關於 primary education ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

- Chữa đề Writing thật tiếp theo thôi cả nhà ơi - Đề số 10 nhé: Some people think it is more important to spend public money on promoting a healthy lifestyle in order to prevent illness than to spend it on the treatment for people who are already ill. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Bài mẫu:

The state spending on public health has become a widely perpetual concern. Some individuals argue that these already scarce resources should be reserved for the prevention of lifestyle-related illness. In my opinion, the government should focus more on the prevention of illnesses rather than medical treatment.

On the one hand, certain acute diseases, non-preventable regardless of governmental efforts to promote a healthy lifestyle, still need a state budget allocation for medical care. One of the primary duties of the government is to provide publicly funded healthcare to the whole population. Therefore, covering therapeutic and medical costs for those already developing symptoms of acute conditions would be a significant part of that duty, helping mitigate the financial burden associated with those maladies. In other words, a dearth of investment in treatment would be devastating patients’ individual life and wreaking havoc on overall social welfare.
On the other hand, promoting a healthy lifestyle as a prevention strategy is meant to avoid the entire economic burden of chronic diseases, affecting a significant proportion of the population. Those conditions, occurring across different life course stages, share common preventable risk factors relating to unhealthy behaviors, including poor nutrition, inadequate physical activity, and chronic heavy drinking and smoking. If left unchecked, trends in chronic diseases risk factors combined with a growing and aging population will increase the numbers of people living with chronic conditions, later causing the heavy burden of illness in patients, their families, and the community. Therefore, given a scarcity of state budgets for various public services, the government should directly provide information, including health education campaigns, or regulating information, such as limits on advertising and guidelines on food labelings. As a result, positive changes in individual lifestyle would follow, helping them withstand the ravages of time, and saving the state budget for other economically beneficial needs, such as technological investment, education, and infrastructure, rather than spending on treatment.
In conclusion, while allocating its healthcare budget in treatment, the government should promote a healthy lifestyle to avoid preventable chronic diseases due to its economic rationality.
Words: 341

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淺談「假新聞」

最近上課時學到一個新單字「positionality」，讓我想到當前社群媒體上，不停看到的「fake news」——假新聞。

簡言之，「positionality」(位置性) 被定義為於種族、階級、性別、性取向以及能力等狀態中，創造你身分的社會與政治背景。位置性還描述了你的身分如何影響你對世界的理解與看法，以及潛在的偏見。

positionality 位置性；定位
https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/3390885/
https://www.lexico.com/definition/positionality

以下是我對「positionality」與 「fake news」的些許觀點：

“Fake news” has permeated all facets of life, ranging from social media interaction to presidential elections. Fake news can be defined as “fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent” (Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1094). The creators and outlets of fake news do not ensure the accuracy and credibility of information, but rather disseminate misinformation or disinformation for purposes ranging from personal amusement to creating deceptions to achieve political aims. At times, fake news is created and disseminated by state or non-state actors using social media accounts and networks of bots designed to hijack feed algorithms of platforms such as Twitter or Facebook (Prier, 2017, p. 54). In the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, Facebook estimated that up to 60 million bots were used to post political content. Some of the same bots were then used in an attempt to influence the 2017 French election (Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1095). Such campaigns can be understood as a form of information warfare, a comprehensive attempt to control and influence every facet of the information supply chain, thereby influencing public opinion and behaviors. (Prier, 2017, p. 54). Often, fake news is not directly created by actors that seek to manipulate but by journalists or content creators whose content favors or aligns with the narratives of these actors (Doshi, 2020).

從社群媒體的互動到總統選舉，「假新聞」（fake news）已滲透至生活的各個層面。假新聞可被定義為「在形式上而非組織過程或意圖上，模仿新聞媒體內容所捏造的資訊」（Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1094）。無論是出於個人愛好或為達政治目的而有所欺瞞，假新聞的製造者與傳播管道並不保證資訊的準確性與可信度，反而是為了散播錯誤訊息（misinformation）或扭曲訊息（disinformation）。有時，假新聞是由國家或非國家行為者（state or non-state actors）所製造與傳播，藉由社群媒體帳號及網絡機器人來劫持諸如臉書與推特等平臺的推送演算法（Prier, 2017, p. 54）。在2016年的美國總統大選中，臉書估計有多達６千萬個機器人被用來發布政治貼文。其中，有部分機器人被用於影響隔年的法國大選（Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1095）。此類行動可視為資訊戰（information warfare）的一種形式，一種對控制與影響資訊供應鏈各環節的全面嘗試，從而影響公眾輿論與行為（Prier, 2017, p. 54）。假新聞通常是由記者或內容創造者（content creators）所創造，而非試圖操弄的行為者，前者的內容偏好符合後者的敘事（Doshi, 2020）。

