關於 the sound of silence分析 ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

[英文學習] 到底該如何閱讀英文？

Extensive, intensive, or narrow reading? What is skimming and scanning?

英語學習者經常被要求在課堂上以多種方式閱讀。有些學習者被要求開口朗誦，讀出每個單詞。有些學習者則默念於心以理解文本。但默讀時，學習者該略讀其要義還是掃讀關鍵細節？抑或專注於語言功能還是練習閱讀策略？

English learners are often asked to read in diverse ways in the classroom. Some are asked to read orally and sound out each word. Others are told to read silently for comprehension. However, when reading silently, should learners skim for essential meanings or scan for key details? Or should they focus on linguistic features and practice reading strategies?

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Oral Reading

在找到一種閱讀方法之前，讓我們來檢視一下不同的閱讀類型。朗誦需要老師或學生大聲地朗讀，並幫助學生掌握聲韻，幫助他們改進語調、腔調、重音與節奏。默讀則包含精讀、泛讀以及窄式閱讀。

Before we can address these questions and find a suitable reading approach, let’s examine what the different reading types are.

Oral reading involves the teacher or students reading aloud and helps students to develop prosody, improving their intonation, tone, stress, and rhythm. Silent reading consists of intensive, extensive, and narrow reading, amongst others.

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Intensive Reading

精讀需要學習者在特定的學習目標與任務中進行精細的閱讀。這通常是課堂上的要求，學生須專注在文法及標示語等細節。同時學生還須辨別關鍵詞彙，並在老師的指導下仔細且反覆地閱讀文本。其目的在於建立語言知識以及對字面意涵、言外之意與修辭關係的理解。閱讀材料通常是少於５００字的文本，因為較長的文本可能導致閱讀時難以關注到所有細節。

Intensive reading refers to reading in detail with specific learning aims and tasks. It is typically classroom-based, and students focus on features such as grammar and discourse markers. Students also identify key vocabulary, and text is read carefully and repeatedly with instructor input. The aim is to build language knowledge and understanding of literal meaning, implications, and rhetorical relationships. The materials used are usually shorter texts of 500 words or less at a time because it might be too difficult to focus on so many details with longer texts.

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Narrow Reading

窄式閱讀可被視為一種特殊的精讀，它是基於「可理解輸入」此一概念，意即學生閱讀略高於自身語言能力的材料。如此一來，在老師的協助下，學生得以輕鬆地專注於新的語言特徵。在練習窄式閱讀時，教師通常會找同一作者或同一主題的文章。因此，關鍵詞彙與文法結構會重複出現，學生便有更多機會在稍異的文本中看到這些特徵。這是一種非常成功的方法，因為它可以增進學生對文本的理解。

Narrow reading can be classified as a specific type of intensive reading. It is based on the concept of comprehensible input, in which students read materials slightly above their current linguistic abilities. In this way, students can easily focus on new language features with the aid of their teacher. When practicing narrow reading, teachers can find texts by the same author or the same topic. Thus, key vocabulary and grammatical structures repeat themselves, and students get many opportunities to see these features in slightly different contexts. It is a highly successful method because the comprehension of the text is enhanced due to learner familiarity with the author and subject matter.

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Extensive Reading, Scanning & Skimming

另一方面，泛讀需要學習者閱讀較長的文章，甚至閱讀整本小說以自娛並發展一般的閱讀技巧。泛讀經常是課外活動，因為老師可能會覺得這無法有效利用課堂時間，或者老師不希望課堂上太過安靜。

泛讀可能需要兩項技能：掃讀與略讀。我們可以掃讀關鍵細節或略讀要義。略讀與掃讀可使讀者大致掌握文本涵意。這並非意味著您在精讀時就不能略讀或掃讀，只是精讀通常專注在學習並理解語言特徵。當代的教育政策格外強調泛讀，因為我們期許學習者可以自主學習，並在課外進行閱讀。就其核心理念而言，泛讀鼓勵語言學習者讀其所愛！

On the other hand, extensive reading involves learners reading longer texts and even complete novels for enjoyment, and it aids learners in developing general reading skills. Extensive reading is usually done outside the classroom because teachers might feel it is not an effective use of class time, or are just uncomfortable with the extended silence.

