疑難雜症萬事通
在網路上遇到任何問題都可以在這邊找找看唷

Search

關於 voting system ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

相關標籤 相關照片 相關影片
在voting system這個產品中，有61篇Facebook貼文，粉絲數超過7萬的網紅Apple Daily - English Edition，也在其Facebook貼文中提到， #Opinion by Leung Kai Chi 梁啟智｜"Originally, there was not a consensus among the populace how to response to the revised electoral system. The various s...
　同時也有7部Youtube影片，追蹤數超過56萬的網紅Chris Lewis，也在其Youtube影片中提到，Thanks for watching! I hope this video was educational and interesting. Please consider subscribing if you enjoyed it. Music: Perfect Ten To Me by No...

voting system 在 Apple Daily - English Edition Facebook 的最佳解答

Apple Daily - English Edition By Apple Daily - English Edition

2021-04-23 01:30:38 有 6 人按讚
  • Share this:

#Opinion by Leung Kai Chi 梁啟智｜"Originally, there was not a consensus among the populace how to response to the revised electoral system. The various solutions I have heard about so far include enduring all the disgrace and insults just in order to run for office, and putting election under a boycott as proposed by a lot of people. The difference between the two is whether you cast a blank or invalid vote, or abstain from voting. Some advocate running in election in a jeering manner by making “the Coriander Party” and ‘the Siu Mai(Cantonese steamed dumping with shrimp) Concern Group” bricks-and-mortar political groups that send candidates to stand in election to see what reasons the vetting committee will be able to come up with to disqualify them from taking part. However, it was not anticipated that the government adopted a high profile to dress down anyone who calls on others to cast a blank vote, which, to everyone’s surprise, unified what the populace thought in a short while. Everyone is now convinced that casting a blank vote is a solution worth considering. As far as incitement to casting blank vote made a criminal offence is concerned, I am afraid that the government is the first one culpable for it."

Read more: https://bit.ly/3dFwQDx

"坊間對於如何對應修改後的選舉制度，本來沒有统一意見。我聽過的方案，除了忍辱負重繼續參選之外，也有很多朋友說應該杯葛，分別只是投白票廢票還是索性不投票。也有一些朋友提議調侃式參選，把「芫茜黨」和「燒賣關注組」變成實體參選，看看資格審查委員會可以想出怎樣的理由出來取消他們的資格。不料政府大鑼大鼓訓斥投白票，反而一下子在民間統一思想，大家都覺得投白票是個值得考慮的方案。若說煽惑投白票有罪，第一個有罪的恐怕是政府本身。"
____________
📱Download the app:
http://onelink.to/appledailyapp
📰 Latest news:
http://appledaily.com/engnews/
🐤 Follow us on Twitter:
https://twitter.com/appledaily_hk
💪🏻 Subscribe and show your support:
https://bit.ly/2ZYKpHP

#AppleDailyENG

Tags:
Apple Daily - English Edition

About author
Apple Daily is the most outspoken pro-democracy media in Hong Kong. Founded by Jimmy Lai in 1995. Learn more about the English edition: http://bit.ly/2ZYKpHP
69449 followers 59446 likes "http://appledaily.com/engnews/"
View all posts

voting system 在 Taipei Ethereum Meetup Facebook 的最讚貼文

Taipei Ethereum Meetup By Taipei Ethereum Meetup

2021-04-21 13:57:23 有 4 人按讚
  • Share this:

📜 [專欄新文章] Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth

✍️ 田少谷 Shao

📥 歡迎投稿： https://medium.com/taipei-ethereum-meetup #徵技術分享文 #使用心得 #教學文 #medium

Once again the game-changing DEX 🦄 👑

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Outline

0. Intro1. Uniswap & AMM recap2. Ticks 3. Concentrated liquidity4. Range orders: reversible limit orders5. Impacts of v36. Conclusion

0. Intro

The announcement of Uniswap v3 is no doubt one of the most exciting news in the DeFi place recently 🔥🔥🔥

While most have talked about the impact v3 can potentially bring on the market, seldom explain the delicate implementation techniques to realize all those amazing features, such as concentrated liquidity, limit-order-like range orders, etc.

Since I’ve covered Uniswap v1 & v2 (if you happen to know Mandarin, here are v1 & v2), there’s no reason for me to not cover v3 as well ✅

Thus, this article aims to guide readers through Uniswap v3, based on their official whitepaper and examples made on the announcement page. However, one needs not to be an engineer, as not many codes are involved, nor a math major, as the math involved is definitely taught in your high school, to fully understand the following content 😊😊😊

If you really make it through but still don’t get shxt, feedbacks are welcomed! 🙏

There should be another article focusing on the codebase, so stay tuned and let’s get started with some background noise!

1. Uniswap & AMM recap

Before diving in, we have to first recap the uniqueness of Uniswap and compare it to traditional order book exchanges.

Uniswap v1 & v2 are a kind of AMMs (automated market marker) that follow the constant product equation x * y = k, with x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y in a pool and k as a constant.

Comparing to order book exchanges, AMMs, such as the previous versions of Uniswap, offer quite a distinct user experience:

AMMs have pricing functions that offer the price for the two tokens, which make their users always price takers, while users of order book exchanges can be both makers or takers.

