Do not go gentle into that good night, Old age should burn and rave at close of day; Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
Though wise men at their end know dark is right, Because their words had forked no lightning they Do not go gentle into that good night,
Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay, Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight, And learn, too late, they grieved it on its way, Do not go gentle into that good night,
Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay, Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
And you, my father, there on the sad height, Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray. Do not go gentle into that good night, Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
Closed form is much more structured, and governed by specific rules, or patterns. In closed form specific poetic structures may repeat throughout the poem, ...
You will find just about every genre of poetry in both open and closed form poems. Genre is the classification or type of poem; form refers to the poem's ...
CLOSED FORMS -- Poems that follow a pre-existent design are called formal poems or closed form poems. There are many different patterns that a closed form ...
What is called closed form poetry is an organization of language that adds more than common rigidity to language and then tries to create the maximum possible ...
Closed, or prescribed, forms of poetry are written with consistent meter, stanzas, or rhymes, the main thing being the presence of some set of rules which is ...
When a poem has a closed form, the poet has adopted a pattern that the poem will follow in more than one area, such as those mentioned above. As an example, a ...
Poems that have both a regular meter and rhyme are called closed form and fit into a specifically named and defined poetic structure (sonnet, villanelle, haiku, ...
We shall divide verse forms into two groups; the first one we shall treat, closed forms, includes those that have a fixed number of stanzas and lines, or one ...
2 Poetic Form Poetic form is the design of a poem described in terms of rhyme, meter, and stanzaic pattern. Closed form is characterized by ...
#11.
Form
By extension, then, poems in inherited forms and meters have come to be called "closed forms" -- a term I don't particularly like.
#12.
Copy of Open vs. Closed Form Pros and Cons - Mr Ki World ...
After each pro or con, you must provide 1 example or piece of evidencefrom any poem that we have studied together in class.Open Form Poetry: ProsOpen Form ...
#13.
Closed Form - Kelsie Mosher - Prezi
A poem with closed form has established and regular pattern in length, meter, rhyme, imagery, syntax, or stanzas · Unlike an open form which does not have an ...
#14.
What is open poetry? - AskingLot.com
There are two main forms of poetry: open and closed. Closed form poetry, also known as fixed form, consists of poems that follow patterns of ...
#15.
Sonnet as Closed Form and Open Process - ResearchGate
form, as opposed to open poetry, which refers to free verse. ... poem only inside its fixed form, you can read a closed form as a closed for ...
#16.
Poetic Form - Key Terms and Vocabulary - CaptionSync Smart ...
Poems write in either closed form or open form. And you'll learn more about each of these forms of poetry as we continue [inaudible]. A poem that's written in ...
#17.
Poetic Forms
Poetry is written in closed or open form. Closed form poetry is characterized by patterns: verse, rhyme, meter and/or syllable. The content fits into the ...
#18.
Break the Rules, Already! Opening Up Closed Form Poetry - ProQuest
Break the Rules, Already! Opening Up Closed Form Poetry. Garvoille, Alexa. English Journal, High school edition; Urbana Vol. 110, Iss. 5, (May 2021): 27-35.
#19.
Closed/open form and free verse | Chris Kapot Poetry
What that means will depend on your definition of closed form (you see why I'm confused yet?). So, open form can mean 'any poem in which the ...
#20.
Closed Poems | Examples of Poems about Closed - Poetry Soup
Closed Poems - Popular examples of all types of closed poetry to share and read. View a list of new poems for CLOSED by modern poets. ... Form: Free verse ...
#21.
Closed form - Wikipedia
Poetry [edit] · In poetry analysis, a type of poetry that exhibits regular structure, such as meter or a rhyming pattern · Trobar clus, an allusive and obscure ...
#22.
Your Joomla! Site - Poetry Terms & Forms - Calling All Poets
Poetry. Poetry Types, Traditional Verse closed form, Most of what follows (below) applies ... open form, Prose Poems might use line breaks in an original, ...
