[詞彙區別] rather than 與 instead of 的用法區別
1. instead of 是介係詞,意思為「代替; 寧願」,instead of 需搭配名詞或動名詞 (ving )。
He chose tea instead of coffee.
他選擇了茶,而不是咖啡。
Instead of punishing George,* his father praised him for his honesty.
George的爸爸不但沒有處罰他,反而還稱讚了George的誠實。
*instead of 放在句首時,記得要打逗號,以區分主句和 instead of 片語。
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2. rather than 當連接詞時意為「是…而不是…」
We use “rather than” to give more importance to one thing when two alternatives or preferences are being compared.
當句子中針對2個選項在進行比較的時候,我們常會運用 rather than 這個連結詞去加強其中一件事情本身相對較高的重要性。其前後所連接的兩個字在詞性和結構上必須相稱。
He was happy (adj.) rather than sad (adj.).
他是快樂而非難過的。
She ate her meal slowly (adv.) rather than quickly (adv.).
她慢條斯理地而不是快速地用餐。
Can we come over in the morning (prep. phrase) rather than at night (prep. phrase)?
我們可以早上而不要晚上過去嗎 ?
She wants to be a professor (n.) rather than a high school teacher (n.).
她想要成為的是一位教授,而非一位高中老師。
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3. 另一個常見的用法是would rather...than...,指「寧可…而不願….」,此處的rather than也是被當成連接詞作使用,其後接原形動詞。「寧願…而不願…」句型中的rather than通常不會被放在句首,常用的表達方式如下:
I would rather stay home than go out tonight.
我寧願待在家也不要和你出去。
She would rather play the drums than sing.
比起唱歌,她寧願打鼓。
I would rather sing a song than dance on stage.
我寧可唱首歌也不要上台跳舞。
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4. rather than 可作「介系詞」用,表「而不是…」之意,其句型為:rather than ( = instead of ) + n / v-ing*
Sometimes John drinks orange juice rather than ( = instead of ) milk.
John 有時候會喝柳橙汁,而不是牛奶。
Tina went to bed early rather than ( = instead of ) staying up late.
Tina 早就上床睡覺了,而沒有熬夜。
*有一些人會認為 rather than 後面接動名詞是非正式用法,請看以下的說明。
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※注意
A. 當 rather than 連接兩個字詞做為句子的主詞時,其動詞單複數變化須以第一個字詞為主。
The teacher (subject) rather than the students is (verb) to blame.
該受責備的是老師而不是學生。
B. 當主要子句有動詞,不定詞 (to v.) 時 to 在 rather than 後通常省略,rather than 後直接搭配原形動詞 (此時 rather than 被當成對等連接詞,其前後所連接的兩個字在詞性和結構上必須相稱) 。
He prefers to walk (to v.) rather than (to) run (v.).
他想要用走的,而不是跑的。
C. 當主要子句有動詞,rather than 後可接動詞。此時 rather than 視為連接詞。
He walks (v.) rather than runs (v.) to school every day.
他走路,而不是每天跑到學校的。
主要的動詞是過去式或是過去分詞時,rather than 後可接動名詞 v-ing(此時 rather than 被當成介系詞)。原因是有些人覺得對稱構句如果被應用在這裡並不適當,而另一方面,連接動名詞 (v-ing) 也可有加強敘述事件內容的含義。
The American Heritage Book of English Usage: A Practical and Authoritative Guide to Contemporary English: http://goo.gl/BF3VZa
Rather than ending the controversy, the results of the study added to it.
Rather than paying the taxi fare, he walked home.
Why didn't you ask for help, rather than trying to do it on your own?
She made students think for themselves, rather than telling them what to think.
Rather than studying Chemistry we decided to study Anatomy
rather than 後可接動名詞 (v-ing)
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/rather
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/rather?q=rather+than&searchDictCode=all
http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/rather_1
http://blog.cybertranslator.idv.tw/archives/2847
E. 有些人會認定說 rather than 只能被當成連結詞去做使用,不太會被當成介系詞。但其實在日常生活的應用上並沒有甚麼區別。
我的建議是:當你在考試的時候,如果將 rather than 當成連接詞的話,就必須要確認其前後所連接的兩個詞彙,它們在詞性和結構上必須要相稱;那另一方面,把 instead of 和動名詞及名詞片語搭配使用。當然,你最好還是要能夠去區分這兩種用法在詞意上實際的差異,所以,前述的建議是要幫助各位同學在面對考試的過程中,穩扎穩打,不輕易失分。
F. Rather than 和 instead of 在被當成介系詞使用時,還會有另一項差異: rather than 常被用來表達人物對於句子中,rather than 前方選項的偏好;而 instead of 則是以替代性質的詞意為主。
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Sources:
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/would-rather-would-sooner
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/rather?q=rather+than&searchDictCode=all
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rather%20than
www.azargrammar.com/GerundsInfinsImpRules.pdf
http://josecarilloforum.com/forum/index.php?topic=6136.0
http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/ratherthan.html
http://blog.cybertranslator.idv.tw/archives/2847
http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/11/insteadinstead-ofrather-than.html
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詞彙區別: http://goo.gl/xnhtQg
名詞片語what to do 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最佳貼文
[學生常犯的寫作錯誤1]
學習者應該怎麼修正自己的錯誤?