Uniswap as well as most AMMs have infinite liquidity¹, while order book exchanges don’t. The liquidity of Uniswap v1 & v2 is provided throughout the price range [0,∞]².

Uniswap as well as most AMMs have price slippage³ and it’s due to the pricing function, while there isn’t always price slippage on order book exchanges as long as an order is fulfilled within one tick.

In an order book, each price (whether in green or red) is a tick. Image source: https://ftx.com/trade/BTC-PERP

¹ though the price gets worse over time; AMM of constant sum such as mStable does not have infinite liquidity

² the range is in fact [-∞,∞], while a price in most cases won’t be negative

³ AMM of constant sum does not have price slippage

2. Tick

The whole innovation of Uniswap v3 starts from ticks.

For those unfamiliar with what is a tick:

Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tick.asp

By slicing the price range [0,∞] into numerous granular ticks, trading on v3 is highly similar to trading on order book exchanges, with only three differences:

The price range of each tick is predefined by the system instead of being proposed by users.

Trades that happen within a tick still follows the pricing function of the AMM, while the equation has to be updated once the price crosses the tick.

Orders can be executed with any price within the price range, instead of being fulfilled at the same one price on order book exchanges.

With the tick design, Uniswap v3 possesses most of the merits of both AMM and an order book exchange! 💯💯💯

So, how is the price range of a tick decided?

This question is actually somewhat related to the tick explanation above: the minimum tick size for stocks trading above 1$ is one cent.

The underlying meaning of a tick size traditionally being one cent is that one cent (1% of 1$) is the basis point of price changes between ticks, ex: 1.02 — 1.01 = 0.1.

Uniswap v3 employs a similar idea: compared to the previous/next price, the price change should always be 0.01% = 1 basis point.

However, notice the difference is that in the traditional basis point, the price change is defined with subtraction, while here in Uniswap it’s division.

This is how price ranges of ticks are decided⁴:

Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf

With the above equation, the tick/price range can be recorded in the index form [i, i+1], instead of some crazy numbers such as 1.0001¹⁰⁰ = 1.0100496621.

As each price is the multiplication of 1.0001 of the previous price, the price change is always 1.0001 — 1 = 0.0001 = 0.01%.

For example, when i=1, p(1) = 1.0001; when i=2, p(2) = 1.00020001.

p(2) / p(1) = 1.00020001 / 1.0001 = 1.0001

See the connection between the traditional basis point 1 cent (=1% of 1$) and Uniswap v3’s basis point 0.01%?

Image source: https://tenor.com/view/coin-master-cool-gif-19748052

But sir, are prices really granular enough? There are many shitcoins with prices less than 0.000001$. Will such prices be covered as well?

Price range: max & min

To know if an extremely small price is covered or not, we have to figure out the max & min price range of v3 by looking into the spec: there is a int24 tick state variable in UniswapV3Pool.sol.

Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf

The reason for a signed integer int instead of an uint is that negative power represents prices less than 1 but greater than 0.

24 bits can cover the range between 1.0001 ^ (2²³ — 1) and 1.0001 ^ -(2)²³. Even Google cannot calculate such numbers, so allow me to offer smaller values to have a rough idea of the whole price range:

1.0001 ^ (2¹⁸) = 242,214,459,604.341

1.0001 ^ -(2¹⁷) = 0.000002031888943

I think it’s safe to say that with a int24 the range can cover > 99.99% of the prices of all assets in the universe 👌

⁴ For implementation concern, however, a square root is added to both sides of the equation.

How about finding out which tick does a price belong to?

Tick index from price

The answer to this question is rather easy, as we know that p(i) = 1.0001^i, simply takes a log with base 1.0001 on both sides of the equation⁴:

Image source: https://www.codecogs.com/latex/eqneditor.php

Let’s try this out, say we wanna find out the tick index of 1000000.

Image source: https://ncalculators.com/number-conversion/log-logarithm-calculator.htm

Now, 1.0001¹³⁸¹⁶² = 999,998.678087146. Voila!

⁵ This formula is also slightly modified to fit the real implementation usage.

3. Concentrated liquidity

Now that we know how ticks and price ranges are decided, let’s talk about how orders are executed in a tick, what is concentrated liquidity and how it enables v3 to compete with stablecoin-specialized DEXs (decentralized exchange), such as Curve, by improving the capital efficiency.

Concentrated liquidity means LPs (liquidity providers) can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish, which causes the liquidity to be imbalanced in ticks.

As each tick has a different liquidity depth, the corresponding pricing function x * y = k also won’t be the same!

Each tick has its own liquidity depth. Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Mmm… examples are always helpful for abstract descriptions 😂

Say the original pricing function is 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k), with the price of X token 1000 / 100 = 10 and we’re now in the price range [9.08, 11.08].

If the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is the same as [9.08, 11.08], we don’t have to modify the pricing function if the price goes from 10 to 11.08, which is the boundary between two ticks.

The price of X is 1052.63 / 95 = 11.08 when the equation is 1052.63 * 95 = 100000.

However, if the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is two times that of the current range [9.08, 11.08], balances of x and y should be doubled, which makes the equation become 2105.26 * 220 = 400000, which is (1052.63 * 2) * (110 * 2) = (100000 * 2 * 2).