#23.
6.14: Form in Poetry - Humanities LibreTexts
In more developed, closed or "received" poetic forms, which are forms that have been handed down over the generations, the rhyming scheme, ...
#24.
Poetry : Closed Form, A Form Of Poetry - 827 Words | Bartleby
Free Essay: Closed-form refers to a type of poetry that is written in the traditional through specific line length, meter, rhyme, and line groupings.
#25.
A Brief Introduction to Closed Form Poetry - Poem Home
Both forms of poetry has their own advantages. Open form poems have more freedom to provide pleasure to readers. However, the rigidness of close form poems ...
#26.
The Close Reading of Poetry: Glossary - University of Victoria
Ballad: Ballad: A simple narrative poem often in four-line stanzas, ... Closed form: Closed Form: Type of poetry that follows a classified ...
#27.
Mom: Closed and Open Forms of Poetry - Free essay database
Mom: Closed and Open Forms of Poetry · Form. : In a general sense, this is the means by which a literary work expresses its content. · Fixed Form.
By the time you finish this playlist, you should be able to: - Define the following vocabulary terms and identify examples of each: TERMS: closed form ...
#30.
closed form poetry | The STRUCTURE of ENTROPY
Sestina is a poem of six stanzas of six lines each, followed by a three-lined stanza called as envoi. The lines are not rhymed. However, the poet uses a set of ...
#31.
What is a closed poem? - qa-faq.com
There are two main forms of poetry: open and closed . Closed form poetry, also known as fií form ...
#32.
Intro to closed form poetry & ghazals - YouTube
#33.
Glossary of Poetic Terms | Academy of American Poets
Closed Form : a poetic form subject to a fixed structure and pattern; the opposite of open form. Concrete Poetry: a poem that is as much a piece of visual ...
#34.
closed form - Wiktionary
closed form (countable and uncountable, plural closed forms) ... (poetry) A type of poetry with regular structure, such as meter or a rhyming pattern.
#35.
Match each form of poetry to its description. free verse blank ...
closed form. This type of poem doesn't follow a fixed pattern of rhyme or line length. arrowRight. This type of poem is written in iambic
#36.
Closed and Open Form. Concrete Poetry - [PPT Powerpoint]
Closed and Open Form. Concrete Poetry. Conventions and Innovations Poetic Form Poetic form is the design of a poem described in terms of rhyme, meter, ...
#37.
What Is Open Form Poetry - QuestionFun.Com
Introduction to open and closed form Form is the physical structure or pattern of a poem. ... In closed form poetry, the poet follows a set ...
#38.
Closed and Open Form. Concrete Poetry. - PPT - SlideServe
Closed and Open Form. Concrete Poetry. Conventions and Innovations. Poetic Form. Poetic form is the design of a poem described in terms of ...
#39.
Closed Form Poetry Examples
So, if you want to get great shots related to Closed Form Poetry Examples, just click on the save icon to save the photo to your computer. They are ready to ...
#40.
[HELP] is a monorhyme poem a type of closed form poetry or ...
A fixed rhyme scheme implies a closed form since it follows specific rules to be followed to fit the model. An open form , generally speaking, ...
#41.
Poetic Forms Closed Form Poetry Poetry written in specific and
Stanza a recurrent grouping of two or more verse lines in terms of length, metrical form and often rhyme scheme…division of stanzas is sometimes made.
#42.
Fixed and unfixed forms | Poetry Foundation
Poems that have a set number of lines, rhymes, and/or metrical arrangements per line. Browse all terms related to forms, including alcaics, alexandrine,…
#43.
Poetic Forms. Introduction ï‚ Poetry is written in closed or open ...
Poetic Forms Introduction Poetry is written in closed or open form. Closed form poetry is characterized by patterns: verse, rhyme, meter and/or syllable.
#44.
