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TỪ VỰNG & Ý TƯỞNG IELTS WRITING - CHỦ ĐỀ EDUCATION

✅ Dismiss gender misconception (phrase)

Meaning: eliminate the thinking related to gender

Vietnamese: loại bỏ những hiểu lầm về giới tính
✅ Treat/ regard somebody as equal to somebody (phrase)

Meaning: when you treat somebody or regard somebody as your equals, it means you consider them having the same quality, status … as you have

Vietnamese: đối xử ai đó/ xem ai đó như người có cùng địa vị
✅ Perceive (verb)

Meaning: to understand or think of somebody/something in a particular way

Vietnamese: Thấu hiểu, cảm thụ
✅ Curriculum (noun)

Meaning: The subjects comprising a course of study in a school or college

Vietnamese: Giáo trình
✅ Tutorial (noun)

Meaning: A period of tuition given to an individual or a class by a tutor in a school
Vietnamese: Một tiết học
✅ Misconduct (noun)

Meaning: Unacceptable or improper behavior

Vietnamese: Một hành vi không hợp phép, sai trái
✅ Literacy rate (noun)
Meaning: Percentage of population who can read and write
Vietnamese: Tỉ lệ dân số biết đọc và viết
✅ Higher education (noun)
Meaning: Education beyond high school, especially in a college or university
Vietnamese: Giáo dục đại học
✅ Cognitive ability (noun phrase)
Meaning: The ability related to mental activities and problem solving
Vietnamese: Kĩ năng suy nghĩ và xử lí tình huống

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[What Does Religions Say About Alcohol]

Alcohol is a type of drink with alcoholic substance that is able to make an individual drunk. Even if it can only affect the individual in a large quantity, drinking it in a lesser quantity is still considered as alcohol as it has the criteria of an alcoholic beverage.

The history of alcohol invention is lengthy, referring to an article by National Geographic: The Birth of Booze, proofs that earliest trace of alcohol was found at Jiahu, China. Among the ingredients used to make an alcoholic beverage are corn, barley, rice, wheat flour, grapes, sugarcane and many more.

Religion and Alcohol

Religion came to guide human being with the laws by the Creator (Allah) in order that human being will not cause destruction to this world. Alcohol is the mother of immoral behavior, the mind of a drunken individual will not function rationally and his action will be beyond his control. In fact, the majority of religions forbid the consumption of alcohol. Previously, Islam in the only religion that famously known for its prohibition of alcohol, however it is to note that other religion also prohibits it:

Islam

In Islam, the number of verses concerning the prohibition of alcohol are lesser than other religions such as in the Bible and Hindu scriptures. Even so, as Muslim means someone whom submits to the command of Allah hence the amount of verses is not the main focus instead it is the command in the scripture that takes into account. That is the reason why Muslims are more sensitive when it comes to alcohol. Below are verses in the Holy Quran that mentions the prohibition of alcohol.

a) Al-Ma’idah 5:90,
b) Al-Baqarah 2:219,
c) An-Nahl 16:97

Hinduism

Verses that prohibits the consumption of alcohol:
a) Rigveda book 8 hymn 2 verse 12,
b) Rigveda book 8 hymn 21 verse 14,
c) Athravaveda 6: 70: 1,
d) Manusmriti Scripture 7: 47-50,
e) Manusmriti: 11: 55,
f) Manusmriti 11: 91.
g) In the Manusmriti Scripture 9:225, the selling of alcohol is also forbidden.

In Hinduism, Soma and Sura drink are differentiated. Soma is a fermented juice drink used in religion ritual (Vedic Times) and it is said to be an alcoholic beverage that is mentioned numerous times in Veda (Rig Veda 1:116:7, 8:2:12, 10:131:4-5) however, the ingredient for this beverage is already extinct and cannot be made today. There are opinions that it is made from milk or a climbing plant which thrives in mountain areas. (Mark Cartwright: Ancient History Encyclopedia: Soma: 2016).

While Sura is a form of liquor, same as other kinds of alcoholic beverage available in this era. According to Madhavi Bhaskar Kokhatkar in his journal “Review: Surā, The Liquor and The Vedic Sacrifice”, it stated that Sura or this liquor is forbidden in Hinduism.

Even though Veda allows the consumption of Soma, at the same time it forbids the consumption of alcoholic beverage (Sura):
“Weak minds are attracted towards meat, alcohol, sensuality and womanizing. But O non-violent mind, you focus your mind towards the world in same manner as a mother cares for her child.” (Athravaveda: 6: 70: 1)

One becomes sinful if he or she crosses even one of the 7 restraints. Yaskacharya defines these 7 sins in his Nirukta as: Theft, Adultery, Murder of a noble person, Abortion, Dishonesty, Repeating misdeeds and consumption of alcohol. (Rigveda 10:5:6)

This shows that drinking alcoholic beverage is forbidden and there are many verses in the Manusmriti scripture that prohibit the consumption of Sura.

