關於 nuclear power plant europe ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

法國最古老核電廠將走入歷史，第一座反應爐已在02/22關閉，開始除役程序!! (02/24/2020 TechNews科技新報)

英國 Calder Hall 是世界第一座商業化運作的核能發電廠，於 1956 年落成，之後核電廠進入商業化，也因為石油危機、電力需求隨著經濟發展提升，70 年代起核電廠與日俱增，不過隨著時間流逝，核電廠的壽命將至，就好比法國首座發電廠，也已在 22 日落幕。

法國費森海姆核電廠（Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant）自 1978 年運作至今，已經 43 歲了，擁有兩座 920 MW 反應爐，發電容量共 1,840 MW，法國已經在 22 日關閉第一反應爐，並在 6 月底關閉第二反應爐。

事實上，費森海姆核電廠已經是法國長久以來爭論不休的議題，不僅是因為電廠老舊，其設置地點也另法國人不安，費森海姆核電廠位於萊茵大裂谷附近，距離造成 1356 年巴塞爾大地震的斷層非常接近，故 2011 年日本福島核災後，核能安全議題再度浮上檯面。

專家指出，費森海姆核電廠的建築和安全是基於 1977 年的標準，標準遠低於福島電廠。

除了憂心核安全，費森海姆電廠也過於老舊，能源和核政策分析師 Mycle Schneider 表示，雖然說包括法國電力公司（EDF）核電廠廠長在內，有許多核能單位都反對關廠並簽署請願書，但費森海姆的運作效率實在太低，負載因數已低於 66%。

法國綠色和平組織表示，費森海姆核電廠已經超過使用年限，縱使進行翻修也無法滿足安全要求，法國綠色和平組織能源活動經理 Alix Mazounie 表示，不過到了 2025 年，法國就有超過三分之二的核電廠超過 40 歲。

如今法國已決定費森海姆關廠的時程，並在 22 日凌晨 2 點關閉第一座核反應爐，待冷卻 2 個月後才會開始處理第一反應爐的用過核燃料棒，預計會在 2023 年夏季完全清除用過核燃料棒，電廠要到 2040 年才能完全退役。

目前法國的供電主力是核能，擁有 18 座核電廠、56 座核反應爐，提供 63,130 MW 電力，足以滿足法國超過 71% 電力，同時法國也是歐洲能源出口大國，2019 年向鄰居出口 56 TWh 電力。

不過法國正在減少核電與燃煤比例，更通過在 2022 年前關閉最後 4 座燃煤電廠，根據法國的能源政策，希望 2020 年將再生能源占比提高到 23%，2030 年與 2040 年再躍升至 32% 跟 40%，至於核電比例，則在 2030 年關閉 12 座核反應爐、或是年紀超過 40 歲以上的電廠，將核電比率降至 50%。

不少團體認為這是法國朝永續發展前進、承諾能源轉型的證明，不過法國前總統 François Hollande 任內也曾承諾，會在 2025 年將核能占比從 75% 降至 50%，費森海姆核電廠原本也會在任期內、也就是 2017 年關閉，同時提高再生能源發電比例。

目前法國雖然降低核電比例，但也不會放棄核能。費森海姆電廠關閉後，還會有新的補上，弗拉芒維爾核電廠（Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant）的第三核壓水式反應爐預計會在 2023 年完工上線，其容量約為 1,650 MW。

只是關閉核電廠的成本也高，就以費森海姆電廠為例，法國政府和已經與法國電力公司（EDF）在 2019 年 9 月 27 日簽署協議，作為關廠造成的的後續營運支出、員工處置等補償，也會根據先前的發電量，計算出 2041 年前的損失，預計法國政府將補償 EDF 4 億歐元，這其實是原先預計的 4 倍。

完整內容請見 :
https://technews.tw/2020/02/24/fessenheim-nuclear-power-plant-bye

本文作者 : Daisy Chuang

更多相關訊息請見 :
France’s oldest nuclear plant to close 　
https://www.power-technology.com/news/france-oldest-nuclear-plant-to-close/