Scanning and skimming are two skills commonly used in extensive reading. Readers can scan for key details or skim for essential meaning. Reading quickly with skimming and scanning can give readers a global or general understanding of the materials. This does not mean students cannot skim or scan when reading intensively, but typically, intensive reading focuses on learning and understanding linguistic features. Extensive reading is stressed in contemporary education policies, as learners are expected to be autonomous and read outside of class. At its core, extensive reading encourages language learners to read what they like!

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How should you read?

既然您已大致瞭解這幾種閱讀方式，您決定好要使用哪一種了嗎？答案是——您需要視情況而定！若您想進行泛讀，可閱讀更多有趣的新聞。若想精讀，您可以分析段落並與老師以及同學們回答問題。若想使用窄式閱讀，您可以找同一作者的同一主題文章，並專注在語言特徵。有些人甚至想以朗誦的方式來加強韻律或是重複閱讀來增加流暢度。

Now that you have a glimpse of different reading approaches, have you decided which you will use? The "answer" is that you need each for a different situation! You can practice extensive reading when reading for pleasure, or intensive reading when analyzing paragraphs with your teachers and peers. As for narrow reading, you can find articles by the same author on the same topic and focus on language features. Some might even want to practice oral reading to improve prosody or repeated reading to increase fluency.

訓練有素的老師可以傳授您各種不同的閱讀方法與策略，如此您便可自行練習。但即便您知道該怎麼做，您是否有足夠的決心與毅力？您該如何選擇閱讀材料並且積累閱讀策略呢？

A trained teacher can provide you with approaches and strategies for each situation so you can practice them on your own. However, even when you know how to read, do you have the determination and perseverance to read or do so much? How do you select the right materials, and how do you acquire reading strategies?

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Narrow Reading Course

如果您需要這些閱讀技巧與學習方法，也想練習窄式閱讀，那麼王梓沅老師的英文課程可以幫助到您。王梓沅老師將窄式閱讀拓展為窄式學習法，在不同的媒體上關注同一作者的同一主題資料。他的課程還使用「成長心態」與「恆毅力」學習法，傳授學習者如何開始並持之以恆，而後成為自己成功路上的最佳導師！

If you need these reading and learning strategies and want to practice narrow reading, Alexander Wang’s course is the one for you. Alex expands the narrow reading approach into narrow learning, focusing on effective language learning by using materials from the same author, the same theme, but different media. His class also guides students in developing a growth mindset with an emphasis on grit, teaching learners how they can start and sustain their learning.

The class aims to help learners become their own teachers on their English learning journey!

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Check out his class here:

限時折扣，最後倒數 >>> https://bit.ly/34DG64O

推薦該課程的所有收益將捐獻給慈善機構。在收到資金並完成捐贈後，我將會發表一個公告。

All proceeds from the referral of the class will be donated to charity. I will make an announcement when the funds are received and donated.

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References

Gardner, D. (2008). Vocabulary recycling in children's authentic reading materials: A corpus-based investigation of narrow reading. Reading in a Foreign Language, 20(1), 92-122.

Krashen, S. (2004). The case for narrow reading. Language Magazine 3(5):17-19.

MacLeod, M. (2013). Types of Reading. Retrieved April 14, 2020.

