[可以不吃春藥的國民身份]
近來香港談「國歌」「國旗」,這些民族主義的符號,有人以為必須與「自豪」「驕傲」掛勾,但昨天在柏林有人告訴我,「我們的國民身份,就是永遠對自己的過去感到有點悔疚。」
全德國最多人到訪的「景點」,是位於柏林紀念猶太人被屠殺的戶外裝置,遠看是一塊塊石棺,要體驗這裡的獨特,人必須走在其中,初初覺得沒甚麼,原來地面會向下沉,人如同陷於石牆之中,失去方向,忽然前後左右有人影彈出,嚇得人半死,在黃昏後深入石牆走一趟,更覺陰森。
自從難民潮之後,歐洲興起極右組織,有德國政客投訴:「那個國家會在市中心放一個〖羞恥紀念碑〗?」言下之意是,納粹屠殺歐洲百萬猶太人的事是「家醜」,為何要把這些臭東西放在客廳中央?有德國藝術家聽到這番話,在政客家旁邊的花園,建了個翻版的小型石棺群,以抗議這位政客的話。
柏林導遊Dennis說,「我們德國國民身份裡重要一點就是替過去做過的事感到難過」(German identity include feeling bad about the past)。
二戰之後,每天起牀,西德人就看到國家被分割,看到頹垣敗瓦,而東德就說,我們以前共產黨員是被納粹逼害的,也是今日西德。西德年輕人在六七十年代受反越戰風潮影響,認為國家需要嚴正檢視納粹的過去。
雖然~納粹分子大部份不是自殺就是被殺,西德可以乾脆割蓆,把那個過去與今日政權分割,但年輕人希望政客為國家過去做的事而深刻反省,於是總理 Willy Brandt在華沙猶太人區紀念活動中,下跪一幕,得到很多年輕德國人的歡心。
七八十年代之後,德國教育裡,不斷向國民貫輸「納粹德軍的人道罪行」,我們的導遊Dennis說:「在學校裡,最少每年會提及一次,多角度去討論納粹這段歷史,有少部份同學是覺得煩,但我認為很好,記憶歷史才不會重蹈覆徹。」
我跟Dennis說,納粹已死,為何下一代要承受上一代的罪業和包袱,不應該是時候放下過去嗎?「我覺得這種教育很重要,我們以前製造了萬計猶太難民無人願意收容,今日中東有難民,我們記得過去,所以民意也是支持收容難民的。」他補充,難民後來製造的問題,反映是接收的方法配套做得不夠好,但接收難民是應該做的事。
我告訴他,香港有一個名詞形容後種不分種族而大愛包容的價值觀,香港叫「左膠」,他分享了一個德國同義字:「Gutmensch」(好人),是取笑太仁義道德的一群。但他卻認為,「很多人說,德國人因為納粹這段歷史,而有一種Guilt Trap,內疚情意結,但我寧可過度反思,也不會出現盲目的國族崇拜。」
他透露,「種族」是個勁敏感的事,把人分類即使為行政原因,也容易過火變成歧視。他透露在難民潮中,政府想把北非的難民註明為一類人,因為發現來自北非的難民和罪案有關,民眾大力反對,最後政府收回做法。
另一有趣例子是,德國很少看到國旗飄揚的盛況,因為「掛德國國旗」在當地令人想起納粹歷史,2006年世界盃開始有人掛德國國旗,大家都有點神經質,反問自己:「這會不會有點不妥?」但後來發現,球賽是幾年一潤的「愛國情感許可月」(one month footfall patriotism),之後一夜之間國旗便會收起,無影無蹤。
納粹這段慘痛的人道災難,提醒我們,愛國主義,國族主義,國旗,國歌,皆要小心處理。而國家身份的建立,不用吓吓需要吃春藥,也可以由深思反思歷史建立出來。
我告訴Dennis, 香港雨傘運動之後,有警察因為使用過度暴力對待示威者坐牢,之後有警察公開表示自己像猶太人被逼害。他嘆了一口氣,搖了搖頭。我補充一句:「當日有兩間領使館發了聲明回應,而德國領使館的那份聲明,要寫得比以色列更好。」
當日聲明如下: The reported reference to the Holocaust shows a regrettably insufficient knowledge of historical facts. The Jewish population in Germany was persecuted by the State and all its organs during the Nazi dictatorship and millions lost their lives. Therefore the comparison between the Jewish victims of the Holocaust and police officers convicted for an abuse of power is utterly inappropriate.
"The State and all its organs" 國家和它所有的無形之手,都曾經滿手鮮血。德國勇於承認過去的陰暗面,今日才能頂天立地。
有人話「全世界也有國民教育」,這種不吃春藥的才是貨真價實的教育。
同時也有10000部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過2,910的網紅コバにゃんチャンネル,也在其Youtube影片中提到,...