We can observe the following two points from the above example:

Trades always follow the pricing function x * y = k, while once the price crosses the current price range/tick, the liquidity/equation has to be updated.

√(x * y) = √k = L is how we represent the liquidity, as I say the liquidity of x * y = 400000 is two times the liquidity of x * y = 100000, as √(400000 / 100000) = 2.

What’s more, compared to liquidity on v1 & v2 is always spread across [0,∞], liquidity on v3 can be concentrated within certain price ranges and thus results in higher capital efficiency from traders’ swapping fees!

Let’s say if I provide liquidity in the range [1200, 2800], the capital efficiency will then be 4.24x higher than v2 with the range [0,∞] 😮😮😮 There’s a capital efficiency comparison calculator, make sure to try it out!

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

It’s worth noticing that the concept of concentrated liquidity was proposed and already implemented by Kyper, prior to Uniswap, which is called Automated Price Reserve in their case.⁵

⁶ Thanks to Yenwen Feng for the information.

4. Range orders: reversible limit orders

As explained in the above section, LPs of v3 can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish. Depending on the current price and the targeted price range, there are three scenarios:

current price < the targeted price range

current price > the targeted price range

current price belongs to the targeted price range

The first two scenarios are called range orders. They have unique characteristics and are essentially fee-earning reversible limit orders, which will be explained later.

The last case is the exact same liquidity providing mechanism as the previous versions: LPs provide liquidity in both tokens of the same value (= amount * price).

There’s also an identical product to the case: grid trading, a very powerful investment tool for a time of consolidation. Dunno what’s grid trading? Check out Binance’s explanation on this, as this topic won’t be covered!

In fact, LPs of Uniswap v1 & v2 are grid trading with a range of [0,∞] and the entry price as the baseline.

Range orders

To understand range orders, we’d have to first revisit how price is discovered on Uniswap with the equation x * y = k, for x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y and k as a constant.

The price of X compared to Y is y / x, which means how many Y one can get for 1 unit of X, and vice versa the price of Y compared to X is x / y.

For the price of X to go up, y has to increase and x decrease.

With this pricing mechanism in mind, it’s example time!

Say an LP plans to place liquidity in the price range [15.625, 17.313], higher than the current price of X 10, when 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k).

The price of X is 1250 / 80 = 15.625 when the equation is 80 * 1250 = 100000.

The price of X is 1315.789 / 76 = 17.313 when the equation is 76 * 1315.789 = 100000.

If now the price of X reaches 15.625, the only way for the price of X to go even higher is to further increase y and decrease x, which means exchanging a certain amount of X for Y.

Thus, to provide liquidity in the range [15.625, 17.313], an LP needs only to prepare 80 — 76 = 4 of X. If the price exceeds 17.313, all 4 X of the LP is swapped into 1315.789 — 1250 = 65.798 Y, and then the LP has nothing more to do with the pool, as his/her liquidity is drained.

What if the price stays in the range? It’s exactly what LPs would love to see, as they can earn swapping fees for all transactions in the range! Also, the balance of X will swing between [76, 80] and the balance of Y between [1250, 1315.789].

This might not be obvious, but the example above shows an interesting insight: if the liquidity of one token is provided, only when the token becomes more valuable will it be exchanged for the less valuable one.

…wut? 🤔

Remember that if 4 X is provided within [15.625, 17.313], only when the price of X goes up from 15.625 to 17.313 is 4 X gradually swapped into Y, the less valuable one!

What if the price of X drops back immediately after reaching 17.313? As X becomes less valuable, others are going to exchange Y for X.

The below image illustrates the scenario of DAI/USDC pair with a price range of [1.001, 1.002] well: the pool is always composed entirely of one token on both sides of the tick, while in the middle 1.001499⁶ is of both tokens.

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Similarly, to provide liquidity in a price range < current price, an LP has to prepare a certain amount of Y for others to exchange Y for X within the range.

To wrap up such an interesting feature, we know that:

Only one token is required for range orders.

Only when the current price is within the range of the range order can LP earn trading fees. This is the main reason why most people believe LPs of v3 have to monitor the price more actively to maximize their income, which also means that LPs of v3 have become arbitrageurs 🤯

I will be discussing more the impacts of v3 in 5. Impacts of v3.

⁷ 1.001499988 = √(1.0001 * 1.0002) is the geometric mean of 1.0001 and 1.0002. The implication is that the geometric mean of two prices is the average execution price within the range of the two prices.

Reversible limit orders

As the example in the last section demonstrates, if there is 4 X in range [15.625, 17.313], the 4 X will be completely converted into 65.798 Y when the price goes over 17.313.

We all know that a price can stay in a wide range such as [10, 11] for quite some time, while it’s unlikely so in a narrow range such as [15.625, 15.626].

Thus, if an LP provides liquidity in [15.625, 15.626], we can expect that once the price of X goes over 15.625 and immediately also 15.626, and does not drop back, all X are then forever converted into Y.

The concept of having a targeted price and the order will be executed after the price is crossed is exactly the concept of limit orders! The only difference is that if the range of a range order is not narrow enough, it’s highly possible that the conversion of tokens will be reverted once the price falls back to the range.

