of cultural evolution is that cultural change constitutes an evolutionary process that shares fundamental similarities with – but also differs ...

#73. Evolution of Life | CK-12 Foundation

Evolution is a change in the characteristics of living things over time. As described by Darwin, evolution occurs by a process called natural ...

#74. A brief history of evolution - The Open University

One is whether evolution is only to be understood as a genetic mechanism in that sense. I mean there's a formal definition which some evolutionary biologists ...

#75. About Evolutionary Anthropology - Duke University

To address questions of human nature and human evolution, evolutionary anthropology focuses on morphology, physiology, genetics, ecology, behavior, and ...

#76. Definition, Evolution and Development. Functions and Roles ...

Bank: Definition, Evolution and Development. Functions and Roles of Central Bank and Commercial Bank and their relationship. Definition of Bank:.

#77. Frequently Asked Questions About "Intelligent Design"

A: Biological evolution is a scientific theory that explains how life on earth ... with the scientific meaning (requiring an explanation that is testable, ...

#78. 演化論EVOLUTION:The Origin of Species 繁體中文版台北陽光 ...

遊戲人數︰2-4人適合年齡︰10歲以上遊戲時間︰30-60分鐘購買演化論EVOLUTION:The Origin of Species 繁體中文版台北陽光桌遊商城.

#79. Evolution and Revolution as Organizations Grow - Harvard ...

The resolution of each revolutionary period determines whether or not a company will move forward into its next stage of evolutionary growth. A Model of How ...

#80. Divergent Evolution - Definition and Examples - Biology ...

Divergent evolution is the process whereby groups from the same common ancestor evolve and accumulate differences, resulting in the ...

#81. Secular Evolution | COSMOS - Centre for Astrophysics and ...

The most easily recognisable example of secular evolution in disk galaxies is the formation of stars in the spiral arms. This is induced by the action of the ...

#82. evolution (【名詞】演化)意思、用法及發音| Engoo Words

"evolution" 意思. evolution ... Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution. ... Natural selection is a process of evolution.

#83. Explainer: Theory of evolution - The Conversation

Charles Darwin, the 19th century naturalist, is given credit for the theory, not because he was the first person to suggest evolution occurs, ...

#84. The Evolution of Cognition - 第 97 頁 - Google 圖書結果

For example , many believe that the subsystems involved in imprinting have evolved as the result of a Darwinian process of evolution ( which is one meaning ...

#85. Evolution: Charles Darwin was wrong about the tree of life

Genetic tests on bacteria, plants and animals increasingly reveal that different species crossbreed more than originally thought, meaning ...

#86. Viruses and Evolution | History of Vaccines

Both of these viruses are RNA viruses, meaning their genetic material is encoded in RNA, not DNA. DNA is a more stable molecule than RNA, and DNA viruses have a ...

#87. Elsevier Education Portal | Evolve

Evolve is a one-stop online portal for healthcare educators and students to access and purchase all of their Elsevier digital teaching & learning materials.

#88. Theistic Evolution: History and Beliefs - Articles - BioLogos

The dictionaries I checked don't define the term, “theistic evolution,” so I offer my own definition: the belief that God used the process ...

#89. Teaching About Evolution and the Nature of Science - The ...

Read chapter Chapter 1: Why Teach Evolution? ... Like "theory," the word "fact" has a different meaning in science than it does in common usage.

#90. Patterns of Evolution: Types of Evolution - SparkNotes

Divergent Evolution. When people hear the word "evolution," they most commonly think of divergent evolution, the evolutionary pattern in which two species ...

#91. Evolution - 詞典釋義與在線翻譯 - 海词词典

海詞詞典,最權威的學習詞典,為您提供Evolution的在線翻譯,Evolution是什麼意思,Evolution的真人發音,權威用法和精選例句等。

#92. Evolutionary Relationships: Definition & Diagram - Study.com

There are four ways to study evolutionary relationships; systematics, taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution. Explore the definition and how ...

#93. Human Evolution - 第 83 頁 - Google 圖書結果

Semantics, the formal meaning of a string of morphemes, to which the left hemisphere may contribute denotative meaning, and the right hemisphere may ...

#94. MEANING OF EDUCATION MANAGEMENT AND ... - Zenodo

MEANING OF EDUCATION MANAGEMENT AND EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS IN EDUCATION. Ergasheva M.G,Ergasheva Mokhizar Gofurjon kizi.

#95. evolution 的中文翻譯 - 英漢字典

evolution U進展,發展;演變,進化來源(2): Network Terminology [netterm] evolution 進化來源(3): The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 ...

#96. Interspecies Hybrids Play a Vital Role in Evolution - Quanta ...

Hybrids, once treated as biological misfits, play a vital role in the evolution of many animal species. Now conservationists are trying to ...

#97. Evolution - The New York Times

Scientists say it could help sort out the human family tree and how our species emerged. By Carl Zimmer · 阅读简体中文版閱讀繁體中文版. June 25, 2021 ...

#98. China Focus: Chinese study reveals evolution of giraffe's long ...

BEIJING, June 3 (Xinhua) -- Chinese researchers offered a new explanation for the evolutionary mystery of giraffes' long necks: They were ...

#99. The Evolution of Sherlock Holmes: Adapting Character Across ...

CHAPTER ONE: MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION . ... As a total of linguistic signs, the meaning of the myth has its own value,.

#100. What is #Swedengate? The evolution of an internet trend, from ...

And more importantly, how has it evolved? ... the research that was done wasn't extremely professional and that the meaning of the colors ...

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