「reference 同義 字」的推薦目錄:
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- 關於reference 同義 字 在 PChan English Facebook 的最佳貼文
- 關於reference 同義 字 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的精選貼文
- 關於reference 同義 字 在 コバにゃんチャンネル Youtube 的最佳解答
- 關於reference 同義 字 在 大象中醫 Youtube 的最佳解答
- 關於reference 同義 字 在 大象中醫 Youtube 的最佳貼文
- 關於reference 同義 字 在 Visual Studio 2010 Database Project - Unresolved Reference ... 的評價
- 關於reference 同義 字 在 Thesaurus Word Choice Synonym Lists Reference Booklet 的評價
- 關於reference 同義 字 在 'reference-request' Tag Synonyms - Math Stack Exchange 的評價
- 關於reference 同義 字 在 Oxford Reference介紹- YouTube 的評價
reference 同義 字 在 PChan English Facebook 的最佳貼文
Final tips for Paper 1 Reading
重㸃重温十多份的P Chan's mock papers。其中以 No Smoking Day, Ivory Trade , Does Exercise Work, Home Sweet Home, Plastic Rubbish溶入了2012-16 各數題型。記住把錯的部份及常錯的题型重新檢視,看看錯在那裏。
Time management
Part A: 40 mins and B2: 50 mins
Part A :45 mins and B1: 45 mins
細閲Tips class 教過10 項reading skills:
1) Inferencing/ deduction:
留意key words 位置及positive or negative meaning.
Undermined himself (-)=contradictory.( 2015 part B2). I have been healed(+) = I fully recovered from an obsession.( P Chan's mock).
2) True/False/ Not given
留意Synonyms/ Antonyms/words not given.(P Chan's mock)
3)Summary Cloze
留意各種traps: article, antonyms , parts of speech, words requiring gerund.
4) Questions about comments
留意mark allocation. 抄中key words 便可,不用rephrase.
5) Questions about summarizing one's opinions:
不可直抄。留意轉字眼Skills 及generalization skills.( 2015 B2)( Tips class)
6) Questions about proofreading
留意instructions. FAC改法(Tips Class)( Intensive course)
7) MC questions
留意那些是answers of low quality.
Watch out for exceptions(Tips Class)
8) Matching speech Bubbles
留意pronoun 及synonyms
9) Pronoun reference
留意singular 定plural
Gerund Noun Phrase= singular(2015 B2)
10) Thematic MC Questions ( 2016 Part A)
留意title 及主旨句
Poem
務必細閲 7 種 rhetorical devices及11月份教授各項poem reading skills 。 一定要用20 mins 做P Chan 's mock poem: My Dog.( Tips Class)
Revision on P Chan's notes.
重點温習同義詞。留意positive 及negative meaning. Adjectives about the writer's attitude and the tone of the poem.
Hang in there! 💪
Seize the day, make your life extraordinary! 💪🎓
P Chan
reference 同義 字 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的精選貼文
[詞彙區別] constitute, compose, consist of, comprise, account for, make up 的區別
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詞彙區別: http://wp.me/p44l9b-16B
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在寫作的時候,有些同學為了避免重複使用相同的詞彙,卻選用了意義上不盡相同的詞,而無法精確地表達出自己所想傳達的想法。這問題很可能來自於考生平時在語言學習上過於依賴中英翻譯,因此在不夠了解某些詞彙精準的用法的情況下,很容易造成讀者的誤解。
為了幫助同學增加詞彙量並且精確地在口說和寫作上使用這些字,我建議同學們不要一開始的時候就死記硬背一群同義詞彙 (e.g. decline, decrease, diminish, dwindle, reduce, alleviate) 。雖然如此做會快速幫同學累積對這些詞的認知,可是認知都會停留在模糊階段。建議同學先熟悉其中一兩個單詞以後在開始累積相關的同義詞彙,也應該用搭配詞跟片語加上完整的例句和短文來輔助自己對單詞的理解。同時同學們也應該在使用這些單詞之前先查查字典,更進一步了解這些詞彙的使用方式。
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1. constitute: to constitute something is to form a whole, especially of dissimilar components: Love and hate can constitute a balanced relationship.
constitute 所“構成”的事物在屬性和特徵上,亦或在組織上,與組成成分是一致的。
-Seven days constitutes a week (七天構成一個星期。).
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2. Compose: to compose means the same as to constitute, but implies that the components have something in common: Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
在表示“由……材料構成”時,見於被動語態;在用於主動語態時,一般它所表示的“構成”或“組成”總包含著融合為一,而且主語或者是複數名詞或者是集體名詞。
-Concrete is composed of cement, sand and gravel mixed with water. (混凝土由水泥、砂、石子與水摻和而構成。 )
-Mere facts, when badly stated, do not compose a good book. (僅僅有資料,如果陳述得很糟糕,並不能組成一本好書)
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3. account for: 說明(原因、理由等); 導致,引起; (在數量、比例上); 占 (e.g. This group accounted for 60% of the population.)