France Takes First Steps to Reduce Nuclear Energy Dependence
https://www.voanews.com/europe/france-takes-first-steps-reduce-nuclear-energy-dependence
　
The power plant of the future could run on nuclear waste 　
https://grist.org/energy/the-power-plant-of-the-future-could-run-on-nuclear-waste/

IAEA-France
https://cnpp.iaea.org/countryprofiles/France/France.htm

France begins shutting down oldest nuclear plant
https://www.thelocal.fr/20200222/france-begins-shutting-down-oldest-nuclear-plant

France Closing Its Oldest Nuclear Plant Spurs Debate on Energy
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-21/jpmorgan-warns-of-climate-threat-to-human-life-as-we-know-it

EDF Said to Get at Least 400 Million Euros to Close Fessenheim
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-24/edf-said-to-get-at-least-400-million-euros-to-close-fessenheim

Closure of Fessenheim nuclear power plant
https://www.edf.fr/en/the-edf-group/dedicated-sections/journalists/all-press-releases/closure-of-fessenheim-nuclear-power-plant

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今天很歡喜地跟大家分享一些非常有代表性，意義重大的全球各國能源轉型的最新實際成果以及前景、趨勢預測分析圖表。 <3

What’s Behind the World’s Biggest Climate Victory? Capitalism （09/16/2019 Bloomberg）

★ 部分節譯：

Solar and Wind Take Off as Coal Fades Away
當太陽能發電與風力發電急起直追，燃煤發電開始黯然退場中

The chief executive of the world’s largest private coal company sat before a group of U.S. lawmakers who wanted to know whether the fuel had a future. He didn’t hesitate. “Coal,” he said, “is the future.”

全世界最大的私有採煤公司的執行長，在美國國會面對一群國會議員質問有關燃煤發電是否還有將來的提問時，煤業執行長毫不猶豫地回答：“燃煤發電才是未來的主流。”

It was 2010. Coal supplied nearly half of America’s power, the executive testified, and was growing more than 1.5 times faster than oil, natural gas, nuclear and renewables combined. Global demand was on pace to rise 53% within two decades. And renewable energy? Not an option. “Wind and solar comprise just 1% of today’s U.S. energy mix,” Gregory Boyce, then the chief executive of Peabody Energy Corp., told the members of Congress. “It is unrealistic to suggest that renewables could replace conventional baseload fuels.”

那是2010的事情了。這位煤業執行長繼續指出，當時燃煤發電幾乎佔了全美電力供應量的一半佔比，而且燃煤發電廠在電力市場的市佔率成長之快，超過燃油發電、燃氣發電，核能發電以及再生能源發電加總起來的1.5倍。當時的預測為，在未來的二十年間全球對於煤炭的需求量，將比2010年時期成長53%。

那麼再生能源發電呢？這位煤業集團的執行長，Peabody 能源集團的 Gregory Boyce 直接了當的告訴這群國會議員，再生能源不是可行的選項。當時 Gregory Boyce 的理由是：“風力發電與太陽能發電加總起來的發電量，（當時）只佔全美電力供應量的區區1%佔比。“ Gregory Boyce 對國會議員表示 ”他認為再生能源可以取代傳統基載電力的燃料是不切實際的看法。“

Not quite. This April, for the first time ever, renewable energy supplied more power to America’s grid than coal—the clearest sign yet that solar and wind can now go head-to-head with fossil fuels. In two-thirds of the world, they’ve become the cheapest forms of power.

可惜事實並非如此。到了今年的四月份（2019），美國再生能源併網的發電量已經在史上第一次的超越了燃煤發電的發電量了 － 這是截至目前為止顯示太陽能光電和風力發電已經能夠在市場上跟化石能源發電一決勝負的最清楚的一個跡象。在全球其他三分之二的地區，再生能源也已經成為最便宜的發電型態。

Solar and wind will power half the globe by 2050, based on BloombergNEF forecasts. By that time, coal and nuclear will have all but disappeared in the U.S., forced out by cheaper renewables and natural gas.