As price ranges follow the equation p(i) = 1.0001 ^ i, the range can be quite narrow and a range order can thus effectively serve as a limit order:

When i = 27490, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹⁰ = 15.6248.⁸

When i = 27491, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹¹ = 15.6264.⁸

A range of 0.0016 is not THAT narrow but can certainly satisfy most limit order use cases!

⁸ As mentioned previously in note #4, there is a square root in the equation of the price and index, thus the numbers here are for explantion only.

5. Impacts of v3

Higher capital efficiency, LPs become arbitrageurs… as v3 has made tons of radical changes, I’d like to summarize my personal takes of the impacts of v3:

Higher capital efficiency makes one of the most frequently considered indices in DeFi: TVL, total value locked, becomes less meaningful, as 1$ on Uniswap v3 might have the same effect as 100$ or even 2000$ on v2.

The ease of spot exchanging between spot exchanges used to be a huge advantage of spot markets over derivative markets. As LPs will take up the role of arbitrageurs and arbitraging is more likely to happen on v3 itself other than between DEXs, this gap is narrowed … to what extent? No idea though.

LP strategies and the aggregation of NFT of Uniswap v3 liquidity token are becoming the blue ocean for new DeFi startups: see Visor and Lixir. In fact, this might be the turning point for both DeFi and NFT: the two main reasons of blockchain going mainstream now come to the alignment of interest: solving the $$ problem 😏😏😏

In the right venue, which means a place where transaction fees are low enough, such as Optimism, we might see Algo trading firms coming in to share the market of designing LP strategies on Uniswap v3, as I believe Algo trading is way stronger than on-chain strategies or DAO voting to add liquidity that sort of thing.

After reading this article by Parsec.finance: The Dex to Rule Them All, I cannot help but wonder: maybe there is going to be centralized crypto exchanges adopting v3’s approach. The reason is that since orders of LPs in the same tick are executed pro-rata, the endless front-running speeding-competition issue in the Algo trading world, to some degree, is… solved? 🤔

Anyway, personal opinions can be biased and seriously wrong 🙈 I’m merely throwing out a sprat to catch a whale. Having a different voice? Leave your comment down below!

6. Conclusion

That was kinda tough, isn’t it? Glad you make it through here 🥂🥂🥂

There are actually many more details and also a huge section of Oracle yet to be covered. However, since this article is more about features and targeting normal DeFi users, I’ll leave those to the next one; hope there is one 😅

If you have any doubt or find any mistake, please feel free to reach out to me and I’d try to reply AFAP!

Stay tuned and in the meantime let’s wait and see how Uniswap v3 is again pioneering the innovation of DeFi 🌟

Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

👏 歡迎轉載分享鼓掌

Tags:
Taipei Ethereum Meetup

About author
We have regular meeting twice per month on discussing blockchain technology, smart contracts and DApps development! We would love to have you join us!
3460 followers 3097 likes "https://www.meetup.com/Taipei-Ethereum-Meetup/"
View all posts

voting system 在 Goodbye HK, Hello UK Facebook 的最佳解答

Goodbye HK, Hello UK By Goodbye HK, Hello UK

2021-03-31 10:28:16 有 368 人按讚
  • Share this:

For the record。。。

#無補充

《BBC》Hong Kong: China limits parliament to 'patriots'
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-56560829
《The Guardian》Beijing cuts Hong Kong's directly elected seats in radical overhaul
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/30/hong-kong-china-brings-in-voting-system-changes
《The Times》‘Patriotic’ electoral reforms tighten China’s grip on Hong Kong
https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/china-tightens-grip-on-hong-kong-with-patriotic-electoral-reforms-m7mwdx350
《The Telegraph》Beijing to vet election candidates and cut Hong Kong's directly elected seats in 'patriotic' overhaul
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/03/30/beijing-vet-election-candidates-cut-hong-kongs-directly-elected/
《Financial Times》Hong Kong set to allow corporate directors to obscure their identity
https://on.ft.com/3u4Uvmb
《The Washington Post》China cuts number of elected legislators in Hong Kong, delays election
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-hongkong-election-legislature/2021/03/30/bb1f405c-912d-11eb-aadc-af78701a30ca_story.html
《DW News》China approves Hong Kong electoral system reform bill
https://www.dw.com/en/china-approves-hong-kong-electoral-system-reform-bill/a-57046070

***************************************
每日更新乞兒兜Patreon：
https://www.patreon.com/goodbyehkhellouk

MeWe：https://mewe.com/p/goodbyehkhellouk
Twitter：@ByeHKHiUK
IG：@goodbyehkhellouk

📣最近更新：
14個國家對WHO調查報告嘅聯合聲明，有骨嘅英文
https://bit.ly/3djUns9
蘇伊士運河乜乜物物：超簡陋歷史及近況（陰謀論除外）
https://bit.ly/31ta0b5
隱藏英國民主改革開端，到今日都未完成嘅少女偵探電影
https://bit.ly/3rtKWLF
***************************************

Tags:
Goodbye HK, Hello UK

About author
Patreon: patreon.com/goodbyehkhellouk IG: @goodbyehkhellouk Twitter: @ByeHKHIUK MeWe: https://mewe.com/p/goodbyehkhellouk
成長於香港，生活在英國嘅暖氣廢中，Goodbye HK Hello UK FB專頁版主。 希望用?
160192 followers 136363 likes "http://www.goodbyehkhellouk.com/"
View all posts

voting system 在 Chris Lewis Youtube 的精選貼文

Chris Lewis By Chris Lewis

2020-11-07 15:00:04 有 167,398 人看過 有 9,118 人喜歡
  • Share this:

Thanks for watching! I hope this video was educational and interesting. Please consider subscribing if you enjoyed it.