“Killing a Brahmana, drinking (the spirituous liquor called) Sura, stealing (the gold of a Brahmana), adultery with a Guru's wife, and associating with such (fenders), they declare (to be) mortal sins (mahapataka).” (Manusmriti: 11: 55)

“A twice-born man who has (intentionally) drunk, through delusion of mind, (the spirituous liquor called) Sura shall drink that liquor boiling hot; when his body has been completely scalded by that, he is freed from his guilt.” (Manusmriti 11: 91)

In fact, on early April 2016 it did not become an issue when the Chief Minister of Bihar state, Nitish Kumar prohibits alcohol in the state with the majority is Hindu.

Buddhism

According to Buddha teachings of Pencasila (Five Precepts), the last precepts states that one must avoid intoxicating beverage. In the Pali language “Suramerayamajja pamadatthana veramani sikkhapadam samadiyami” translated as abstaining oneself from drinking intoxicating beverage.

Even a Buddhist Monk by the name of Master Hsing Yun in his book, The Five Precepts states it is still forbidden to consume even a little of alcohol. Same goes to other Buddhist monk and scholars:

“The Vibhanga states that even as little as a drop the size of a dewdrop on the tip of a balde of grass is enough to constitute a violation. So, having even small glass of wine, even if it does not make one drunk, is a transgression.” (Veberable Fa Xun: One Life Five Precepts: 2011: page 73)

“It it known that intoxicants even in small amounts can make one less sensitive, heedless and easily swayed by the defilements. As one starts to enjoy getting high on intoxicants, the effect becomes addictive and usage increases.” (Chan Khoon San, Introductory Course in Buddhism: 2002 page 89)

Judaism

In the Old Testament, there are many verses on the prohibition of alcohol:
a) Leviticus 10:9,
b) Numbers 6:3,
c) Deuteronomy 29:6,
d) Judges 13: 4,
e) Judges 14: 1,
f) Samuel 1: 15,
h) Proverbs 20: 1, 31: 4-6,
g) Isaiah 5: 11, 22: 24: 9, 28: 9,
h) Micah 2: 11

Christianity
Prohibition of alcohol is as stated in the Old Testament while in the New Testament Luke 1:15 and Ephesians 5: 18.

Sikhism

In Sikhism scripture, Guru Granth Sahib Ji compilation of Guru Gobing Singh, there is prohibition of alcohol consumption:
“Drinking the wine, his intelligence departs, and madness enters his mind.” (Sri Guru Granth Sahib: Page 554)
In Sikhism, there are 5 basic prohibitions;
1) Cutting ones hair
2) Bad behavior
3) Smoking
4) Eating meat killed in a ritualistic manner
5) Alcohol consumption

Alcohol in Religious Practices

Alcohol is used in religious practices of some Animism religion and spirit worshipers. This is also the same for some of the biggest cult in Africa and the African American community such as Candomble, Kumina, Voodoo, Umbanda, Quimbanda, Santeria and many others.

Besides that, alcohol is also used as part of religious ritual in some Christian’s teachings. For example Black Christ uses alcohol due to the syncretism people practice (animism) adding on with the teachings of Christianity by Christian missionaries so that there is alcohol in religion.

Apart from that, the consumption of alcohol in Christianity is due to misinterpretation of the texts from the Bible. Even though there are prohibitions in the Bible, the justification given is that alcohol can be consumed as long as one refrains from getting drunk. There is also commentary that the verses were revealed in the ancient times and the situation is not the same as today.

Besides that, another interpretation is the prohibition is specifically for the Jews hence the Gentiles is allowed to consume alcohol. There are even more misinterpretations made towards the verses.

That is one of the main factors resulting in the corruption of religion. Syncretism from other beliefs mixed with religious practices between one religion and another, also the misinterpretation of liberals that deviate from the original text.

Summary

The majority of religion prohibits alcohol. Even logically, human beings will refuse the harming effects of alcohol consumption. If the benefits and detrimental effects of alcohol were to be compared, indefinitely the detrimental effects are greater. In fact, due to alcohol consumption an individual can easily engaged in crime as the mind is in an unstable condition. Due to the same reason also, there are laws made worldwide on driving under the influence of alcohol. A human being with a sane mind will surely refrain from alcohol consumption, specifically because it is the command of Allah and also because of the harmful effects. A story taken from the Buddhist Monk, Master Hsing Yun in his book The Five Precepts:

“There once was a man who wanted to “just have a little drink,” but he did not have a dish of food to go with it. Seeing that his next-door neighbour was raising an old hen that was cackling away, he stole the hen and killed it to make a dish to eat while he drank his liquor. Thus he had broken the precepts against killing and stealing in one fell swoop. When the lady of the house next door came home and asked about her hen, the man told her that he had not seen it, thereby breaking the precept against lying. By now the man was a bit drunk, and seeing how beautiful the woman was, he started flirting with her and touching her in an indecent manner. Consequently, he also broke the precept against sexual misconduct. It was because of consuming intoxicants that all five precepts were broken in one stroke.”