根據專門追中研究全球能源產業趨勢的 BNEF (彭博新能源財經研究機構)所做的預測，太陽能發電和風力發電在2050年的時候，將可供應全球一半的電力需求量。到時候，因為不敵更加便宜經濟的各種再生能源發電與燃氣發電的強力競爭，使得燃煤發電與核能發電在美國電業市場幾近消失殆盡。

Solar and Wind Take Off as Coal Fades Away
當太陽能發電與風力發電急起直追，燃煤發電開始黯然退場中

The market triumph of renewable energy marks the biggest victory yet in the fight against global warming. Solar and wind are proliferating not because of moral do-gooders but because they’re now the most profitable part of the power business in most of the world. An industry that once relied on heavy subsidies and was propped up by government mandates is now increasingly standing on its own.

再生能源在市場上的勝利標示了全球在對抗全球暖化的努力中一項最大的勝利。太陽能發電與風力發電在全球各地如雨後春筍般的擴增，其最主要因素，並不是因為環保、道德人士的善心義舉所致，而是因為再生能源目前已經成為全世界絕大多數地區的電力產業中最為有利可圖的市場機制所導致的。這個早期一度依賴政府補貼以及政策強制規定支撐的新興產業，目前已經越來越可以憑藉自身的競爭力在市場中展現競爭力。

As a recent United Nations report put it: The renewable energy sector is “looking all grown up.”

正如一份聯合國最新公布的研究報告指出的：“再生能源部門看起來正在全面成長中。”

In the effort to slow climate change, the energy sector matters. Electricity generation has traditionally been the world’s biggest source of greenhouse-gas emissions. In the U.S., for the first time since the 1970s, this is no longer the case. Since 2016, American power plants have given off less carbon dioxide than the nation’s transportation sector, where oil continues to dominate. The turnabout owes a lot to cheap and cleaner-burning natural gas, but wind and solar farms are playing an increasingly important role.

在我們減緩氣候變遷的努力中，能源部門事關重大。電力生產在傳統上是全世界最大的各種溫室效應氣體排放來源。在美國來說，自從1970年代以來，目前是第一次出現電力生產已經不再是全美最大溫室氣體排放來源的狀況。

自從2016年開始，美國的電力部門二氧化碳的排放量，已經比仍然高度仰賴石油為燃料的交通運輸部門來得少了。這樣的轉變，在相當程度上歸因於大量便宜而且燃燒排放更加乾淨的天然瓦斯發電，但風力發電與太陽能發電也扮演著日益重要的角色。

Solar, wind and hydropower resources combined generate more than a quarter of the world’s electricity. In China and India that share will surpass 60% by 2050, BNEF estimates show, and Europe will top 90%.

太陽能、風力以及水力這三項再生能源的發電量加總起來佔了全球電力需求的超過25%佔比。在BNEF的研究報告中顯示，在中國和印度，這三項再生能源發電量的佔比到了2050年將超過60%，而在歐洲將達到90%佔比。

Renewable energy won’t save the world on its own. Power generation accounts for about a quarter of greenhouse-gas emissions being released into the atmosphere in the U.S. The rest comes mainly from transportation, manufacturing, agriculture and heating and cooling homes and businesses.

光靠再生能源無法完成拯救全世界的任務。電力生產佔了美國排放溫室效應氣體到大氣環境中的四分之一的排放量，其餘的排放量主要來自交通運輸，工業製程，農業生產，以及住宅與工商業的冷暖氣空調耗能。

Those sectors will need to match the sweeping technological advances and more efficient manufacturing that have slashed the costs of solar and wind power. Battery prices have fallen 84% in less than a decade. Cheaper parts are what have made solar and wind more economical to build than coal and gas plants across two-thirds of the world. Five years ago, by BNEF’s count, this was virtually nowhere.