How to Write Open-Form Poetry - dummies
Open-form poetry rejects the organization and structure found in traditional poetry such as sonnets and haiku. Open poetry — including ...
#45.
Open/Closed Form - Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Robert Frost's poem Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, uses a closed form. There are 8 beats to each line of poetry. I'll represent the separate syllables by ...
#46.
Sounds, Patterns, and Poems:
Prosody: the study of poetic sounds and rhythms (meter, versification) ... Closed-form poetry – clearly recognizable shapes or forms; Open-form poetry ...
#47.
Solved 1. Explain closed form poetry. Give a specific - Chegg
Question: 1. Explain closed form poetry. Give a specific example of a closed form poem. This problem has been solved! See the answer ...
#48.
Closed Form Poetry Notebook Writing | PDF - Scribd
closed form poetry notebook writing - Free download as (.rtf), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free.
#49.
Poetry - SlideShare
Poetry · 2. Definition Poetry is written in closed or open form. · 3. Open Form Poetry Open form poetry is characterized by the lack of pattern. · 4. Closed Form ...
#50.
What is open poetry? - NCERT Point
When it comes to poetry, closed form poetry, also known as fixed form, is composed of poems that follow strict patterns of line length, metre, ...
#51.
A few considerations on "closed form" in contemporary Italian Poetry ...
Out of the closed-form poems written in the past decade, however, Frixione's sonnet is the one that most prominently presents reflexive and metatextual ...
#52.
About Poetry: English Prosody and Literary Terms
Poetry can be analyzed as to its form and its content. ... a rendering as close as possible to the word-for-word plain sense of the original.
#53.
Poetry - Definition - PHSC Writing Center
Terms Related to Defining Poetry · prose – · text – · poem – · poetry – · form (poetic form) – · line – · stanza – · closed form (fixed form) –.
#54.
open forms in poetry - Textetc
open form poetry: a critique. ... In fact, poets writing in strict (i.e. closed) forms often find the requirements anything but restricting.
#55.
Closed form poetry definition
There are two main forms of poetry: open and closed. Closed form poetry, also known as fixed form, consists of poems that follow patterns of lines, meter, ...
#56.
Closed Form Poetry - PowerPoint Presentation - DocSlides
Sonnet Villanelle Sestina What is closed form poetry Closed form poetry its also referred to as fixed form consists of poems that follow strict patterns of ...
#57.
What is form and meaning in poetry? - SidmartinBio
There are two main forms of poetry: open and closed. Closed form poetry, also known as fixed form, ...
#58.
What is closed and open form in poetry? - MVOrganizing
2021年5月3日 — Closed form poems are written in specific patterns, using meter, line length, and line groupings called stanzas. Open form poems, often ...
Closed Form Poetry Poetry Genres Narrativenondramatic verse that tells a story Dramaticpoetry that involves the techniques of drama; often includes dialogue ...
#60.
Poetry Terms: 40 Brief Definitions
Sonnet: A closed form consisting of fourteen lines of rhyming iambic pentameter. Shakespearean or English sonnet: 3 quatrains and a couplet, often with three ...
#61.
10 Essential Types of Poetry - BookBub
Included are a few well-known forms, such as sonnets, as well as a couple of newer forms that you might not have encountered, along with ...
#62.
Open Or Closed Form Poetry - PDF Free Download
Then open closed poetic terms, close readings that open form poetry, you may vary, stanza forms that your profile in meter? From this may or at this is closed ...
#63.
Short Form Poetry Workshop - Literary Arts
ONLINE REGISTRATION FOR THIS CLASS IS NOW CLOSED. You can register in person on Saturday at the Northwest Film Center, 934 SW Salmon Saturday, November 5, 2016 ...
#64.
Poetic Forms Closed Form Poetry Poetry written in ... - Studylib
Poetic Forms Closed Form Poetry Poetry written in specific and traditional patterns produced through control of rhyme, meter, line-length and line groupings ...
#65.
