< 救命救急實習記(三):Trauma >
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「Trauma 房留位,十八歲男子 TA,GCS 三條一,百有,十分鐘後到。」*
平凡的下午,依舊忙碌的急症室。
廣播系統傳來護士長響亮的聲線,告訴我們創傷病人將於十分鐘後抵達急症室。
急症室的世界,卻沒有起太大的變化。醫生們繼續看診、護士們繼續進行眾多日常工作。
眾人默默地處理好手上的病人,靜待創傷病人的來臨。
(TA: Traffic Accident)
(GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale 格拉斯哥昏迷指數,滿分 15,最低 3 分。)
(「百有」:急症室術語,指病人有呼吸心跳脈搏,「百冇」剛好相反,指病人心跳停頓、不能自主呼吸。)
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「Trauma 到 ––」
多個粉紅色和淺藍色的影子,走入創傷室裡,準備迎接未知的挑戰。
「一、二、三 ––」
因懷疑脊椎受傷,眼前的他被安置在脊椎板上,並由頸圈固定頸部。
在醫生帶領之下,救護員、護士、助理、醫生們共同把病人轉到急症室的輪床上。
剪開身上的衣服、連上心臟監察儀、插入靜脈留置針。
量度血壓、照射瞳孔、抽血化驗。
蓋上暖和的紫袍、把暖爐推近病人。
沒有多餘的話語,一連串流暢的動作,充分展示了急症室團隊的默契。
「預備 tube 人,activate full trauma call」
A (Airway)、B (Breathing)、C (Circulation)、D (Disability)、E (Exposure) 。
經初步評估後,急症室醫生決定為病人進行氣管插管,以保護其氣道。
同時,有見病人傷勢嚴重,他決定啟動創傷小組機制,召喚外科、腦外科、骨科及深切治療部醫生,共同診治病人。
插喉過後,眾人以滾木式翻身 (log roll) 轉動病人,以檢查病人背部是否有隱藏了的傷口,及進行探肛檢查。
由醫生固定頭部及氣道,護士們和小學護交叉著手抱緊病人,聽著指令一起轉身,避免脊椎受損。
放射技師也隨即抵達創傷室,為病人全身照X光,以找出隱藏了的傷勢。
等候各專科醫生其間,急症科醫生密切監察著病人狀況和維生指數的變化,並作出相對應的措施,如補充生理鹽水及注射藥物等。
他亦為病人進行 "FAST scan" (Focused Assessment with Sonography in trauma),以超聲波快速檢查病人胸部和腹部,查看身體裡面是否有內出血,及各器官所受到的損傷。
各個專科的醫生陸續抵達,為病人進行相關評估。
同時亦安排傷者接受電腦掃描,進一步了解傷勢。
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小學護尾隨著創傷團隊,護送病人到放射部接受電腦掃描。
細小的「CT房」(電腦掃描室),擠滿了放射技師、急症科醫生、護士、助理、外科醫生、腦外科醫生、骨科醫生、深切治療部醫生、護士學生、醫學生等等十數人。
眾醫生圍在小小的螢幕前,討論著那些黑白色的影像;放射技師專注地操作儀器,確保眼前的影像清晰可見;護士雙眼停留在監察機器上,觀察著病人狀況的變化。
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最後,病人被轉送到深切治療部接受進一步治療。
那不足一小時,與死神的競賽,是小學護在急症室實習裡,最深刻的體驗。
急症室在創傷搶救中,有著極重要的角色。穩定病人的情況、與各單位的協調、在一片凌亂的環境中,快速作出影響生命的決定,是很大的挑戰。
在此,衷心向在急症室你和妳,獻上最大的敬意。
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(距離急症室實習已經好一段時間… 如有錯漏補充,請多多提點 :) )
(圖片來源:tampabay.com)
網誌連結:
http://half-half-nurse.blogspot.hk/2016/04/trauma.html
「glasgow coma scale assessment」的推薦目錄:
glasgow coma scale assessment 在 臨床筆記 Facebook 的最讚貼文
Glasgow Coma Scale
The reliability of the Glasgow Coma Scale: a systematic review.
The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), introduced in 1974, was the first grading scale to offer an objective assessment of the consciousness of patients. The assessment of motor, verbal and eye responses of the GCS characterizes the level of consciousness. The picture provided by these responses enables comparison both between patients and of changes in patients over time that crucially guides management. The three components can be scored separately or combined in a sum score, ranging from 3 to 15. The sum score was initially used in research, but later also in clinical settings, even though summation of the three components incurs loss of information. Both the GCS and the sum score are used in the intensive care unit (ICU) in a broad spectrum of patients with reduced level of consciousness and the sum score is integrated in several ICU classification systems. An approximately linear relationship exists between decreasing sum scores and increasing mortality in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), and the motor component is a strong predictor of poor outcome in moderate/severe TBI.
Reliable scoring is fundamental to the practical utility of the GCS. Conceptually, reliability is the degree to which an instrument is free from measurement error. It has an external component (i.e. inter-rater reliability) which assesses the same subjects by different raters, and an internal component (i.e. intra-rater and test–retest reliability), which reflects the degree to which the scale yields identical results on different occasions and over time, assuming stable conditions. Reliability is, however, not an inherent property of a test, but a characteristic of the scores obtained when applying the test. Estimates of reliability are influenced by test properties, rater characteristics, study settings, heterogeneity of subjects and how subjects are treated, e.g. by intubation and sedation. It is important to identify factors that are potentially modifiable in order to improve the applicability of the GCS.
The reliability of the GCS has been examined in many studies, using a variety of measures, but remains an area of some controversy. Various reports, specifically in the field of intensive care and emergency medicine, have criticized the GCS and questioned its general applicability. Many assumptions are, however, based on limited evidence and mainly reflect personal opinions. No comprehensive systematic review on the reliability of the GCS and the factors that affect its reliability has been conducted since 1996. The aim of this systematic review is to explore the reliability of the GCS and the sum score, to identify influencing factors and to formulate recommendations for optimizing its reliability.
http://bit.ly/1PK7wJp