上述所提的其餘這些部門勢必也將需要做出類似與光電與風電因為大幅技術進步以及更加有效的製程，導致的成本下降的進展，例如儲能電池在過去不到十年當中，價格就已經下滑了84%。

越來越便宜的組件是促成目前在全世界三分之二地區中，蓋太陽能發電和風力發電，比起蓋燃煤發電與燃氣發電更加經濟可行的一大主因。光是在五年之前，就連BNEF自己的研究預測，也認為這是不可能發生的事情（但是現今卻都全部發生了）。

Low costs sparked a clean-power frenzy that has quadrupled global renewable energy capacity to 1,650 gigawatts within the past nine years—more than every power plant in the U.S. combined. From Western Europe to China, solar and wind are beating out fossil-fuel plants without subsidies. Some projects are ditching long-term contracts altogether, relying instead on exotic hedges.

成本下滑激發了全球再生能源發電的開發熱潮，在過去九年之間，全球再生能源的裝置容量就激增了四倍之多，目前達到1,650GW的規模 - 這個規模比美國境內所有發電廠的裝置容量加總起來還要多。

從西歐到中國，太陽能光電與風力發電都已經可以無需貼補就能在市場上擊敗化石燃料發電廠。有些新的再生能源電廠開發計畫還根本就捨去簽訂長期購電合約的模式，轉而採用複雜的財務避險操作來營運。

In the U.S., natural gas remains king of the power mix, accounting for about 40% of the nation’s electricity. But renewable energy’s share is quickly climbing, reaching 25% earlier this year.

在美國，天然氣發電仍然在電力組合佔比中稱王，佔了大約40%的全國電力佔比，但是再生能源發電正急起直追，佔比大幅提升，今年初的時候已經站上了25%佔比的關卡了。

In a sign of where things are headed, solar installers and wind technicians are the two fastest-growing professions in the U.S. Solar now employs more people than any other power source. Wind supports almost as many jobs as gas.

在這種大勢所趨的情況下，太陽能光電安裝技師以及風力維運技師是全美成長最快速的兩種專業職位。太陽能光電產業目前的僱用人數已經超越其他所有發電型態產業所雇用的總人數，而風力發電的就職人數大約跟燃氣發電所雇用的人數相當。

更多詳細資訊請參見原文。

原始資料來源：
Can Renewable Energy Power the World (09/16/2019 Bloomberg)
https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2019-can-renewable-energy-power-the-world/

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New Renaissance can reform global nations peacefully and digitally

Your esteemed institution will dominate think tank industry with my 4 plans that surely will attract more donation and create New Renaissance to reform China, North Korea and global nations peacefully and create $30 trillion dollars new revenue annual. 4 plans and the new management science will speed global development with prosperity, peace and health for new civilization.

I would like to introduce new management science and technology before the 4 plans that everyone will have equal opportunity to contribute in community and play a role in decision making with direct democracy in order to regulate perceived disequilibrium in human civilization. New management science of direct democracy will not put cat and fish together that is the only way we can keep financial discipline and transparency. Direct democracy is not campaign in every 4 years. It is new life in ICT century. The new management system can sell itself due to the benefit is huge that will create New Renaissance for peace, health and prosperity.

We are so blessed and so lucky to live in ICT era that systematically reform is a matter of finger tips. Human thought and information can transfer so fast and so massive that can perform direct democracy easily with ICT platform. It can start with housing and facility management industry that global residents in housing communities can perform direct democracy to form a global trend of new politics and new management science. We can create equal opportunity in different agendas with ICT platform that will liberate global productivity and lift efficiency to create new revenue $30 trillion dollars in New Renaissance.

Most communities, cities and nations will enjoy the new infrastructure of cloud conference in ICT platform for new management system that can stop human ordeals in politics, finance, education, ecology and economy. New generation will live in prosperity, peace and health with new management science. China reformed in 1980’s with global synergy platform to lift economy tremendously. New Renaissance with new management science will reform global nations in economy, education, politics, ecology and other different agendas that we can cross barrier of time and space to explore new worlds. If we adopt the new management system of direct democracy, we shall live peacefully in New Renaissance that people will not snipe at police any more.

Your institution can lead global think tanks, communities, governments, and enterprises in New Renaissance. It not only will reform management system but also will increase 40% productivity globally that equal to lift $30 trillion dollars revenue annual plus to save resources wasted in mismanagement. Direct democracy is green management for global sustainable development.