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[時事英文] 世界衛生組織為何被批為「CHO」？
　
閱讀時，請務必檢視所有行為背後的動機，並探索其它觀點。同學們可以在這裡找到不同的觀點： https://bit.ly/39Z1y5v（影片63分鐘後有分析動機）
　
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《紐約時報》報導：
　
President Trump unleashed a tirade against the World Health Organization on Tuesday, accusing it of acting too slowly to sound the alarm about the coronavirus. It was not the first time in this pandemic that the global health body has faced such criticism. In Japan, Taro Aso, the deputy prime minister and finance minister, recently noted that some people have started referring to the World Health Organization as the “Chinese Health Organization” because of what he described as its close ties to Beijing. Taiwanese officials say the W.H.O. ignored its early warnings about the virus because China refuses to allow Taiwan, a self-governing island it claims as its territory, to become a member.
　
1、unleash 突然釋放；使爆發
2、tirade 長篇的抨擊性演說
3、face criticisms 面臨批評
4、deputy prime minister 副首相
5、note (v.) that… 提及⋯⋯；注意到⋯⋯
6、refer to (sb/sth) as (sb/sth) 將⋯⋯稱作*
7、sound the alarm 敲響警鐘；發出危險的訊號；引起警覺
8、close ties with 與⋯⋯的密切關係
9、self-governing 自治
　
週二，川普總統對世界衛生組織發起抨擊，指責該組織行動太慢，未及時就新冠病毒發出警報。在此次疫情中，這家全球衛生機構不是第一次面臨這樣的批評。日本副首相兼財務大臣麻生太郎最近稱，由於該組織與北京關係密切，有大量聲音將世界衛生組織稱為「中國衛生組織」。臺灣官員說，世界衛生組織忽視了有關該病毒的早期警告，這是因為中國拒絕臺灣成為世界衛生組織成員，聲稱該自治島嶼為其領土的一部分。
　
*refer to:
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/refer+to+as
https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/refer+to+as
　
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Critics say the W.H.O. has been too trusting of the Chinese government, which initially tried to conceal the outbreak in Wuhan. Others have faulted the organization and its leader, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, for moving too slowly in declaring a global health emergency.
　
10、conceal 隱蔽；隱瞞
11、fault (v.) 指責；挑……毛病；找……的缺點
12、a global health emergency 全球衛生緊急事件
　
評論人士稱，世界衛生組織一直以來過於信任中國政府，而中國政府最初試圖掩蓋武漢的疫情。還有人指責該組織及其領導人譚德塞在宣布全球衛生緊急事件方面行動太慢。
　
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The W.H.O., a United Nations agency, has defended its response, saying on Wednesday it alerted the world to the threat posed by the virus in a timely manner and that it was “committed to ensuring all member states are able to respond effectively to this pandemic.” The agency’s defenders say its powers over any individual government are limited, and that it has done the best it can in dealing with a public health threat with few precedents in history. There will be time later to assess successes and failings, “this virus and its shattering consequences.”
　
13、be posed by 由……所構成
14、in a timely manner 及時；在適當的時間內
15、be committed to 致力於；投入
16、have power over sb/sth 對⋯⋯有影響力（或操控力）
17、precedent 先例；慣例；判例
18、there will be time later to 之後將有……的時候
19、assess success and failings 評判成敗
20、shattering consequence 破壞性後果
　
身為聯合國機構的世界衛生組織對此作出了辯護，它在週三表示，自己已向世界發出警報，及時提醒人們該病毒所構成的威脅，並「致力於確保所有會員國都能有效應對該流行病疫情」。該機構的辯護者說，它對任何一個政府能行使的權力都是有限的，並且它已經盡了最大努力，來處理這個幾乎前所未見的公衛威脅。今後會有評判成敗以及評估「這種病毒及其破壞性後果」的時候。
　
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When cases of a mysterious viral pneumonia first appeared in Wuhan in December, Chinese health officials silenced whistle-blowers and repeatedly played down the severity of the outbreak. Even as late as mid-January, as the virus spread beyond China’s borders, Chinese officials described it as “preventable and controllable” and said there was no evidence it could be transmitted between humans on a broad scale. The W.H.O. endorsed the government’s claims, saying in mid-January, for example, that human-to-human transmission had not been proven.
　
21、viral pneumonia 病毒性肺炎
22、silence (v.) 使噤聲；使沉默
23、play down 對……作低調處理；淡化……的重要性（或糟糕程度）
24、severity (n.) 嚴重性
25、preventable and controllable 可防止的與可控制的（可防可控）
26、on a broad scale 廣泛地
27、endorse (v.)（公開）認可，支持；宣傳，吹捧
28、human-to-human transmission 人傳人
　
去年１２月，當武漢首現神秘的病毒性肺炎病例時，中國的衛生官員使吹哨人噤聲，並一再淡化疫情的嚴重性。甚至到了１月中旬，隨著該病毒傳播到中國境外，中國官員還稱其「可防可控」，並表示未發現明顯人傳人證據。世界衛生組織認可中國政府的說法，例如，它在1月中旬稱，人傳人現象尚未得到證實。
