關於 tropical ecology ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

【跟鼠年說再見之前，來認識打洞的小生物們吧！】
你是否聽過俗話說：「龍生龍，鳳生鳳，老鼠的兒子會打洞」呢？
鼠年即將結束，就讓我們把握最後的時間，一起聊聊幾種會打洞的生物吧。

要是你家有鼠鼠出沒，肯定對牠們四處咬破東西的狀況不陌生。但是，你知道台灣目前有20種囓齒目成員嗎？如果你先暫時忘記那條被咬一個洞的香蕉，或是那包破掉的白砂糖包裝，你或許會感到很驚奇，原來臺灣現存這麼多種囓齒目動物！事實上，出沒在臺灣的這些鼠科、倉鼠科，以及松鼠科的夥伴們，有的甚至只分布在中、高海拔的山區，想見到牠們還得需要一點方法呢！

值得留意的是，鼴鼠和錢鼠並不屬於鼠類喔！即使牠們都有個「鼠」字，卻跟囓齒目的鼠鼠們不同，而是被分類在鼩形目之中。這麼一說，鼴鼠跟錢鼠的外型似乎還真的有幾分相似——牠們都擁有略為狹長的吻部，以及要超級仔細看才會發現的小眼睛。

臺灣鼴鼠對於農家子弟來說或許也不陌生，牠普遍分布在台灣本島西部之平地及中低海拔山區，諸如低海拔的農園、果園、休耕田、河岸，以及森林，都可能看到牠的蹤跡。如果俗話說老鼠的兒子會打洞，那鼴鼠的小孩就會打地洞。鼴鼠為了找到自己愛吃的蚯蚓和幼蟲，會利用自己特化的大手手，終其一生地挖、挖、挖，過程中時常就破壞了農作物的根，讓農家子弟超級無奈～

對了，玉子在查資料的過程中發現，臺灣的農友似乎會直覺地把鼴鼠稱呼為「土撥鼠」。看到這個稱號，不禁樂歪了，因為鼴鼠確實在撥土呢！！不過，「土撥鼠」這個俗名，大多時候指的是旱獺，牠們屬於囓齒目松鼠科，跟鼴鼠超級不一樣呢～

當然，說到打地洞，怎麼可以漏掉可愛的中華穿山甲呢？「穿穿」跟鼴鼠的共同點，就是有一雙強壯的前肢。這雙手對穿山甲而言是不可或缺的謀生工具，除了挖洞，還能協助穿山甲挖出蟻窩、攀住坡地。
不過，穿山甲努力挖出來的洞，似乎也不是只有牠自己受益哦！在2016年，台東林務局太麻里林務試驗所主任劉一新在穿山甲洞口架攝影機，意外發現棕簑貓、黃喉貂、鼬貛等生物都會從地洞穿梭來去。等等！這不是穿山甲的地道嗎？你們倒是走得很歡樂呢！總而言之，小動物來來去去的畫面，真是超級可愛。

打地洞的生物們時常被人視作害獸，但是牠們在生態中扮演著重要的角色。下次遇到氣噗噗的農夫，或許可以悄悄地告訴他：「雖然有些苦惱，但牠們正在免費提供鬆土、吃雞母蟲和螞蟻的服務呢！」

參考資料
Lin, L.-K. and Motokawa, M. (2014). Mammals of Taiwan. Volume 1. Soricomorpha. Center for Tropical Ecology and Biodiversity, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan. 89 pp.
Lin, L.-K., Oshida, T. and Motokawa, M. (2020). Mammals of Taiwan. Volume 2. Rodentia. Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan. 165 pp.

Climate Change Emergency
每年我參加氣候會議時，只要時間可以，都會參加一場由各個宗教團體在氣候會議會場聯合在一起的祈福許願或遊行活動，不同宗教會用不同方式來祈禱，希望能影響更多人，雖然我不是天主教徒或是基督徒，但幾次的活動中，可以感受到不同宗教界的平和與憂心，都會透過各種方法來提醒世人。
一早收到世界基督教協會，看到這個 Climate Change Emergency 氣候變遷緊急的宣言，Emergency 在我們風險管理中很重要，也有應急管理 Emergency Management ，不只是救護車上的 Emergency 而已，我們真的要非常體認重視這問題了。

幾年前我曾訪問過吳偉立神父，大家可以從 Podcast 聽這段聲音
https://open.spotify.com/show/1ryyVpjRt6faqRT1YfsWif…

彭啟明

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Statement on the Climate Change Emergency
25 November 2019

World Council of Churches

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Bossey, Switzerland

20-26 November 2019

Doc. No. 04.3 rev



Statement on the Climate Change Emergency

But the earth will be desolate because of its inhabitants, for the fruit of their doings.

Micah 7:13

Recent extreme weather events of increasing strength and frequency around the world together with further studies conducted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have jolted many into belated recognition that the climate crisis is not a distant prospect, but is upon us today.