Nevertheless, while the term “fake news” is commonplace, there is no universal, measurable way to quantify the fakeness or truthfulness of news. There are many fact-checking and media-bias detection tools, but they cannot objectively detect and clarify the more subtle and nuanced aims of manipulative actors that play a crucial role in news production. It can also be argued that the veracity of news depends not only on the actors that seek to manipulate it, but also on the positionality of its consumers. Therefore, one’s initial line of defense against misleading news lies not in the plethora of fact-checking devices but more in one’s pre-existing dispositions and skills to think and act in response to misleading information. This ability can be referred to as critical thinking, which can be more concretely expounded as “reasonable and reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do” (Ennis, 2011, p. 15).

然而，即便「假新聞」一詞隨處可見，卻沒有統一、可衡量的方式來量化新聞的虛假性或真實性。目前有許多事實查核與媒體偏見檢測工具，但它們無法客觀地檢測與說明行為操弄者更狡猾、更細緻的目標，而這些操弄者往往在新聞的生產中發揮著重要作用。我們也可以說，新聞的真實性不僅取決於試圖操弄它的行為者，同時還取決於新聞受眾的位置性。因此，一個人對抗誤導性新聞的第一道防線，不在於這些五花八門的事實查核方式，反而在於個人所固有的性格，以及針對誤導性資訊的思考與行動等相關技能。這種能力可稱為批判性思考（critical thinking），意即「專注於決定相信什麼或做什麼的理性思考與反思性思考」（Ennis, 2011, p. 15）。

Taiwan, also known as the Republic of China (ROC), is at the forefront of information warfare. It is wedged between the geopolitical struggles of global and regional hegemonies such as the United States and China, the People's Republic of China (PRC). Compounding the matter are the Taiwan’s own political actors vying for influence and power. This struggle seeps into all aspects of life and practice, mainly manifesting itself on social media, a battleground of information warfare. The Ministry of Education of Taiwan is cognizant of these information campaigns, and efforts have been made to introduce media literacy into all parts of its education system. According to the ministry, the government has tried to promote media literacy education since 2000 (MOE, 2002, p. 1), with one of its primary goals to cultivate its “citizens” abilities for independent learning, critical thinking, and problem solving” (MOE, 2002, p. 2).

臺灣，也被稱為中華民國，正處於資訊戰的最前線。這是全球霸權與地區霸權之間——如美國與中國（中華人民共和國）——的地緣政治對抗。使問題惡化的是臺灣自身的政治行動者對影響力與權力的奪取。這場對抗遍布於現實生活的各個面向，主要於社群媒體中——資訊戰的戰場——展露無遺。臺灣的教育部注意到了這些資訊的煙硝，並已努力將媒體素養引入其教育體系。據該部稱，自2000年以來，政府一直試圖推展媒體素養教育（MOE, 2002, p. 1），其主要目標之一是培養「公民獨立學習、批判性思考以及解決問題的能力。」（MOE, 2002, p. 2）。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

上述段落認為，由於個人的位置性(positionality)，「假新聞」極難定義。此外，有許多人把不符合自身成見與偏好的新聞逕斥為假新聞。這其實相當危險，因為個人觀點將會變得愈發孤立與激進。

閱聽人應意識到，他們在網路上看到的每個資訊都有特定立場。是否真有毫無立場的新聞文章？為了對抗操弄性或強制性資訊（coercive information），我們必須意識到權力於個中的作用，以及我們自身的位置性如何形塑我們的詮釋。這是我們的第一道防線。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

參考文獻

Doshi, R. (2020, January). China steps up its information war in Taiwan. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved March, 21, 2021, from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-01-09/china-steps-its-information-war-taiwan

Ennis, R. H. (1985). A logical basis for measuring critical thinking skills. Educational leadership, 43(2), 44-48.