　
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Critics say the organization’s repeated deference to Beijing exacerbated the spread of the disease. A group of international experts was not allowed to visit Wuhan until mid-February. W.H.O. officials were slow to declare a public health emergency, critics say. Even as the virus spread to more than half a dozen countries and forced China to place parts of Hubei Province under lockdown in late January, the W.H.O. was reluctant to declare it a global health emergency. W.H.O. officials said at the time that a committee that discussed the epidemic was divided on the question of whether to call it an emergency, but concluded that it was too early. One official added that they weighed the impact such a declaration might have on the people of China.
　
29、deference (n.) to 服從；遵從
30、exacerbate 使惡化；使加劇
31、place (v.) …under lockdown 將……置於封鎖之中
32、reluctant 不情願的
33、conclude 斷定；作出結論
34、add 補充說；繼續說
35、weigh the impact 權衡此一衝擊
　
批評人士說，該組織對北京的再三遵從加劇了疾病的傳播。一組國際專家直到２月中旬才被允許訪問武漢。這次，世界衛生組織官員遲遲不宣布進入公共衛生緊急狀態。批評人士道。儘管該病毒擴散到六個以上的國家，並迫使中國在１月下旬封鎖湖北省部分地區，但世界衛生組織仍不願宣布這是全球衛生緊急事件。世界衛生組織官員當時表示，一個討論疫情的委員會在是否宣布緊急事件的問題上存在分歧，但最後得出的結論是現在下結論為時過早。一位官員補充說，他們權衡了這樣的聲明可能對中國人民產生的影響。
　
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China’s leader, Xi Jinping, has made it a priority to strengthen Beijing’s clout at international institutions, including the W.H.O., seeing the American-dominated global order as an impediment to his country’s rise as a superpower. China contributes only a small fraction of the W.H.O.’s $6 billion budget, while the United States is one of its main benefactors. But in recent years, Beijing has worked in other ways to expand its influence at the organization. The government has lobbied the W.H.O. to promote traditional Chinese medicine, which Mr. Xi has worked to harness as a source of national pride and deployed as a soft-power tool in developing countries, despite skepticism from some scientists about its effectiveness.
　
36、clout 權勢；影響力
37、the American-dominated global order 美國主導的全球秩序
38、impediment 阻礙；障礙物
39、superpower 霸權
40、benefactor 捐助者；贊助者
41、lobby (v.) 遊說
42、traditional Chinese medicine 中藥
43、harness 控制；利用……的動力
44、soft-power 軟實力
45、national pride 民族自豪感；民族自尊
46、skepticism 懷疑論；懷疑的態度
　
中國領導人習近平將美國主導的全球秩序視為中國崛起為超級大國的障礙，他把加強北京在世界衛生組織等國際機構中的影響力作為一項優先任務。在世界衛生組織６０億美元的預算中，中國的出資只佔一小部分，而美國是它的主要捐助者之一。但近年來，北京通過其他方式擴大自己在該組織中的影響力。中國政府一直遊說世界衛生組織推廣中藥，習近平曾利用它作為增進民族自豪感的源泉，並將其作為軟實力工具部署在發展中國家，儘管一些科學家懷疑它的有效性。
　
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Last year, the W.H.O. offered an endorsement of traditional Chinese medicine, including it in its influential medical compendium. China has sought to promote traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of symptoms of the coronavirus both at home and abroad. Last month, the W.H.O. was criticized after it removed a warning against taking traditional herbal remedies to treat the coronavirus from its websites in mainland China. China’s role at the W.H.O. will probably continue to grow in the coming years, especially if Western governments retreat from the organization, as Mr. Trump has threatened.
　
47、endorsement 支持；簽署
48、compendium 綱要
49、at home and abroad 國內外（在國內與國外）
50、herbal remedy 草藥療法*
51、treat (v.) the coronavirus 治療冠狀病毒
　
去年，世界衛生組織提出支持中藥，將其納入該組織頗具影響力的醫學綱要。中國一直尋求在國內外推廣治療新冠病毒癥狀的中藥。上個月，世界衛生組織在其中國大陸的網站上刪除了一條關於不要使用傳統草藥治療冠狀病毒的警告，該組織因此受到了批評。未來幾年，中國在世界衛生組織的作用可能會繼續增強，尤其是如果西方政府像川普威脅的那樣退出該組織的話。
　
＊按《劍橋詞典》，「herb」之定義為「a type of plant whose leaves are used in cooking to give flavour to particular dishes or in making medicine」，意即以植物的「葉子」製作藥材；其形容詞作「herbal」。再按《教育部重編國語辭典修訂本》，「藥草」意為「可供治病的草本植物」，而「草本植物」即「草質莖植物的總稱，屬開花植物」，故「herb」當譯作「藥草」，「herbal」則為「藥草的」。惟「草藥」係「取自植物界的藥材」，慮及中醫的藥材並非僅限於「草本植物」，此處遂將「herbal remedy」譯作「草藥療法」容較妥切。
　
《紐約時報》完整報導：https://nyti.ms/2V2ewes
　
圖片出處：https://bit.ly/2V5gQRH
　
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時事英文大全：http://bit.ly/2WtAqop
　
時事英文講義: https://bit.ly/2XmRYXc
　
如何使用「時事英文」：https://bit.ly/3a9rr38
　
＃國際關係時事英文