From Hurricane Maria, Tropical Cyclone Idai, Hurricane Dorian and Typhoon Hagibis which caused loss of lives and left widespread devastation in Puerto Rico, in Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Malawi, in the Bahamas and in Japan respectively, to ongoing bushfires in Australia and California, to unprecedented flooding in Bangladesh and in Venice, and to the very recent landslide following exceptionally heavy rains in Kenya, the impacts on our communities - especially the poorest and most vulnerable among us – and on the bountiful Creation that God has entrusted to human beings as stewards – are now all too tragically real.

The latest IPCC special reports on climate change, land, oceans and cryosphere confirm that climate change has become a top driver of hunger all over the world, and project rising sea levels of up to 1 metre by 2100 due to melting glaciers, water scarcity affecting nearly 2 billion people and more intense sea-level events such as storms and flooding, if warming is not kept at the safer limit of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.

Moreover, exceptionally destructive fires and the encroachment of industrial agriculture and mining, have greatly increased concern about runaway deforestation in the largest remaining rainforest ecosystems – the earth’s lungs, the home and heritage of many Indigenous Peoples, and a critical resource in confronting the threat of climate change. Especially in the Amazon, in the Congo Basin, and in West Papua and elsewhere in Indonesia, this resource is, often deliberately, being squandered at a perilous rate.

Children, young people and ordinary citizens have made public demonstration of their outrage at the lack of any adequate response by governments to the gravity of this global crisis, and against the backsliding by some governments. Children have been obliged to mobilize and to raise their voices to demand what adults have failed or refused to deliver – fundamental changes to our economic and social systems in order to preserve God’s Creation and their future.

Indeed, a recent research report shows that governments are currently projected to produce 120% more fossil fuels by 2030 than can be burned if the world is to limit warming to an increase of 1.5°C

In particular, the United States’ formal notification of its intention to withdraw from the Paris Agreement – despite the increasingly disastrous impact of extreme weather events in the US itself – seriously undermines the best hope the international community had secured for a multilateral global response to the climate crisis. This is an abject failure and abdication of global leadership, at precisely the historical moment when such leadership is most needed. It will embolden other backsliding states. It impoverishes and imperils all of us.

The protests against widening inequality in Chile, triggering the move of the 25th Conference of Parties (COP 25) of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) from Santiago to Madrid, underscore the importance of holding together the goals of sustainability and equity, and ensuring that the costs of transitioning to a carbon neutral economy are not borne by those who already have few resources. In other words, there can be no real transition without socio-economic justice.

The time for debate and disputation of established scientific facts is long over. The time for action is swiftly passing. We will all be held to account for our inaction and our disastrous stewardship of this precious and unique planet. The climate emergency is the result of our ecological sins. It is time for metanoia for all. We must now search our hearts and our most fundamental faith principles for a new ecological transformation, and for divine guidance for our next steps to build resilience in the face of this unprecedented millennial challenge.

The executive committee of the World Council of Churches, meeting in Bossey, Switzerland, on 20-26 November 2019, therefore:

Joins other faith leaders, communities and civil society organizations in declaring a climate emergency, which demands an urgent and unprecedented response by everyone everywhere – locally, nationally and internationally.

Expresses its bitter disappointment at the inadequate and even regressive actions by governments that should be leaders in the response to this emergency, especially inaction to stop fires and deforestation, the destruction of Indigenous Peoples’ ancestral lands and livelihoods, and attacks on ecological defenders; the weak commitments made under the Paris Agreement; and measures that place additional financial burdens on poor communities.

Calls on COP 25, taking place in Madrid on 2 to 13 December 2019, to:

- set the groundwork for committing to more ambitious cuts in greenhouse gas emissions as part of Nationally Determined Contributions with a view to attaining carbon neutrality by 2050 and limiting warming to not more than 1.5°C;

- ramp up commitments by wealthy nations to provide sufficient, predictable and transparent climate finance to low-income nations for adaptation and resilience-building;

- strengthen the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage to include finance to support people and communities affected by the impacts of the climate emergency; and

- promote actions to engage and learn from Indigenous Peoples in and beyond the UNFCCC process, protect biodiversity, combat deforestation, encourage agro-ecology and construct circular and redistributive economies.

Invites UN system partners, consistent with the critical research and policy advice emanating from UN sources, to examine and divest from fossil fuel investments in their own banking systems and pension funds.

Calls on member churches, ecumenical partners, other faith communities and all people of good will and moral conscience to find the means whereby we can make a meaningful contribution in our own contexts to averting the most catastrophic consequences of further inaction and negative actions by governments – and may join in confronting this global crisis through concerted advocacy for climate change mitigation and adaptation, zero fossil fuel use and a “just transition”, as well as through local action, everywhere – in our fellowship, our churches, our communities, our families, and as individuals.

Lost…and found! The Silver-backed Chevrotain, a miniature fanged ‘deer’ from Vietnam, has been lost to science for 25+ years, but thanks to Global Wildlife Conservation, the Southern Institute of Ecology and Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, we now have camera trap photos of the chevrotain from Vietnam’s coastal forests. This is the critical first step in preventing the extinction of the species, which is about the size of a soccer ball and is one of a number of fascinating species that live in the diverse tropical forests of Southeast Asia—a region ravaged by poaching by snares.

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