(在數量、比例上)占
These products, in total, account for about 80% of all our sales (這些產品總共約占我們全部銷售額的80%。).
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4. make up: 組成 to combine together to form something [= constitute]:
-Women make up only a small proportion of the prison population. 女人只佔監獄人口的一小部分。
-The committee is made up of representatives from every state (委員會由每個州的代表組成的。).
-Children makes up only 10% of the population (兒童只佔人口的10%。).
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5. consist of: to consist of something is to be made up of it: A lethal dose of nerve agent VX consists of only 10 milligrams.
consist of 的含義與被動語態的 compose 相同
-Though the costume consists only of a sheet, it was very effective. (雖然那件化裝服裝僅由一條床單組成,但效果很好。)
-This group consists of men, women, and children.
(這個小組由男人,女人和孩子們組成的。).
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6. comprise: to comprise something has the same meaning as to consist, often implying that the whole is regarded from the point of view of its individual parts: The chain is comprised of many links, and is only as strong as its weakest.
comprise 在表示“構成”時,其內涵是“包括”或“覆蓋”*
-The committee comprises men of widely different views (這個委員會由見解甚為懸殊的人組成。).
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從這些動詞的意思來看,若要表示數個個體或項目組成一個整體時,我們可用 compose 或 constitute。
England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland compose/constitute the United Kingdom.
(英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭組成了聯合王國。)
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若要表示一個整體是由個數個體或項目所組成時,我們可用 comprise* 或 consist of / be composed of 。
(compose 經常用於被動態,而以 be composed of 的型式出現,意思和用法跟 consist of 完全一樣。)
-The United Kingdom comprises*/consists of/is composed of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.
(聯合王國是由英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭所構成)
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詳細的說明: http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html
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*在這幾個字當中,僅 comprise 兼具其他字的意思,但它也是最麻煩、最讓人困擾的字。英語 評論人士強烈反對 comprise 被用作 constitute 的意思以及 comprise 以被動態形式 be comprised of 來表示 consist of 的意思,所以對於 Fifty states comprise the United States. (五十個州組成了美國) 和 The United States is comprised of fifty states. (美國是由五十個州所組成) 這樣的句子結構,他們期期以為不可,而堅持只有 The United States comprises fifty states. 才是唯一正確的用法。但他們反對的這兩種用法其實早已是不 折不扣的標準英語,一些新版的字典甚至將 be comprised of 堂而皇之地列為片語,如 The course is comprised of ten core modules. (這門課是由 10 個核心單元組成)。然而,在公說公有理,婆說婆有理,各有堅持的情況下,在此建議:若使用 comprise 會讓你覺得心虛或沒把握,那麼不妨使用它的同義詞,也就是沒有爭議的 constitute, consist of 或 be composed of 來代替之。
*An interesting history of sense development concerning the word comprise has caused confusion, if not hate for the word itself. The most common mistake is confusing consist and comprise with each other. To say A lethal dose of nerve agent VX comprises of only 10 milligrams, is wrong because it is not analyzed from each separate component or milligram, but rather as a whole dose. In fact, there is a lot of skepticism and criticism of the word “comprise” all together. “None of the many neat schemes purporting to describe its correct use seems accurately to describe the way Standard English users actually employ comprise.” (Bartleby) Thus it is suggested to use constitute and/or compose as active verbs, while consists and/or includes as passive. However, if your use of the word can clearly indicate its context, separate from the its other accepted use, choosing a substitute is not necessary.
Also, ”Comprises” is "better" grammar than ”is comprised of.” “The whole comprises multiple parts” is better than, “The whole is comprised of multiple parts.” Even better though is, “Multiple parts comprise the whole."
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Sources:
http://www.bartleby.com/68/3/1403.html
http://bulo.hjenglish.com/question/33021/
http://blog.cybertranslator.idv.tw/archives/2590
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/dictionaries/english/data/d0081813.html
http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html
http://everything2.com/title/consist%252C+comprise%252C+constitute%252C+or+compose
More sentences:
-The pie chart consists of/comprises of the percentages of four different fuel sources used in electricity production.
-Electricity (that is) produced with coal composed/constituted/accounted for 50% of the total electricity (that is)produced.
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contain vs. include:
Contain: Something is considered to be within something else.
The toy contains many small moving parts. ->The small moving parts are a part of the toy.
Include: Something is added to something else, possibly containing it, possibly not.
-This toy includes batteries. -> The batteries are not a part of the toy. They just come with the toy.
reference 同義 字 在 コバにゃんチャンネル Youtube 的最佳解答
reference 同義 字 在 大象中醫 Youtube 的最佳解答
reference 同義 字 在 大象中醫 Youtube 的最佳貼文
reference 同義 字 在 Thesaurus Word Choice Synonym Lists Reference Booklet 的推薦與評價
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