ICT sponsors will donate $30 million dollars to the institution annual that can promote New Renaissance and create $3 trillion dollars revenue annual for ICT industry. ICT can fabricate new platform of cloud conference for direct democracy that can apply in housing and facility management industry globally before it can lift to city level, national level and UN level eventually.

A housing community is a small nation. Nation will change when communities change. Residents in housing communities will enjoy surfing new management system to solve unrest and create pleasant environment. New Renaissance will start in housing communities and lift to higher levels accordingly. It will be a project that sells itself and build 200 ICT platforms globally. Each platform will be at the size of Facebook.

Since we can trade stocks directly in NASDAQ, why can’t we use civil power directly in cloud government and cloud conference? Initially we can operate both cloud conference and reality conference synchronously like Dow Jones operating both cloud trading and floor trading. NASDAQ has never operated floor trading since establishment. Literally politics is like the stock exchange. We can trade without brokers in stock exchange as well as in politics.

Everyone has access to information that information can spread massively and quickly without limit of time and space. Global development is the task of how to apply with synergy ICT platform for human activities especially for the public affairs that can lift efficiency, productivity and revenue with new management system to achieve prosperity, peace and health globally.

I am glad to learn we pursue the same goal and we might choose the same approach when we find polluted air in China and India can spread to Japan, America and Europe at the speed of hundreds miles per hour along jet stream in 6 miles height. Particles in polluted air can damage human health as well as catalyze extreme weather globally. We can benefit or hurt consequently with all events happening on the Earth.

What if African will pollute air and water seriously like China and India have done? How soon the Earth will become uninhabitable? Our knowledge and experience convince us the global is a holistic life body. Development should prevent from damaging the holistic life body. We had to protect the holistic life body by all means with new ethics and new code of conduct for sustainable development. The best way to achieve the goal is to operate new management system on ICT platform globally that all people can contribute and play a role in decision making. Everyone can watch, report and maintain the health of the holistic life body in every corner of the Earth without limit of time and space.

New management system and ICT platforms rely on consistent electric power supply. We need to develop green energy as electric power industry is major factor of pollution and global warming. Most energy in nuclear power plant has been applied to heat up sea water and vaporize into the sky that can rise up temperature seriously. Green energy and green management undoubtedly are strong pillars to support sustainable development for the holistic life body.

With continuous high growth rate, Africa has become new engine to pull global economy. Walmart is landing in Lagos. Major manufacturing facilities moved to Africa like Japan Panasonic. Chinese companies have operated in Nigeria since 1980’s. I met chiefs of CCECC in 1982 when they started water bore hole contracts in Lagos and looked for railroads contracts.

Plan 1 is to construct river flow power plants combining irrigation canals in Nigeria with water flushing out of existing hydro generators to rotate river mills for additional 30,000 MW that equals to 20 nuclear power plants. It can irrigate farms for 30 million tons rice annual to improve food shortage and inconsistent power supply not mentioning to create huge employment. Plan 1 is a project of one stone for many birds.

A river generator can be installed in every 7 meters along irrigation canal with minimum water flow at 5 tons per second. 1 KM canal with slight slope at 0.3% can install 140 units of river flow generators at 15 KVA through 150 KVA each depending on water flow. 1 KM canal can equip 2 MW through 20 MW that 1,000 KM canal can install 2,000 MW through 20,000 MW.

In 1920’s Japanese engineer Yoichi Hatta built Wusanto Reservoir in Taiwan with irrigation canal 7,400 Km for rice farm of 145,000 hectares that could reap 3 times annual. Land, water and good weather are available in Nigeria that can develop farms of millions hectares with irrigation canals and river power plants. One hectare farm will produce rice 18 tons for 3 reaps annual.

Plan 1 can change Nigeria and Africa and benefit the global ecologically. USA and China compete in Nigeria and Africa very hard. China promoted railroads construction with loan at $6 billion dollars. IMF offered direct loan to governors at $3.2 billion dollars. I heard GE tried to involve in the railroads construction. Japan plans to invest $30 billion dollars in Africa. Employment, sufficient food and consistent power supply can support Nigeria to lead Africa nations to join the New Renaissance for global peace and sustainable development.