Free Verse in Literature: Definition & Examples | SuperSummary
Free verse (furEE VURHss) is a form of poetry that does not utilize regular patterns of ... poets who consistently writing in formal or closed-form verse.
#66.
Every Poetic Form You'll Ever Need - The Writer's Cookbook
This list of poetic forms contains as many as we could squeeze into one ... then attempt to write one as close to the rules as possible.
#67.
A Beginner's Guide to Different Types of Poems | Book Riot
You might just need a quick introduction to various poetic forms to get ... does not follow the rules perfectly, although it's pretty close.
#68.
9 Different Types Of Poems | Poetry For Kids - Penguin Books
The haiku (or hokku) is an ancient form of Japanese poetry that has become very ... A close up photo of a young persons hand, holding a pen as they write ...
#69.
Claude McKay and the Sonnet Form - Lehigh University Scalar
When Claude McKay was writing his poetry, free verse was very much in fashion, and many of his peers in the emerging modernist movement were ...
#70.
Week 10 10. Closed Form - KOCW
Graves's poems—together with his translations and innovative analysis and interpretations of the Greek myths; his memoir of his early life, including his role ...
#71.
Poetry Background Slides
Closed Form Patterns. Blank Verse-Unrhymed Iambic Pentameter (line pattern, not stanza pattern. Couplet two-line stanza, usually rhymed with.
#72.
Elements of Rhetoric
Closed form poetry follows a strict, traditional pattern and specific restrictions. • Poet follows an expected formula with line count, rhyming techniques, ...
#73.
7 Common Types of Poetry and Their Unique Features
Poetry, in its own way, is a form of artistic expression. But did you know there are over 50 different ... Covered with close-webbed mist, unpierced ever
#74.
PPT – Poetic Forms PowerPoint presentation | free to view - id
Poetic Forms Introduction Poetry is written in closed or open form. Closed form poetry is characterized by patterns: verse, rhyme, meter and/or syllable.
#75.
What Are Examples of Fixed Form Poetry?
Melissa Venable/CC-BY-2.0. The term fixed form poem, also known as closed-form poem, simply means that the verse follows a specific or fixed way of being ...
#76.
The Critique Awards [Entries closed] - Form - Poetry - Wattpad
Read Form - Poetry from the story The Critique Awards [Entries closed] by Ice_Cold_Beauty (Ice Cold Beauty) with 79 reads. thecritiqueawards, join, contest.
#77.
Form in Poetry
Some famous examples of fixed forms include: The sonnet; The sestina; The villanelle; Blank verse. One Art. The art of losing isn't hard ...
#78.
Literary Terms and Definitions C - Cn
CLOSED POETIC FORM : Poetry written in a a specific or traditional pattern according to the required rhyme, meter, line length, line groupings, and number of ...
#79.
Close-Reading Poetry: An Overview
Mode can affect our expectations of a poem and the conventions the poet employs (or alters). Page 8. Close Reading: Step 2. Examine the poem's form and ...
#80.
List of 168 Poetic Forms for Poets | Types of Poems and Poetry
And I doubt we're anywhere near adding to the list (still have plenty of forms to discuss for future Poetic Form Fridays). This list is a ...
#81.
Poetry: Close Reading - Purdue OWL
positive space. How is the poem put together? Closed Form. Sonnets. 14 lines. Iambic pentameter. Rhyme scheme ...
#82.
The importance of Poetic Form - Guyana Chronicle
There are two main forms of poetry: closed(fixed) form- following specific rules, patterns and requirements; and open form (free verse) which ...
#83.
DB Form & Structure of Poetry - My Dashboard
Closed form poetry, also known as fixed form, consists of poems that follow patterns of lines, meter, rhymes, and stanzas, whereas open form ...
#84.
Poetry 101: What Is the Difference Between Blank Verse and ...
Free verse poetry is poetry that lacks a consistent rhyme scheme, metrical pattern, or musical form. While free verse poems are not devoid ...
