關於 historical trauma ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

【比爾·蓋茨疫情期間書單】

01 The Choice《擁抱可能》
By Dr. Edith Eva Eger | 伊迪絲·埃格爾 著

This book is partly a memoir and partly a guide to processing trauma. Eger was only sixteen years old when she and her family got sent to Auschwitz. After surviving unbelievable horrors, she moved to the United States and became a therapist. Her unique background gives her amazing insight, and I think many people will find comfort right now from her suggestions on how to handle difficult situations.

這本書一部分是作者回憶錄，另一部分是如何處理創傷的指南。埃格爾在只有16歲時和家人一起被送到奧斯維辛集中營。在經歷了難以想象的恐怖之後，她來到美國成為一名心理治療師。她獨特的背景給了她驚人的洞察力，我想現在很多人都會從她如何應對困境的建議中找到安慰。

02 Cloud Atlas《雲圖》
By David Mitchell | 大衞·米切爾 著

This is the kind of novel you’ll think and talk about for a long time after you finish it. The plot is a bit hard to explain, because it involves six inter-related stories that take place centuries apart (including one I particularly loved about a young American doctor on a sailing ship in the South Pacific in the mid-1800s). But if you’re in the mood for a really compelling tale about the best and worst of humanity, I think you’ll find yourself as engrossed in it as I was.

這是那種你看完之後會長久思考和談論的小説。小説的情節有點難以解釋，因為它涉及六個相互關聯的故事，時間相隔幾個世紀（其中一個我特別喜歡，講的是19世紀中葉，一個年輕美國醫生在南太平洋一艘帆船上的故事）。但是，如果你有心情聽一個關於人性至善與至惡的故事，我想你會和我一樣沉浸其中。

03 The Ride of a Lifetime《一生的旅程》
By Bob Iger | 羅伯特·艾格 著

This is one of the best business books I’ve read in several years. Iger does a terrific job explaining what it’s really like to be the CEO of a large company. Whether you’re looking for business insights or just an entertaining read, I think anyone would enjoy his stories about overseeing Disney during one of the most transformative times in its history.

這是我這些年讀過的最佳商業書籍之一。艾格極為出色地解釋了在一家大公司做CEO到底意味着什麼。無論你是想閲讀商業見解，還是隻想找本書消遣，我覺得你都會喜歡他執掌迪士尼的故事——當時這間公司正在經歷自成立以來最激烈的轉型期。

04 The Great Influenza《大流感》
By John M. Barry | 約翰·巴里 著

We’re living through an unprecedented time right now. But if you’re looking for a historical comparison, the 1918 influenza pandemic is as close as you’re going to get. Barry will teach you almost everything you need to know about one of the deadliest outbreaks in human history. Even though 1918 was a very different time from today, The Great Influenza is a good reminder that we’re still dealing with many of the same challenges.

我們正在經歷一個前所未有的時刻。但如果你想找一段歷史來對比，1918年的流感大流行是最接近的。關於這場人類歷史上最致命的疫情，你需要知道的一切，巴里都會教給你。儘管1918年與今天截然不同，但《大流感》依舊是一個很好的提醒：我們仍在應對許多相同的挑戰。

05 Good Economics for Hard Times《好的經濟學》
By Abhijit V. Banerjee and Esther Duflo | 阿比吉特·班納吉、埃斯特·迪弗洛 著

Banerjee and Duflo won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences last year, and they’re two of the smartest economists working today. Fortunately for us, they’re also very good at making economics accessible to the average person. Their newest book takes on inequality and political divisions by focusing on policy debates that are at the forefront in wealthy countries like the United States.

班納吉和迪弗洛獲得了去年的諾貝爾經濟學獎，他們二位是當今最聰明的經濟學家。對我們而言幸運的是，他們也非常善於讓普通人瞭解經濟學。他們的最新著作聚焦富裕國家（例如美國）處於風口浪尖的政策辯論，探討不平等和政治分歧問題。

#政經八百政治標記
〔 很韓vs 很原住民 — #看見文化差異 #文化不該被簡化 〕

Youtuber 愛莉莎莎在 instagram 上尋求他的新企畫來賓，希望徵求原住民進行一日約會，在徵友條件中愛莉莎莎希望是「未漢化的原住民」、「有傳統服飾更好」。

有網友在其貼文下留言質疑有歧視原住民的疑慮，愛莉莎莎回應「說很韓/正韓就是哈韓，說很原住民就是歧視？？自己心中帶有偏見才會有這種想法」。

難道說別人「很韓」就不是歧視嗎？今天我們就要來談談「文化差異」跟「刻板印象」是怎麼交織運作的👉


▌忽略文化的差異

用韓國文化跟原住民文化類比，其實忽略了優勢文化跟弱勢文化根本上的差異哦。

韓國作為亞洲的流行指標，不管是臉上的妝容、身上的穿搭或者是電影電視電影，浪漫的愛情韓劇、流行偶像團體，通通都深深的影響臺灣的娛樂文化。

（像是之前的梨泰院、愛的迫降，應該有不少人假日整個陷入追劇模式）

然而原住民作為台灣這片土地最初始的居住者，從

❶ 鄭成功時期的「寓兵於農」開始土地被侵略
❷ 清代統治時期越界開墾、官員的欺壓
❸ 因為牡丹社事件進行的「開山撫番」— 漢化的開始
❹ 日治時期的各式打壓與收編