Lazer, D. M., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., ... & Zittrain, J. L. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094-1096.

MOE (Ministry of Education), Taiwan. (2002). White paper on media literacy educational policy. Retrieved March, 21, 2021, from http://english.moe.gov.tw/public/Attachment/ 2122416591771.pdf

Prier, J. (2017). Commanding the trend: Social media as information warfare. Strategic Studies Quarterly: SSQ, 11(4), 50-85.

★★★★★★★★★★★★

教育時評: http://bit.ly/39ABON9

相關詞彙: https://bit.ly/2UncrfI

TED相關影片: https://bit.ly/3BDsDKl

【生死教育第三講】
講題 Title：預設醫療指示與預設照顧計劃 Advance Directive and Advance Care Planning

報名鏈接Registration Link: https://bit.ly/3tE9RgE

日期 Date：12/6/2021(Sat)
時間 Time：3:00-4:30pm
地點 Venue：沙田澤祥街12號香港中文大學鄭裕彤樓地下演講廳1A (LT1A)
Lecture Theatre 1A, Level 1, Cheng Yu Tung Building, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 12 Chak Cheung Street, Shatin, N.T.

講者 Speaker：陳裕麗教授 Prof Helen Chan / 鍾一諾教授 Prof Roger Chung
主持 Moderator：伍桂麟先生 Mr Pasu Ng

講座內容 Synopsis:
現今醫療科技發達，很多疾病均可治癒或受控制。當疾病到了末期，醫療科技有時只能提供維持生命治療，但延長死亡過程對病人可能沒有意義，甚至增加痛楚。面對這情況，病人、家屬和醫護人員可以商討是否中止對生活質素沒有幫助的維持生命治療，讓病人安詳離世。香港中文大學醫學院那打素護理學院副教授陳裕麗博士和香港中文大學公共衛生及基層醫療學院助理教授鍾一諾博士會在由中大公共衞生及基層醫療學院主辦的公眾「生死教育」四講系列的第三講和大家分享『預設醫療指示』 (Advance Directive)和『預設照顧計劃』（Advance Care Planning）的概念與應用。這兩種健康護理選擇不但可以免卻家屬決定病者死時所受到的困難和壓力，減少作出決定後感到矛盾和內疚的機會，亦體現對病者生命和意願的尊重。

Thanks to the advancement of medical technology, most diseases can be cured or subsided. However, there are times that medical technology could only prolong one’s life but could not cure the terminal illness. Facing such situation, patients, family members, and medical staff can discuss whether to withhold or withdraw from life-sustaining treatments that may not help improve patients’ quality of life so that they can die peacefully. Professor Helen Chan, Associate Professor from The Nethersole School of Nursing and Professor Roger Chung, Assistant Professor of the School of Public Health and Primary Care of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, will share with us the concepts and values behind Advance Directive and Advance Care Planning in the third public seminar of the four-lecture series on life and death education organized by the School of Public Health and Primary Care, CUHK. These two health care options aim not only to reduce the pressure faced by patients’ family when making end-of-life healthcare decision, but also show respect to patients’ will.

講者介紹：
Professor Helen Chan’s research interests focus on end-of-life care, gerontology as well as care ethics. She has conducted a number of research projects on promoting palliative and end-of-life care, especially advance care planning, among older adults and people with advanced progressive diseases.
陳裕麗教授的主要研究範疇集中在臨終護理、老年病學和護理倫理學上。她的研究項目包括推廣有關老人和晚期疾病患者的紓緩照顧和臨終護理服務，尤其是預設照顧計劃。

Professor Roger Chung’s research aims to empirically inquire into the social determinants of health inequalities, as well as aging‐related issues on multimorbidity and long‐term/end‐of‐life care, and to utilize such evidence to inform health services and policy, domestically and beyond.
鍾一諾教授的主要研究範疇為健康不平等的社會決定因素，與老年有關的多重疾病，和晚期與臨終護理政策，並運用研究成果為本地及國際公共衛生服務和政策提供意見。