#85.
7 Poetic Forms Year 8 Students Must Know | Poetry Guide
Form and Convention. Important terms; Open and closed forms; The importance of conventions · Ballad · Sonnet · Ode · Elegy · Villanelle · Blank Verse · Free Verse.
#86.
Form in poetry | Britannica
There is, first, the obvious external form of a rhymed, closed couplet in iambic pentameter (that is, five poetic “feet,” each consisting of an unstressed ...
#87.
Forms of Poetry
❖ Acrostic poems are free to rhyme or not rhyme and can be metered or free verse. Ballad. A short narrative poem with stanzas of two or four lines and ...
#88.
Journal | English homework help
For all of the poetry questions, be sure to discuss the technical aspects ... Select any closed form poem in the book and record yourself reading it aloud.
#89.
Form: The Shape of Poetry - Pearsoncustom.Com
The ballad is one of the oldest closed forms in English poetry. __f__ 11. The lyric has a more variable stanzaic form than the ode. __t__ 12. According to ...
#90.
12 Types of Poems: How to Recognize Them and Write Your ...
Concrete poetry is designed to take a particular shape or form on the page. ... The ship is anchor'd safe and sound, its voyage closed and done;
#91.
A Quick Introduction to the Technical Elements of Poetry
Traditional Verse -- sometimes referred to as "closed forms"; Free Verse -- sometimes referred to as "open forms"; Continuous Form; Stanzaic Form ...
#92.
Poetry Forms/Structures
Rhyme scheme is usually followed throughout the poem. Fixed (closed) vs Free (open) Form. Fixed forms of poetry follow a set of rules for the structure, ...
#93.
Poetry: General Terms
Closed forms include: Sonnets; Villanelles; Sestinas; Ballads… Poetry forms. Open form poetry – verse that has no set pattern of rhyme, line, or stanza.
No poem can escape having some kind of form, whether its lines are as various in length as tree's branches or all in hexameter. Writing in closed forms, ...
#95.
Ozymandias Form and Meter | Shmoop
A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem, whose ideal form is often attributed to the great Italian poet Petrarch. The Petrarchan sonnet is structured as an octave (8 ...
#96.
Contemporary Poetry - 第 26 頁 - Google 圖書結果
A closed form poem tends to adhere to a pattern which is readily identifiable in terms of its lines, metre and stanzas: for instance a sonnet has fourteen ...
closed form poetry 在 閱讀文章- 精華區poetry 的推薦與評價
格式, 在英詩裡, 是很重要的. 一般我們把英詩分為兩大類:
open form (free verse) 和 closed form (formal verse). 但
是現在的文學家比較不喜歡用 free verse 和 formal verse 這兩
種說法, 原因有二 -- 第一, free verse 其實並不全然是 "free"
的, 一個好的詩人還是會在不自覺中利用到結構, 既然有結構, 又
怎麼能說是 free 呢? 第二, verse 其實是跟 poetry 有點小差
別. Verse 是指有結構的詞句, 但是不一定要有很精湛的內容,
而 poetry 是一種強烈濃縮過後的文體, 所以也就應該要有相當濃
度的內容.
當然, open form 和 closed form 這種名稱也是有爭議的. 因為
"closed form" 給人家毫無變通的感覺 -- 這是相當錯誤的想法!
詩是人寫的, 格式也是人想的. 所以, 在運用格式上, 必須要能
夠有彈性. 那天心情高興就自己創造出幾種格式也無不可. 這才
是對待格式正確的態度.
Closed form 和 open form 的不同在於 closed form 有遵照一定
的規則, open form 則沒有. 比較一般的 closed form 有以下幾
種格式: blank verse, couplet, tercet, quatrain, sonnet,
villanelle, sestina, ballad, haiku, limerick, ode, epic 等
等. 說真的, 實在是講也講不完. 但是知道了這些也就應該差不
多了.