這些歷史上發生的事件都讓原住民的土地、文化快速流失。


▌文化不該被刻板印象簡化

因此，拿「大勢」的韓國文化跟受到各種打壓侵略的原住民文化，放在同一個水平上類比是不公平的。
（當然，「很韓」、「很原住民」某種程度上都是用刻板印象去描摹一個文化的樣態。）

然而作為強勢文化，韓國有很多資源與管道去呈現與傳輸自己的文化樣態（在韓劇中、電影中）

原住民文化作為弱勢文化，如果我們持續用概括、簡約的想像去描摹原住民文化（像是愛喝酒、住在山裡等），將使得原住民文化的留存出現更大的危機。

我們利用刻板印象的方便，去想像一個文化的樣貌，很有可能忽略文化的豐富與複雜的歷史。

例如：原住民的飲酒文化其實不是胡亂豪飲，酒對於原住民來說是非常珍貴的資源。

研究、田野調查中指出原住民給人愛喝酒印象的原因其實可能來自於原住民受殖民壓迫的歷史創傷 (Historical Trauma)，加上人口大量外流、文化保存不易，而使得原住民開始借酒澆愁，卻被錯誤連結至原民文化本身。


▌結論

我們不可否認，刻板印象確實是我們快速瞭解一個地方、國家、族群很快速的方法，甚至可以吸引大眾更有興趣進行深入的瞭解。

然而我們應該隨時提醒自己，認識、關心一個文化，如果僅停留在「文化差異」而非深入探討「文化差異的原因」、「文化的歷史時空」，可能會錯失好好認識某族群、國家文化的機會！

（補充：愛莉莎莎有po一篇道歉影片，也為「漢化」這個用語致歉了。本篇貼文並不是想要攻擊她，而是提供大家一個思考的方向，每個人一定都有刻板印象的，或許我們能從自身做起，並且在別人出現刻板印象時，開啟話題進行深入討論喔！）


#政經八百 #政治 #原住民 #韓國 #文化 #文化差異 #刻板印象 #優勢文化 #弱勢文化 #漢化 #原住民文化 #飲酒文化 #歷史創傷 #殖民 #壓迫 # #社會 #國家 #族群 #歧視

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Voices of Photography
Issue 20 : 冷戰影像．美國因素
Cold War Images．The American Factor

冷戰，一個自二戰後從美國與蘇聯為首的對立關係之中展開，進而影響世界局勢與歷史發展的關鍵詞彙。1950年代起，居於美國反共圍堵政策重要位置的台灣——麥克阿瑟口中的「不沉的航空母艦」——也在美援的推力下，進入了一個新的社會與文化狀態。從意識形態到可口可樂，美國因素至今依舊牽動著東亞世局與我們日常生活的方方面面。在本期專題中，我們從台灣出發，循著東亞島鏈爬行，從冷戰時期的影像檔案，到後冷戰時期的當代攝影創作，對遠去卻仍鮮明的冷戰記憶進行了一次影像考查。

以文化冷戰作為切點，張世倫推究東亞冷戰架構下的圖像線索，剖視美國新聞處與國府的影像敘事策略；單德興與王梅香分別從香港美國新聞處自1950年代起發行的《今日世界》與《四海》畫報，揭開冷戰年代資本主義陣營宣傳戰的紙上烽火；李威儀探查農復會於美援時期拍攝的照片檔案，尋找過往台灣攝影譜系中遺落的美援身影；仲嶺繪里奈以不同世代沖繩攝影家的在地視角，細細解讀戰後沖繩人在美軍佔領與基地環繞下，複雜糾結的認同與抵抗；朴智洙藉由多位南韓攝影家的影像，訴說朝鮮半島分斷體制在北緯38度線間的沉重拉扯；許芳慈則透過藝術家菲奧娜．阿蒙森與萬迪拉塔那的作品，揭示在美國主導的冷戰史學之外的異質論述與歷史創傷。

此外，我們更專訪曾在六○年代派駐台灣的美軍退役士官長肯特．馬修。1965年，23歲年輕的馬修搭上C-54運輸機來到台灣，在隸屬美國空軍的台北通訊站工作，同時兼任台北美軍顧問團軍官俱樂部分部的經理；退休後，他建立了網站，召集許多當年駐台的美國老兵分享在台灣的時代足印。在馬修的軍旅回顧裡，我們彷彿重返歷史現場——美國大兵、俱樂部和基地……。這不只是一個老兵的故事，更是一段屬於台灣的集體記憶。