生死教育 X 伍桂麟

二尖瓣逆流 － 林逸賢心臟科專科醫生＠FindDoc.com

立即測試您患上二尖瓣倒流的風險 :
https://www.finddoc.com/self-tests/mitral-regurgitation-二尖瓣倒流

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（一）什麼是二尖瓣倒流？00:06

（二）如患二尖瓣倒流會出現什麼症狀？ 01:02

（三）二尖瓣倒流的治療方法是怎樣的？ 01:37

（四）經微創導管二尖瓣修補手術治療有什麼好處和風險？ 02:31

(本短片作健康教育之用，並不可取代任何醫療診斷或治療。治療成效因人而異，如有疑問，請向專業醫療人士諮詢。)

參考資料：
1. Apostolidou, E., Maslow, A. D., & Poppas, A. (2017). Primary mitral valve regurgitation: Update and review. Global cardiology science & practice, 2017(1), e201703. https://doi.org/10.21542/gcsp.2017.3
2. Nkomo VT, Gardin JM, Skelton TN, Gottdiener JS, Scott CG and Enriquez-Sarano M. Burden of valvular heart diseases: a population-based study. Lancet. 2006;368:1005-11.
3. Dziadzko, V., Clavel, M. A., Dziadzko, M., Medina-Inojosa, J. R., Michelena, H., Maalouf, J., Nkomo, V., Thapa, P., & Enriquez-Sarano, M. (2018). Outcome and undertreatment of mitral regurgitation: a community cohort study. Lancet (London, England), 391(10124), 960–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30473-2
4. Gaasch, WH. (n.d.). Patient education: Mitral regurgitation (Beyond the Basics). Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mitral-regurgitation-beyond-the-basics
5. Alegria-Barrero, E., & Franzen, O. W. (2014). Mitral Regurgitation - A Multidisciplinary Challenge. European cardiology, 9(1), 49–53. https://doi.org/10.15420/ecr.2014.9.1.49
6. Stone GW, Lindenfeld J, Abraham WT, Kar S, Lim DS, Mishell JM, Whisenant B, Grayburn PA, Rinaldi M, Kapadia SR, Rajagopal V, Sarembock IJ, Brieke A, Marx SO, Cohen DJ, Weissman NJ, Mack MJ and Investigators C. Transcatheter Mitral- Valve Repair in Patients with Heart Failure. The New England journal of medicine. 2018;379:2307- 2318.
7. Deuschl, F., Schofer, N., Lubos, E., Blankenberg, S., & Schäfer, U. (2016). Critical evaluation of the MitraClip system in the management of mitral regurgitation. Vascular health and risk management, 12, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S65185
8. Shah, M., & Jorde, U. P. (2019). Percutaneous Mitral Valve Interventions (Repair): Current Indications and Future Perspectives. Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 6, 88. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2019.00088
9. Philip F, Athappan G, Tuzcu EM, Svensson LG and Kapadia SR. MitraClip for severe symptomatic mitral regurgitation in patients at high surgical risk: a comprehensive systematic review. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;84:581-90.



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查詢醫生資訊：
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展期: 2020/8/21-2020/11/8
地點: 新竹241藝術空間
Date: August 21~November 8, 2020
Venue: Hsinchu 241 Art Space

本展以古今對照詮釋動物在形態、歷史、生態的流轉，並連結到當代生活，從藝術x科技x自然的連結打開認識「藝獸」的新視野。
This exhibition juxtaposes the ancient and modern to explore the changes in the form, history, and ecology of animals, and proceeds to link these to contemporary life using art, technology, and nature, thereby creating a new perspective by which viewers can appreciate artistic beasts.

「藝想獸譜─故宮x新竹241新媒體藝術展」將首度展演故宮的「數位獸譜」，不但以新媒體藝術翻轉院藏書畫中的動物，本次更首度邀請新竹市立動物園的動物成員，一同打造古今x虛實的數位獸園。
This exhibition, Bestiarum Vocabulum: NPM x Hsinchu 241 New Media Art Exhibition, marks the debut of the “Digital Bestiary” created by the National Palace Museum, which employs new media art to provide a fresh perspective on the animals depicted in the painted scrolls of the Museum collections. In addition, this exhibition has also invited the Hsinchu Zoo for a first-time collaboration on a digital zoo that combines ancient, modern, real, and imaginary elements.