Blank verses 一般是以 iambic pentametre 來寫的, 在文藝復興
時代的義大利被發揚光大. 它的條件很簡單, 就是要每行都用一
樣的 metre, 然後, 不用押韻. 它是一種有彈性的格式 -- 雖然
有點像 open form, 但是卻比較有節奏感. 許多著名的詩人, 像
Marlowe, Shakespeare, Yeats, Milton, Pound, Frost, 等, 都
是擅用 blank verse 的高手. 使用這種格式時, 最重要的就是不
要為了成全 metre 而用出生硬的句子來. 每一句讀起來都應該要
很自然流暢才是.
Ballads 是一種敘述性的詩, 一般用來說故事, 並有一種如歌的特
質, 讓人家讀起來會有唱歌的感覺. 它的組成是以每段的第二行
和第四行押韻的方式, 每段四行, 每行用 iambic heptametre 組
合而成. 不過, 有的時候可以破例.
Couplets 是兩行一段的形式. 一般來說這兩行都會有相似的押韻
方式, 但是其實也不一定. 這種格式因為它在 metre 上有些限制
而又細分為 short couplet (iambic 或 trochaic tetrametre),
split couplet (第一行是 iambic pentametre, 第二行是 iambic
dimetre), heroic couplet (兩行都是 iambic pentametre, 然後
最後兩行要像 sonnet 一樣, 有一個結尾), alexandrine couplet
(alexandrine 又叫 iambic hexametre... 所以, 就是兩行都是
iambic hexametre), 和 qasida (是阿拉伯傳出的格式, 每一行都
要有相同的壓韻, 不限行數, metre). 一個 blank verse 的詩通
常都是處理一些比較悲傷孤獨的題材.
Haiku 這種格式, 是比較受爭議的. 不過大部份的人都同意它的
格式是三行 -- 第一行五個音節, 第二行七個音節, 第三行又回到
五個音節. 它不需要押韻, 但是因為極短, 所以在意境上也最為
精簡. 除了 5, 7, 5 這種組合以外, 其他的還有一種叫做 tanka
的 (5, 7, 5, 7, 5), 和另一種更短的 (3, 5, 3).
最近我回答了一些關於 haiku (俳句) 和 senryu (川柳) 的問題,
我想, 就挑一些段落放在這兒, 或許會對想了解 haiku 的人有用
吧!
"嗯, 俳句有一些條件... 首先, 它們必須有時間性, 嚴格一點的
會要求季節性, 也因此通常俳句會和自然景觀有關."
"俳句的英文是 haiku, 但這裡提到的 haiku 是 renga 的前三句
(也就是五音節, 七音節, 五音節那三句). 而在 renga 裡頭, 它
確切要求要有 kigo. kigo 是一個字眼 (抱歉, 我不知道它的中
文, 學這些時是在英文課學的), 一個和自然有關的字眼, 常見的
有 '月,' '風,' '雪,' '雨,' '花,' '樹,' 等..."
"為什麼會需要有時間性呢? 因為它追求的是一種意境, 是一種在
一瞬間中補捉生命的境界."
"俳句很重要的, 是一種禪意, 一種升華... 有一種常和俳句混淆
的, 英文叫 senryu (呃, 我知道這些英文都是從日文音譯而來的,
但是在英詩裡使用的 "規範" 是否和日詩相同我不敢確定, 所以只
好說 "它的英文" 而不是 "它的日文"), 好像就是川柳吧? 這種
詩的題材比較開放, 常常是詼諧的, 甚至政治的 -- 它也不用和自
然或時間扯上關係."
"但是, 最大的不同, 在於俳句把自己抽離畫面, 寫俳句的詩人力
求客觀 (在這裡說的客觀, 指敘述方式), 像攝影師一樣是站在相
機後頭, 洗出來的照片也不會拿筆在上面畫滿箭頭解釋自己在照什
麼. 而寫川柳的詩人, 則是設了時間後, 匆匆忙忙地衝入鏡頭扮
鬼臉的好友, 和鏡頭內的人物打成一片 -- 是主觀的, 是聒噪的,
是在畫面裡頭的."