Music:
Perfect Ten To Me by NoMBe
Tubby by Steve Adams.
Pluckandplay by Kwon.

-----------------------------------------
#My info:
► Facebook: https://fb.com/chrismixlewis
Il------------------------------------------
#CHRIS #electoralcollege #HTTDP #CờRítỞChâuÁ #theartoftravel

post-title
Chris Lewis

About author
Polyglot world traveler ?????????? I travel off the beaten path and use my language skills to interact with the locals. Hope you'll see something you've never seen before!
555000 subscribers 18376548 viewes
View all posts

voting system 在 Campus TV, HKUSU 香港大學學生會校園電視 Youtube 的最佳貼文

Campus TV, HKUSU 香港大學學生會校園電視 By Campus TV, HKUSU 香港大學學生會校園電視

2020-11-03 23:54:00 有 256 人看過 有 21 人喜歡
  • Share this:

今日（11月3號）就係美國總統大選嘅日子。我哋校園電視同時委會合力製作「美國大選知多啲」短片，有幸邀請到港大政治及公共行政學系教授李詠怡同我哋解釋下美國總統嘅選舉制度，同埋今次選舉對香港嘅影響。

0:00 簡介
0:30 美國總統選舉制度
3:26 兩黨制之下的票源分布
5:36 採用現時選舉制度的歷史原因
7:48 兩大候選人的對華政策

*訪問中加插的圖像或片段與嘉賓立場無關

The United States Presidential Election is to be held today (3 November). We have collaborated with The Current Affairs Committee of HKUSU Council to produce this video. We are honoured to have Professor Elisa Lee to explain the electoral system of the United States as well as the impact the election has on Hong Kong.

0:00 Intro
0:30 US Presidential electoral system
3:26 Voting patterns under the two-party system
5:36 Historical reason for adopting the current electoral system
7:48 Two main candidates' China policies

Images inserted in the interview video do not represent the stance of the interviewee

Follow Us for Latest Update
--------------------------------
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/hkucampustv
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/campustv_hkusu
Twitter: https://twitter.com/campustv_hkusu

Our Website
--------------------------------
https://campustv.hkusu.hku.hk

post-title
Campus TV, HKUSU 香港大學學生會校園電視

About author
Student-run media in HKU, subscribe to keep track of the pulse of HKU
8320 subscribers 3591126 viewes
View all posts

voting system 在 SpiderGaming Youtube 的最佳解答

SpiderGaming By SpiderGaming

2020-06-10 08:00:00 有 50,539 人看過 有 623 人喜歡
  • Share this:
社群媒體上有些相關的討論：

voting system 在 Which voting system is the best? - Alex Gendler - YouTube 的推薦與評價

影片讀取中

Dive into four different voting systems : plurality, instant runoff, tactical, and the Condorcet method, and find out which is fairest. ... <看更多>

你可能也想看看
Online voting system
Voting
Ranked choice voting
Approval voting
U.S. election system
Comparison of voting systems
Voting system in UK
Alternative vote
搜尋相關連結

#1. Electoral system - Wikipedia

An electoral system or voting system is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined.

#2. Types of Voting System - Electoral Reform Society

Different voting systems have a variety of different features, ranging from how proportional they are (whether seats in parliament reflect votes cast), ...

#3. Characteristics of Taiwan Elections - 中央選舉委員會

Electors do not have to actively register to vote. Taiwan has a comprehensive household registration system. The compilation of the voter list/electoral ...

#4. Types of Voting Systems - FairVote

These various systems can be broken down into three “families”: plurality semi-proportional and proportional systems. The voting systems within a particular “ ...

#5. Voting systems in the UK - UK Parliament

A voter can rank as many or as few candidates as they like or vote for one candidate. First preference votes are counted first. If a candidate receives more ...

#6. Voting System — - ACE Electoral Knowledge Network

A threshold number of votes, known as the 'quota' is set, which candidates have to achieve to be elected. For presidential elections the quota is set at one ...

#7. The voting system - bmi.bund.de

Germany's electoral law provides for a system of personalized proportional representation. Each voter has two votes: the first for an individual ...

#8. Definitions of Voting Systems | ECANZ

Majoritarian/Majority. Under the majority system, a candidate must receive an absolute majority of votes to be elected. The Commonwealth House of ...

#9. Voting System | United Nations Security Council

Vote and Majority Required Article 27 of the UN Charter states that: Each member of the Security Council shall have one vote. Decisions of the Security ...

#10. Learn About the Voting System | Department of Elections

Intuitive Ballot Marking Voters will continue to use paper ballots to cast their votes. · Increased Number of Rankings in Ranked-Choice Voting Contests · Expanded ...