本展將透過「按圖索獸」、「藝獸誕生」、「藝想生態」三大主軸，探索故宮的動物圖像從古代的卷軸冊頁轉譯至當代的投影布幕，從畫筆變換至新媒體所累積的形態萬千，如何與當代視角連結，成為藝想天開的「獸譜」。「按圖索獸」以〈坤輿全圖〉為揭幕，一窺清宮對歐洲自然史和動物史知識的傳播與演繹，展出「南懷仁的坤輿世界」擴增實境，以17世紀時代視角的「異獸」，開啟本展序幕；該區特別以新竹市立動物園中的「現代動物」與院藏動物圖像中的「歷史動物」展開創意互動對照。
Through three primary themes, “Finding Beasts with the Aid of Drawings,” “The Birth of Artistic Beasts,” and “Ecosystems of Artistic Imagination,” this exhibition explores the process of how animal drawings on ancient painted scrolls and albums are transferred to modern screens, and how new media can replace paintbrushes to generate myriad creative effects that integrate with modern perspectives to produce a bestiary of phenomenal artistic imagination. “Finding Beasts with the Aid of Drawings” opens with the Kunyu Quantu (Great Universal Map), offering a glimpse of how knowledge of European natural history and zoological history spread in the Qing Court and how this information was interpreted. The augmented reality work, The Universal World of Ferdinand Verbiest, is displayed here, and presents the 17th century view of rare beasts as an opening prelude to this exhibition. This section also includes a collaboration with the Hsinchu Zoo to provide a creative interactive comparison of modern animals in the Zoo with the historical animals depicted in works from the Museum collections.

工作人員名單
國立故宮博物院 National Palace Museum
發行人 Issuer 院長 Director/吳密察Wu, Mi-Cha
專案指導Advisor
副院長 Deputy Director/余佩瑾 Yu, Pei-Chin
副院長 Deputy Director/黃永泰 Huang, Yung-Tai
策展團隊 Curatorial team
教育展資處 Department of Education, Exhibition and Information Services
處長 Chief Curator/ 徐孝德 Hsu, Hisao-Te
副處長 Deputy Chief Curator/ 謝俊科 Hsieh, Chun-Ko
科長 Section Chief/ 吳紹群 Wu, Shao-Chun
策展人Curator/賴志婷Lai, Chih-Ting
網站事務 Website Administrator/黃瀞萩、黃郁涵、陳曜瑋Huang Ching-Chiu, Huang Yu-Han
設計與施作 Design & Construction
西米創意設計有限公司Cmie Design

鳴謝 Acknowledgements
新竹市政府 Hsinchu City Government

停課不停學睇咩書好？
究竟咩係Oxford Reading Tree？同Oxford Story Tree有無分別？
係咪得Biff, Chip and Kipper？點樣幫助小朋友學習語文？
究竟成套有幾多本書？
一片解答你

BOOK BANDS VS AGE : https://drive.google.com/open?id=1WKjn14fM_TDTyJXRoKxyGCHDQI3ousPG

BOOK BANDS VS OXFORD LEVELS : https://drive.google.com/open?id=1mp0vqH_92HfupF3m-iKt6XV4bopwfRqJ

ORT BOOK COUNT : https://drive.google.com/open?id=1KmFT1VgkkKr4V8CEfc2591R0ieUjW_DP

BOOK LIST : https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Yr754whFx3NklPBvlqyTcfN1Dh-3_L9L

ORT VS OST : https://drive.google.com/open?id=1KSqVxZW9euhrNPEJjTVzl-uZJiRYOWY9

BOOK LIST - TREE ONLY : https://drive.google.com/open?id=1ptZUBvNRcPBBvlfB13oMrg27ZhjQETxu

BOOK LIST - TREETOPS ONLY : https://drive.google.com/open?id=1INgJnNjmQ2vCC_WCqR3b0IO2ZVkYycBx

Reference:
Oxford University Press - https://global.oup.com/education/content/primary/series/oxford-reading-tree/?view=ProductList®ion=international

Oxford Level Guide -
http://fdslive.oup.com/www.oup.com/oxed/international/Primary/INT%20Oxford%20Levels%20Guide_web.pdf?region=international

Oxford Owl -
https://home.oxfordowl.co.uk/reading/reading-schemes-oxford-levels/oxford-reading-tree-levels/

以上為個人資料蒐集 如有失誤 請多多指教