今年初，對當代視覺文化思考有深遠影響的藝評家約翰．伯格，以高齡90歲辭世。為紀念他，我們邀請影像評論家郭力昕與張世倫在編輯室進行了一場長篇對談，深度評析伯格的觀點論述及其知識份子典型，同時由資深藝評家黃翰荻執筆，追憶伯格敏銳深刻的觀看之道，絕對適合伯格的重度讀者。此外，這期我們也開啟一個新的攝影書選書單元「Photobook Club」，每期邀請一位國際影像工作者、研究者或收藏者，為讀者挑選近來值得關注的攝影書籍，本期將由位在墨爾本的亞太攝影書庫創辦人伯克-史密斯率先為大家介紹。

二月截稿之際，傳來青年藝術家任航輕生的惡耗，讓人震驚不已。我們在2013年的「身體與性」專題曾與任航對話，在他作品中穎異的肢體語言所展露的視覺張力，推進著身體意識的遊戲邊界，令人著迷，也使他成為近年國際攝影圈的一顆新星，但他卻毫不留戀地如流星飛去，告別他正澄亮的藝術生命。謹在此揮手，悼念送行。任航，好走！

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Cold War, a historical keyword, refers to a period of time which unfolded after World War II with conflicting relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, affecting the political and historical development of the world. From the 1950s, The U.S.’s anti-communist stronghold Taiwan, which was hailed by McArthur as the “Unsinkable aircraft-carrier”, entered a new social and cultural order under the influence of U.S. Aid. From ideology to Coca-Cola, “The American factor” has been influencing developments in East Asia and our daily lives in more ways than one. In this issue, we set off from Taiwan and move along the East Asian island chain as we look into image archives of the Cold War era to contemporary post-Cold War photography work, conducting a visual study of distant yet fresh Cold War memories.

Using the Cultural Cold War as his point of discussion, Shih-Lun Chang examined the pictorial clues under the framework of the Cold War in East Asia, in order to analyse the strategies of pictorial narratives by the U.S. Information Service and the KMT government; Te-Hsing Shan and Mei-Hsiang Wang respectively made use of the study of World Today and Four Seas, both started by the U.S. Information Service in Hong Kong, to unravel the intense ideological war by the Cold War Capitalist camp on paper. Through his study of the “Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction” image archives' shots captured during the U.S. Aid Period, Wei-I Lee searched for past images of the U.S. Aid Period left behind in Taiwan's photography spectrum.

Furthermore, Erina Nakamine chose to make use of the local perspectives of three Okinawan photographers from three generations to conduct a detailed study of Okinawans' complicated self-identity and resistance issues while under American rule and surrounded by U.S. military bases. Through the photographic images of many South Korean photographers, Park Jisoo told the heavy-hearted story of struggles that took place in the Korean Peninsula on the 38th parallel. Fang-Tze Hsu's unraveling of alternative discourse and historical trauma outside of the US-centric Cold War historiography was done through a study of Fiona Amundsen and Vandy Rattana's works.

In addition, we also feature an interview with a retired U.S. Sergeant First Class, Kent Mathieu, who was based in Taiwan in the Sixties. He arrived in Taiwan on a C-54 carrier in 1965 where he worked in Taipei Air Station belonging to the U.S. Air Force in Taipei, while he also took up the post of Manager in the MAAG HQ’s Annex Officer's Club in Taipei. Following his retirement, Mathieu set up a website which served as a depository of memories for many American soldiers who had previously served in Taiwan. Through the memories of Mathieu’s military career, it was as if we were teleported back in time to the era filled with images of U.S. soldiers, clubs, pubs and bases..... These imprints which have been gradually forgotten in Formosa not only formed the stories of many US soldiers once based in Taiwan, but also collective memories belonging to Taiwan as well.

Earlier this year, renowned and influential art critic John Berger passed away at age 90. In memory of him, we invited photography critic Li-Hsin Kuo and Shih-Lun Chang for a long dialogue to conduct an in-depth critique of Berger’s ideas and his identity as an intellectual. At the same time, we invited experienced art critic Han-Di Huang to pen an article detailing Berger’s acute and intense views on seeing, which would certainly satisfy Berger’s ardent fans. In addition, from this issue onwards, we have started a new segment “Photobook Club” where we invite an international image practitioner, author, researcher or collector, to introduce to our readers recent worthy photobook reads. This issue, we open with Daniel Boetker-Smith, who is the founder of Melbourne-based Asia-Pacific Photobook Archive.

As we close our articles collection in February, we have received the sad news of young artist Ren Hang’s suicide, which has left us in deep shock. We had a dialogue with Ren Hang in 2013 for the Bodies and Sex feature, we saw for ourselves the visual tension demonstrated through body language in his works, where he mesmerized all with his pushing of the game boundaries circling the human body. This led him to become the young star of the international photography scene in recent years. With his passing which happened like disappearing shooting stars, his illustrious life as an artist has also ended. We wish to bid him a fond farewell, may you rest in peace, Ren Hang!

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