#11. Voting System Overview - Maryland State Board of Elections

Voters mark the pre-printed paper ballots by hand, or by using an accessible ballot marking device, at a voting booth. Voters review their marked paper ballots ...

#12. The Voting System | EU Citizens' Corner - European Parliament

Since 1999 voters in Britain have elected MEPs under a proportional representation system. The European Parliamentary Elections Act of that year introduced a ...

#13. Voting System Demos - Vote.PA.Gov

Use this page to see a demonstration of how to use the voting system in your county. · Pennsylvania Counties.

#14. Presidential Election Process | USAGov

Electoral College. In other U.S. elections, candidates are elected directly by popular vote. But the president and vice president are not elected directly ...

#15. Voting Systems - Texas Secretary of State

CLOSURE DETAILS. Visit VoteTexas.gov for voter specific information · Current Election Information · Voter Registration Resources · Conducting Elections ...

#16. Voting Systems - Colorado Secretary of State

Certified systems · Risk-limiting audit (post election audit) · More information.

#17. Electoral system - Ballotpedia

This section also defines and describes various vote-tallying methods, including plurality voting, majority voting, ranked-choice voting, block voting, single ...

#18. Voting Systems in WA

There are different voting systems for each house of Parliament in Western Australia. Voting system for the Legislative Assembly. Candidates are elected to the ...

#19. Voting System Standards, Testing and Certification

Provides an overview of voting equipment used nationwide, the standards that voting machines are held to, and the process for testing and ...

#20. Voting systems in the UK - Cheltenham Borough Council

At a general or local election, voters put a cross (X) next to their preferred candidate on a ballot paper. Ballot papers are then counted and the candidate ...

#21. Which voting system is the best? - Alex Gendler - YouTube

Dive into four different voting systems : plurality, instant runoff, tactical, and the Condorcet method, and find out which is fairest.

#22. Voting System Certification Regulations

California Code of Regulations. Title 2. Administration Division 7. Secretary of State Chapter 6.1. Procedures and Standards for Reviewing Voting Systems, ...

#23. Voting Systems and STV - Moray Council

A voting system is how voters cast their vote on a ballot paper and then how it is counted, e.g. by marking a cross or numbers. In elections in the UK the ...

#24. Voting Methods - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

The following table summarizes the voters' rankings of the candidates in this hypothetical election scenario. # Voters, Ranking. 3, \(A\s B\s C\ ...

#25. Voting systems | NIST

NIST works closely with the US Election Assistance Commission (EAC) and state officials. Under the Help America Vote Act (HAVA), NIST provides technical support ...

#26. Method of voting - Parliament of Australia

A method of preferential voting related to that described above was also used for Senate elections from 1919 to 1946. A system of proportional representation ...

#27. Introducing Electronic Voting:

Electronic voting is often seen as a tool for making the electoral process more efficient and for increasing trust in its management.

#28. Voting system | Electoral Commission of Queensland

Did you know in Queensland the way to vote is different in state and local government elections? Find out how our different voting systems work.

#29. NSDL eVoting System

Custodian / MF. e-Voting is a common internet infrastructure that enables the investors to vote electronically on resolution of company. Login ...

#30. Voting Research - Voting Theory

Does the Voting System really Matter? Elections and campaigns will always be tumultuous, especially in politics and government, but the voting mechanism doesn't ...

#31. SOS: Voter Information: Voting Systems in Indiana - IN.gov

In Indiana there are two major types of machines in use: Direct Record Electronic (DRE) and Optical Scan (OS). Additionally, each county is required to have at ...

#32. Voting Systems and Equipment - Iowa Secretary of State

If you want to take advantage of these services, documents can be delivered via our online portal Business Entity Filings or you can deliver in person at our ...

#33. Types of Electoral Systems - Caribbean Elections

Democratic Electoral Systems. What is an Electoral System? An electoral or voting system is how votes are translated into seats.

#34. 1. Plurality electoral systems - Georgetown University

The US Electoral College also has components of a majority system, because a presidential candidate must get 50%-plus-one electoral votes (270 out of 538) in ...

#35. Voting System - Lee County Elections

Voters with disabilities may use the touch-screen ballot marking device when voting at an early voting site or their polling place on Election Day. Ballots can ...

#36. Voting System Testing and Security | Nevada Secretary of State

The voter registration system provides information relating to registered voters throughout the State of Nevada and does not connect to or contain information ...

#37. Secure Online Voting with POLYAS

POLYAS ensures Secure Online Voting with the highest standards in data privacy, safe authentication of voters and legally valid election results.

#38. The International Foundation for Electoral Systems: IFES

The International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) supports citizens' rights to participate in free and fair elections.

#39. Voting System Testing and Certification - Elections & Voting

Certified Systems. Manufacturer, Voting System, Testing Standard, In Use? Clear Ballot Group, Clear Vote 2.2, VVSG 1.0, YES.

#40. Voting system purchase - State of Michigan

On January 24, 2017, the State Administrative Board approved three vendor systems to proceed with statewide contracts: Dominion Voting Systems, Inc. - (http:// ...