Dangote is an aggressive entrepreneur who might join us for Plan 1. He ranks 25 richest people and is nephew of my friend, Alh. Abdul Dantata. When I was in Nigeria, Abdul gave me his driver Alh. Uba who used to buy ice bars for young Aliko Dangote. Dongote cement can benefit since Plan 1 will need huge cement for river power plants and irrigation canal.

Dangote will donate generously if we can initiate Plan 1 with him and Nigeria president Buhari who is lack of convincing economy policy that a hot pot of food on fire becomes popular target of thieves. Buhari can use Nigerian agric bond to attract investors and complete Plan 1 if he can apply leverage properly. Global donors will support green energy industry in Nigeria if Buhari can show his determination. Good plan, advanced management and talent people will create hope and confidence for a nation and the world.

Plan 1 will attract $1 billion dollars donation and create annual revenue $10 trillion dollars in Africa. The core value of Plan 1 is by all means to prevent Africa from pollution and global warming like China and India. Eventually Plan 1 will attract investors to build river flow power plants with 700,000 MW globally that equal to 400 nuclear power plants. Irrigation canal will boom agric and housing communities synchronously that can develop new cities to attract investors and migrants for new economy in Nigeria and Africa.

European nations will collaborate to construct river power plants with irrigation canal for agric in Africa and in the Middle East to improve economy, ecology and peace. It can reduce refugees flooding into Europe like fleeces. Hopefully it will stop casualty drowned in the Mediterranean Sea.

Big waves attract great surfers. Great surfers can't attract big waves. Good leader can see the trend and keep right direction for delicate surf. I can see 4 trends are going to surge into big waves where we can approach for delicate surfs. New Renaissance will surge with ICT that can promote new platforms for communities, governments and public companies globally. The institution will rank as the 1st think tank in the world if leaders can find new trends of big waves and lead all teams to surf delicately.

Plan 2 is to reform China peacefully with 2 tactics that will turn China into a positive power for regional peace as well as free market for global enterprises. China market is still inaccessible to Facebook, media industry and many other sectors who are looking for tickets to China. They might join us if they learn our plan can benefit them hugely. Apple and Google have been tumbling in China from time to time. Donors from ICT industry and different sectors will donate $3 billion dollars for Plan 2 that will create $10 trillion dollars revenue annual.

Plan 2-1 is to reform China peacefully with platform of cloud conference in housing community management with direct democracy. It will support liberal leadership to emerge in China and open gate wider for global enterprises duly. How can we reform China into democracy when there is only one communist party? No matter one party or no party, residents in housing communities can use cloud conference to perform direct democracy that will create internal climate for liberal leadership.

Plan 2-2 is to mobilize people in global nations to carry out judiciary project in local courts and subvert the apex policy of China i.e. to occupy Taiwan. China has been lying that Taiwan is part of China and there is only one China. Most nations have tolerated Chinese lies for some benefit but lies can’t last forever when global people feel it is enough. Lie can’t never become the truth.

There are extreme groups against China in most nations. They can have suits in courts to win the verdict that Taiwan is not part of China and there are two China in the world. There is nothing wrong to have two China since there are two Congo and two Korea in UN. Nigeria is the only nation considers two China and accept Taiwan to register in the name of the Republic of China in Nigeria. The verdict surely will discredit leadership in Beijing and bring stronger impact than the South China Sea Arbitration has done. It will split leadership in Beijing and support emergence of liberal leadership.

Justice of speech is as important as freedom of speech. It is new trend in ICT century that human can solve global conflicts with judiciary power and public opinions instead of wars. Verdict of Plan 2-2 will become huge external power to shake dictatorship in Beijing that can collaborate with internal pressure from direct democracy in housing communities of Plan 2-1. Plan 2 will catalyze emergence of liberal leadership and lead China to join New Renaissance.

Plan 2 will reform China and North Korea with direct democracy and judiciary power peacefully that will attract $3 billion donation and create $10 trillion dollars revenue annual. Taiwan people can donate $1 billion dollars referring to Taiwan people donated $252 million dollars in 2011 for Japan tsunami.