"又, 如果真的必須選擇, 俳句是可以不顧 5-7-5 格式的, 舉個我
常舉的例子:
In a Station of the Metro
The apparition of these faces in the crowd;
Petals on a wet, black bough.
Ezra Pound
如果有去算音節的話, 會發現第一句有十二個音節, 第二句有七個
音節, 加起是十九個, 不是十七個, 也沒有分成三行. 沒分三行
的原因, 是因為近一百年來, 分行方式已經沒有那麼嚴格 -- 甚至
有只有一行的. 音節不符的原因, 我唯一能想到的解釋, 就是在
達到俳句的意境之後, 差個兩音節已經無所謂了... (題外話: 這
也是我一直不敢用英文寫俳句的原因, 用中文寫不好, 我可以拿中
文不好來做藉口, 用英文寫不好, 我就只能因為達不到那種意境而
心急了...)"
Limericks 是一種很有秩序的詩, 讀起來詼諧有趣, 一般來說很少
人會拿 limericks 來處理一些比較深沉的題材. 它有五行, 並且
相當注意節奏. 第一, 二, 五行以三個 anapestic feet (也就是
"輕重輕輕重輕輕重"), 第三, 四行以兩個 anapestic feet (就是
"輕輕重輕輕重") 組成. 不過第一, 二, 五行的第一個音節通常
都省掉了.
Tercets 和 quatrains 的限制比較鬆散. 一個 tercet 是三行一
段, 而一個 quatrain 則是四行一段. 它們可以押韻, 也可以不
押韻, 在 metre 上的限制也是可有可無. 但是我們來談談在
metre 上有限制的 tercets 和 quatrains 好了. 首先在 tercet
下又可以細分為 enclosed tercet (以 "aba" 方式來壓韻, 也就
是第一和第三壓同樣的韻), Sicilian tercet (這個其實也就是
enclosed tercet, 只是它每行必須要是 iambic pentametre),
terza rima (以 "aba bcb cdc ded..." 方式來壓韻, 有點像一環
一環的圈, 一直下去), 還有 villanelle, 但是 villanelle (也
就是暱稱 "詩人的惡夢" 的格式) 因為太複雜了, 所以一般都把它
算是另外一種格式.
在這裡先給大家欣賞一首 Dylan Thomas 的 villanelle.
Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night
Do not go gentle into that good night,
Old age should burn and rave at close of day;
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
Though wise men at their end know dark is right,
Because their words had forked no lightning they
Do not go gentle into that good night,
Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright
Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay,
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight,
And learn, too late, they grieved it on its way,
Do not go gentle into that good night,
Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight
Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay,
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
And you, my father, there on the sad height,
Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray.
Do not go gentle into that good night,
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
Villanelles 是從法國傳出來的格式, 有 19 行, 可是只用兩種押
韻, 並且在每一段中一定都要有兩行一樣 (完全一樣喔...), 前五
段是每段三行, 最後一段有四行. 它第一段的第一行是第二, 四
段的最後一行. 然後第一段的第三行, 是第三, 五段的最後一行.
然後第一段的第一, 三行又分別是第六段的第三, 四行.
有一種特別的 villanelle, 叫做 terzanelle (從 terza rima 轉
來), 比較簡單一些. 它每一段的第二行, 要和下一段的最後一行
相同, 然後第五段的第二行, 和第六段的第三行相同.
其實, villanelle 並沒有限定每行的長度, 或是 metre. 但是很
多詩人都偏好 iambic pentametre. 嗯, 其實用 villanelle 這
種格式寫詩, 會有一種利用使人發狂的格式把情感逼出來的感覺,
很特別, 也很有成就感. 但是要注意的是, 不要為了符合它的格
式而讓一首詩看起來好像六首詩似的, 這樣就真的很糟糕了...