#41. Certified Voting Systems - US Election Assistance Commission

Voting System (Name/Version) Testing Standard Date Certified Assure 1.3 Modification VSS 2002 2012‑06‑29 ClearVote 1.4 VVSG 1.0 (2005) 2018‑02‑08 ClearVote 1.5 VVSG 1.0 (2005) 2019‑03‑19

#42. Meet the Members - Louisiana Secretary of State

​Click here to fill out an application to become an election worker​. Home > Elections & Voting > Voting System Commission > Meet the Members.

#43. What is MMP? | Elections - Electoral Commission

MMP is the voting system we use in New Zealand. Each person gets a vote for a candidate and a vote for a party.

#44. Voting Systems - Aberdeenshire Council

Voting Systems. Ballot Box. STV - The Single Transferable Vote was used for the first time in Scotland at the local government elections which took place on ...

#45. Voting Equipment - NCSBE

Voting Systems Certification · Before any piece of election equipment can be used in North Carolina elections, it must be certified by the State Board of ...

#46. Your Voting System - Travis County Clerk

It's modern, secure and allows you to verify your selections before casting your vote. At check-in, you will receive your ballot card. Insert your ballot card ...

#47. New Voting System | Montgomery County, PA - Official Website

Montgomery County has a new voter-marked paper ballot system with a verifiable paper trail. The new system replaced the electronic push-button voting ...

#48. Voting Systems - Division of Elections

Basic information about voting systems in Florida including how they are certified, ... Information on currently certified voting systems and voting system ...

#49. Ranked-choice Voting (RCV) - Maine.gov

If no candidate wins a majority of votes on Election Night in the races that have three or more candidates, the ballots and memory devices from each ...

#50. Election types - Electoral Commission of South Africa

South Africa's national and provincial elections take place every five years. Voters vote for a political party, not individuals. The political party then gets ...

#51. plurality system | Definition, Examples, Advantages ...

plurality system, electoral process in which the candidate who polls more votes than any other candidate is elected. It is distinguished from the majority ...

#52. Voting Systems - State Board of Elections

Certified to the 2005 Federal Voting System Standards. Company, Voting System, Approval Date. ​Election Systems & Software (ES&S) 11208 John Galt Blvd

#53. Qualified Voting Systems - Missouri Secretary of State

Qualified Voting Systems. Diebold AccuVote Optical Scan. Diebold AccuVote TSX DRE with printer module. Dominion Democracy Suite Voting System 5.0.

#54. Zambia Electoral Systems

However, if at the initial ballot or first election, none of the presidential candidates gets more than fifty percent of the valid votes cast, a second ballot, ...

#55. History Of Elections - Duval County Supervisor of Elections

Early Voting in Ancient Greece. Since approximately 508 B.C., Ancient Greece seems to have implemented the earliest form of democracy.

#56. Voting Equipment Information | Elections - Fairfax County

This is how the DS200 optical scan voting machines work: a voter marks a paper ballot and places her/his ballot in the optical scan machine. The machine ...

#57. first past the post and the alternative vote - gov.uk

In elections held under the Alternative Vote, each voter may rank candidates on the ballot paper in order of preference (1, 2, 3 etc.). For this reason, the.

#58. Helios Voting

Helios offers verifiable online elections. We believe democracy is important, whether it's your book club, parent-teacher association, student government, ...

#59. Voting Reform | Brennan Center for Justice

Outdated registration and voting systems create hurdle after hurdle that keep people from the polls. We promote solutions, like automatic voter registration ...

#60. What is an Online Voting System? - eBallot

An online voting system is a software platform that allows groups to securely conduct votes and elections. High-quality online voting systems balance ballot ...

#61. Jamaica - Political and electoral system

National parliament. Bicameral (Senate and House of Representatives). · Municipal government. There is no provincial executive. · Duration of terms.

#62. Preferential voting - Australian Electoral Commission

Some preferential voting systems make it compulsory for voters to mark a preference for every single candidate on the ballot paper, some require ...

#63. Elections: The Voting Process

Every precinct in Massachusetts is assigned a specific polling place. When you register to vote, you should receive an acknowledgement notice from your local ...

#64. Electoral System of Ghana

Types of Elections. Presidential Elections. In Ghana, the presidential election is held every four years to elect the President who is the ...

#65. What is the MMP voting system? - New Zealand Parliament

Under this system, the Government is usually formed by two or more parliamentary political parties. How does MMP work? Under MMP, 120 MPs are elected to ...

#66. Voting system – News, Research and Analysis

Thirty-six states have adopted new voting laws since the 2020 election. But it's not yet clear if these laws will actually affect voter turnout in the 2022 ...

#67. 206.57 examination of new voting systems - MN Revisor's Office

A vendor of an electronic voting system may apply to the secretary of state to examine the system and to report as to its compliance with the requirements ...

#68. County Voting Equipment / Board of Voting Machine Examiners

Sign up to be a Poll Worker! 0. Ohio needs poll workers! Will you serve your community? Get paid for your time, defend democracy, and help make this ...

#69. Majority Voting Systems - Follow My Vote

Each system can produce a different winner. Voting experts group electoral systems into three general categories. They are proportional representation voting ...

#70. Elections - Voting in Oregon

​​​The Elections Division is committed to providing voters with accurate information ... with a modern vote-by-mail system that is the gold standard in U.S. ...