個人主義如果已來到盡頭，那隨之而來的會是甚麼？

人固然把自我放在第一位，為自我設想是一切行為的基礎，不過在舊世界裡，自我從不要緊，人類的焦點是神、是王、是哲學、是藝術、是科學……去到文明的後期，自我的主體地位才開始提升，這要拜幾個開山祖師所賜——1604年，塞萬提斯發明了現代小說，文本愈來愈重視大大小小的角色如何彰顯自我；1801年，貝多芬開啟了浪漫時期，強調藝術要為個人的情感表達服務；1885年，佛洛伊德奠下現代精神分析和心理學發展基礎。還有很多很多偉人承傳這條發掘自我之路，直到1937年，世人從希特勒、史太林身上瞧見了極端自我的極端恐怖，這可以被視為人類史上最盛大的一次反暴君行動。雖然在他們身後，暴君還會陸續出現，但相比之下後來者就失色得多，失去了自我的特質，可以被互相取代，僅剩下邪惡的殘餘象徵。

繼承「自我」這個光環的不再是歷史巨人、藝術家或思想家，而是一位位明星。他們在鎂光燈襯托下魅力四射，自我薄弱的大眾為之神魂顛倒，他們的私生活更成為輿論的寶藏，直到戴妃之死，人們才稍為收斂。可是，來到現在，人們對明星的興致已經大減，有人甚或慨嘆這個世代再也沒有明星，歸咎這一切一切都是後來者不濟造成。不是的，我認為更貼切的答案是個人主義已來到了它的盡頭。

很簡單的道理，個人主義能夠抬起皆因它舊時一直被世界輕忽，但當世上每一個個人都被高舉的時候，個人主義又何從再被提起呢？它倒變成一種欺壓大家的東西，後遺是集體頹廢，淡然的失落，像派對狂歡後的空虛。這空虛可怕在沒有甚麼可以填滿，甚或說現代文明還在熊熊地運作，背後的動力就是為了充塞這份空虛。我們都迷失方向，不知從哪裡去好，卻遲遲不肯向這個新的舊時代來個了斷式告別。

而作曲家馬勒的偉大，緣於他預視到貝多芬所開立的道路已經走到盡頭，而他自己則是這條路上的最後一人了。他可以怎樣？開一條新路讓後來者走下去嗎？悲觀的馬勒，就像遊樂園的守門人，拿起第九交響曲這條鑰匙，關上了這座殿堂的大閘。這首作品的主題只有一個——告別——所有價值都逐一死去了，人只能逐一說再見。他寫這首作品的時候沒有意識到，自己亦快要猝逝了。

Bernstein形容終樂章的最後幾個小節是慄怖而麻痺人心的，因為它準確描寫出死亡，快將斷氣的死亡：

「And so we come to the final incredible page. And this page, I think, is the closest we have ever come, in any work of art, to experiencing the very act of dying, of giving it all up. The slowness of this page is terrifying: Adagissimo, he writes, the slowest possible musical direction; and then langsam (slow), ersterbend (dying-away), zögern (hesitating); and as if all those were not enough to indicate the near stoppage of time, he adds äusserst langsam (extremely slow) in the very last bars. It is terrifying, and paralyzing, as the strands of sound disintegrate. We hold on to them, hovering between hope and submission. And one by one, these spidery strands connecting us to life melt away, vanish from our fingers even as we hold them. We cling to them as they dematerialize; we are holding two -- then one. One, and suddenly none. For a petrifying moment there is only silence. Then again, a strand, a broken strand, two strands, one...none. We are 'half in love with easeful death...now more than ever seems it rich to die, to cease upon the midnight with no pain'...And in ceasing, we lose it all. But in letting go, we have gained everything.」

在絕望的盡頭，人注定要活下去，末日論已經過時，文明仍要生生不息。儘管把眼前的人世當作死後的世界來活吧，或者我們會有幸開出一條新路。

作者

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作者首本小說《地球另一端》序言書室有售，亦已接受網購，每本連郵費港幣$75，歡迎inbox洽訂。下一本小說《捉姦》亦即將面世。

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