至於 quatrains, 則可細分為 alternating quatrain ("abab" 方
式來押韻的), arch stanza (或叫做 envelope stanza, 它是以
"abba" 方式來押韻), memoriam stanza (其實就是 arch stanza,
但是必須每行以 iambic tetrametre 來寫), Italian quatrain
(這也是 arch stanza, 但是以 iambic pentametre 來寫),
Sicilian quatrain (其實這個跟 Italian quatrain 很像, 只是
Italian quatrain 是以 "abba" 方式來押韻, Sicilian quatrain
則是以 "abab" 方式), redondilla (一種西班牙傳出的格式, 可
以由 "abba", "abab", 或 "aabb" 三種方式來押韻), hymnal
stanza (其實就是 alternating quatrain, 但是每段的第一, 三
行要以 iambic tetrametre 來寫, 而第二, 四行要以 iambic
trimetre 來寫, 也有不用 "abab" 而以 "abcb" 方式來押韻的),
pantoum (這是馬來西亞傳出來的格式, 比較 villanelle 的難度
有過之而無不及 -- 它不限 metre, 行數, 段數, 但是每一段的
二, 四行, 必須是第下一段的一, 三行, 然後最後一行的二, 四
行, 更要是第一行的一, 三行... 當然, 不用說也知道這不大可
能, 所以有時只要求壓韻的字要完全一樣).
再來就談到 sonnets 了. Sonnet 最先是在義大利出現的, 並被
用來處理有關愛情的題材. 它有十四行, 用 iambic pentametre
(每行都要), 而且在內容上有要求 (必須要有主題的呈現, 然後接
著答覆), 也因此詩人在控制文章節奏上的訓練就變成很重要. 板
主認為這種格式是給剛寫詩的人一個很好的練習. 大致上來說,
sonnet 可以細分為四種, 其中 Italian sonnet (又叫 petrarchan
sonnet, 以 "abba abba cde cde" 或 "abba abba cdc dcd" 方式
來押韻, 其中 "abba abba" 是主題, 剩下的是答覆) 和 English
sonnet (又叫 shakespearean sonnet, 以 "abab cdcd efef gg"
方式來押韻, 以前 12 為主題, 剩下的兩行為答覆) 最為常見.
其他的還有 spenserian sonnet (以 "abab bcbc cdcd ee" 方式
來押韻), 和 arch sonnet (又叫 envelope sonnet, 以 "abba
cddc efgefg" 或 "abba cddc efefef" 方式來押韻).
一首 sestina 的結構其實蠻複雜的, 而且非常具有挑戰性. 跟
villanelle 一樣, sestina 也是從法國來的 (法國人怎麼那麼喜
歡結構複雜的詩啊?)... 它有七個段, 前六段每段有六行 (這種
段落叫做 sestet), 最後一段是三行 (最後一段有特別的名字, 叫
envoi). 它前六段押韻的方式是 "abcdef faebdc cfdabe ecbfad
deacfb bdfeca", 最後一段是 "abc" 或是 "def" 的形式. 一個
好的 sestina 它並不是只有單純的押韻, 而是用完全一樣的字.
一首 sestina 通常要整首寫完後, 才能隱約感覺的到那種在文字
後隱藏的力量. 一般來說, 它並沒有 metre 上的限制, 但是板主
認為如果全部都用 iambic pentametre 會比較有趣. 寫出來的
sestina 也比較有力量.
最後提到 ode 和 epic. Ode 的定義有很多種, 但是一般來說,
它必須要拿一件有意義的事情來當它的題材, 並且要使用明確的格
式. 此外, 標題上還必須要有 "ode" 這個字. 至於 epic, 一般
都是以英雄事蹟來作為它的題材. 兩者都沒有特別的在 metre 上
做限制, 算是以題材來分類的詩.
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