Just a little drink drove a human being into violating the laws and tenets, hence alcohol can be describe as mother of all evil. As stated in a Hadith الخمر أم الخبائث “Alcohol is the mother of all evil” (Silasat al-Hadith as-Sahiha no:1854).

Allah knows best.

【玳瑚師父佛學論】 《蒼天是否變了心》
Did the Heavens have a change of heart? (English version below)

兒時的一次玩耍中，忽然驚覺自己的心跳加速，當時的吾腦海裡在想，這心跳是什麼一個東西，可否將它定住，不讓它跳動。於是吾就將氣提住，可是兩邊都不討好，且將自己弄得更不舒服。不過在那時候吾也發現到，原來心跳與呼吸，有著不可分的關係。與此同時，也頓感生命的脆弱。成長後，一步一步的用心鑽研，人類種種的符號及密碼，準備貢獻於一切眾生。

吾在成長的韶光中第一次聽到，上天有好生之德時，吾不是很明白，當然也談不上很懂得感恩上天。直到學佛，與實修佛法多年後，才懂得什麼叫做上天有好生之德。也才懂得如何感恩，上天好生之德之恩。總然這些年來，特別多的天災地難，吾不會手指著天，罵佛祖罵天公。因為，吾是一位學佛，且修行多年的修行人，早已對因果報應之事，有著深切的研究啊！吾的快樂、吾的自在、吾的攝召等等，都是佛所教啊！

若妳你心中，有蒼天變了心這個疑問是平常無奇的。因為從來沒人教於妳你們，而妳你們也沒主動，沒積極地去研究，去探討。為了釋妳你們心中的疑，為了讓妳你們早日將心中的疑，轉成正知與正見，再從正知與正見中，修出更深厚的福德，吾現在就殷勤為妳你們解說。

當年佛教教主，南無本師釋迦牟尼佛，開悟成道後，隨即就想進入涅槃。天上最大的兩位天神，趕忙下降勸請佛陀，住世為吾等眾生，宣示成佛離苦得樂之真理。這兩至高的大天神，就是我們所熟悉的大梵天王及天公玉皇大天尊是也。蒼天從來都沒變心，變心的是人類，殺、盜、淫、妄、酒全部幹盡，天災地難是人類，自私自利的行為所招來。吾百忙中辦茶會、法會及同修，就是為了延續妳們的慧命，希望妳你們不會是災難中的一份子啊！

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During one particular playtime back in my childhood years, I suddenly found my heart beating very fast. I began to wonder what this phenomenon was and if I could stop the heart from beating. As such, I held my breathe in a bid to stop my heart but it turned awry and I felt worse than before. At that moment, I realized that my heartbeat and my breathing were inseparable. It was also then did I realize the fragility of life. As I grew up, I delved, step by step, into the various secret codes and symbols of humanity and ready to contribute to all sentient beings with this knowledge.

I first heard the phrase "Heaven is benevolent to all living beings" during those happy days of growing up. I did not fully comprehend it at that time and naturally did not feel much gratitude for the Heaven. Things changed when I began learning and practicing the Dharma for many years. I finally understood that phrase and found gratitude for it in my heart. Even as many natural disasters struck us in the past few years, I did not point my fingers at the sky and start scolding the Buddha or the Heavenly Jade Emperor. As a spiritual practitioner of many years, of course I know and comprehend the Law of Karma. Buddha has taught and given me my happiness, bliss, and affinity with sentient beings!

If you harbour this doubt as to why the Heavens seem to have a change of heart, it is natural. This is because you have not been taught nor have you seek the right wisdom to dispel this doubt. To transform your doubts into the right knowledge and opinions and from there, allowing your wisdom and merits to grow through cultivation, let me give you an explanation.

The day Lord Sakyamuni Buddha attained complete enlightenment, He had wanted to enter into Nirvana immediately. Two great Gods from Heaven immediately descended to plea for Him to abide in the Saha world and expound, to all sentient beings, the great Truth to put an end to their sufferings. These 2 supreme Gods are Lord Brahm (Four-faced Buddha) and the Heavenly Jade Emperor, very well-known to many of us. The Heaven never has a change of heart. It is mankind who has. Man has committed acts of killing, theft, sexual misconduct, deceit and addiction to intoxicants. These acts and the selfish behavior of mankind manifested into the natural disasters we are experiencing today.

I took time out of my busy schedule to hold events like the tea sessions and puja ceremonies, so as to grow your spiritual wisdom and in the hope that you will never be a victim in the next disaster that strikes!

Photo credit: 100R