#71. Annual Voting Systems Report - Texas Secretary of State

Under Chapter 123, Subchapter C of the Texas Election Code ( Code ), each authority that adopts a voting system for use in its elections shall fill an ...

#72. Voting Procedures - Electoral Commission of Jamaica

Voting Procedures · Be sure to find out exactly where you are to vote BEFORE Election Day, that is, your specific polling station. · Present your Voter ID card ...

#73. Electoral systems (BP-334E)

Majoritarian systems differ according to the number of representatives elected in an electoral district and the kinds of majorities (simple or absolute) that ...

#74. Voting System - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

With straight voting, shareholders may cast all their votes for each member of the board of directors, virtually ensuring that the majority shareholder(s) will ...

#75. Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011

The cookies on legislation.gov.uk do two things: they remember any settings you've chosen so you don't have to choose them on every page, and they help us ...

#76. Division of Elections - County Information, Voting Equipment

Voting Systems Certified by the State of New Jersey. AVANTE International Technology, Inc. 70 Washington Road Princeton Junction, NJ 08550 (609) 799-8896 ...

#77. Chapter 7: Voting Systems - Coconino Community College

Majority Rule: This concept means that the candidate (choice) receiving more than 50% of the vote is the winner. But what happens if there are three candidates, ...

#78. 16-446 - Specifications of electronic voting system

1. Provide for voting in secrecy when used with voting booths. 2. Permit each elector to vote at any election for any person for any office whether or ...

#79. Voting systems in Northern Ireland

At a UK Parliamentary election (also known as a general election), voters put a cross (X) next to their preferred candidate on the ballot paper. Ballot papers ...

#80. The Mexican Electoral System - Instituto Nacional ... - INE

The Political Constitution strictly forbids re-election in any modality. 2. Legislative Branch. The Federal Legislative Branch is vested upon the Union Congress ...

#81. Electoral systems - The Constitution Society

Each voter can vote for one candidate from the list of candidates standing in their constituency. The candidate who gets the most votes wins, and is elected to ...

#82. 5 Ensuring the Integrity of Elections | Securing the Vote

Security vulnerabilities can be exploited to electronically disrupt voting or affect vote counts at polling locations or in instances of remote voting. Denial- ...

#83. Ranked Choice Voting system - Alaska Division of Elections

ALASKA BETTER ELECTIONS IMPLEMENTATION. New Election System. In the 2020 General Election, voters approved an initiative to establish a Nonpartisan Top Four ...

#84. Voting Machines | New York State Board of Elections

Here you will find the information you need about the election process and the voting machines available in your specific polling place, ...

#85. the firms that own America's voting system | US elections 2020

In the second of a two-part series: How a few private companies that have little oversight and keep information secret run US elections.

#86. The 3 Main Types of Electoral Systems

There are three main types of electoral systems: plurality, majority, and proportional representation. Read on to learn more about each type ...

#87. Certified Voting Systems - Idaho Secretary of State

Verity Election Management 2.5.0. EAC Certification Number: HRT-VERITY-2.5. VVSG Standard Met:

#88. THE POST [FPTP], ALTERNATIVE VOTING [AV], AND ...

Finally, because elections are contested at the constituency level there is a greater possibility of outstanding candidates being elected regardless of party.

#89. Process | nVotes online voting system

Voter education is needed to let the electors exercise their right to vote. Well-informed voters are essential for a healthy and democratic electoral process ...

#90. CDSL-eVoting System

Shareholders may cast their votes electronically for certain General Meetings of all companies.

#91. Possible Input-Output scenario of the proposed Online Voting ...

Online voting system has become an interesting topic in recent years and most governments in Europe and elsewhere are taking steps to experiment as well as ...

#92. Understanding Plurality Voting and Ballots During a ...

The plurality voting system is an electoral process whereby a candidate who gets the most votes in the election wins. Plurality elections are unlike the ...

#93. Appointment and Voting Systems - Oxford Scholarship Online

While the study of electoral systems is highly developed, intraparty voting systems used in candidate selection are largely ignored due to problems of ...

#94. Electronic voting system provided by the CSD

Electronic voting system that the CSD is offering the federations to support its electoral processes to the presidency.

#95. Voting Process | National Geographic Society

First, an eligible citizen registers to vote, studies the candidates and issues, looks up their polling location, then casts their ballot during the election.

#96. South Carolina's new voting system | SCVotes

South Carolina has been using the ExpressVote ballot-marking system in all elections since October 1, 2019. After checking in at your polling place, ...

#97. Internet Voting Test Run :: Commission on Elections - Comelec

This authority to explore other modes or systems using automated election system is derived from Section 28 of the Overseas Voting Act of 2013 (Republic Act ...

#98. The Additional Member System (AMS) - Voting systems - BBC

AMS is a form of proportional representation which aims to give political parties a share of representatives (MSPs in Scotland) in proportion to their share ...

#99. Electronic Voting | US House of Representatives

The House held its first electronic vote on January 23, 1973. Members used the system by inserting their voting cards—pocket-sized cards equipped with ...

#100. Consequences of Electoral Systems

The purpose of representative democracy is to provide citizens with a possibility to express their political preferences through elected representatives in ...