https://www.dropbox.com/s/l7w3d0c7xmam0lw/AWFAQ2.pdf?dl=0
1. He can’t leave early because he has many works to do. [X]
He can’t leave early because he has a lot of work to do. [O]
He can’t leave early because he has many projects to do. [O]
解釋: work 當工作時是不可數名詞,只有當藝術,文學,和音樂的作品時才可數 (works of art)。
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2. Reading daily helps people learn a lot of knowledge. [X]
Reading daily helps people acquire a lot of knowledge. [O]
解釋: learn 是學習而 knowledge 是知識,學問。你只可以獲得知識而不是學習知識。
請多參考配詞辭典: http://www.ozdic.com/collocation-dictionary/knowledge
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3. About a million people in the region are lack of drinking water because of a prolonged drought. [X]
About a million people in the region lack of drinking water because of a prolonged drought. [X]
About a million people in the region lack access to drinking water because of a prolonged drought. [O]
Where there is a lack of water, there is conflict. [O]
Reports of the drought and exactly what is happening are lacking. [O]
The new government is lacking in experience. [O]
解釋: 在這裡 lack是一個及物動詞,所以可直接接受詞。補充:當lack是名詞時,則必須用of (lack of water = 名詞片語) 。Lacking是形容詞,使用時可以加入介係詞 in 來連接名詞。
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/lack?q=lack
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/lacking?q=lacking
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4. Many people choose not to attend the university after high school. [X]
Many people choose not to attend university after high school. [O]
解釋: 在表示處於某種狀態或從事某種活動的抽象概念時不用定冠詞the,指定哪一所大學時才會在這裡用定冠詞。
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5 A list of names and numbers are on the table. [X]
A list of names and numbers is on the table. [O]
解釋:主詞後面的介系詞片語,只作修飾用,因此一致性只需看名詞的部分。
The country's leading export are cameras. [X]
The country’s leading export is cameras. [O]
解釋: be 動詞要和它的主詞一致,和補語無關,不要被混淆了!
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6. Steve Jobs, the former CEO of Apple, has died for almost three years. [X]
Steve Jobs, the former CEO of Apple, has been dead (adj.) for almost three years. [O]
Steve Jobs the former CEO of Apple, passed away (euphemism--婉轉說法) three years ago. [O]
解釋: 中文裡沒有「動作動詞」與「狀態動詞」的區分,不論是解釋動作或狀態往往都用同一個字詞來表示,但是在英文書寫時就容易出問題了。上列的句子皆是表示動作發生之後的某種狀態,所以不能再用”動作動詞”來描述,應該用”狀態”來表達。
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7. The students forget to bring their homework assignments to school today. [X]
The students forgot to bring their homework assignments to school today. [O]
解釋:現在式表示「事實」,但當在敘述你忘記某件事情時,因為你是在”過去”忘記這件事,所以用過去式。
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8. He becomes an excellent student after a sincere talk with his teacher. [X]
He became an excellent student after a sincere talk with his teacher. [O]
解釋: “他變成了一個好學生…”這是表示明顯改變的動詞。因為是敘述過去的改變,所以要用過去式。
(改變-become是在講這句話之前就已經發生的事,所以用過去式,但如果要說他現在是一位好學生,直接用He is an excellent student來表示)
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9. The ambassador answered the difficult question with warmth and in a humorous way. [X]
The ambassador answered the difficult question with warmth (n.) and humor (n.). [O]
解釋: 為了要表達一些地位平等的想法,英文使用平衡結構 (Parallelism),將兩個字詞或句子用以下幾種方式連接起來,所連接的兩邊要使用一樣的時態、詞類等,以求平衡。
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10. People should stop to smoke as soon as possible. [X]
People should stop smoking as soon as possible. [O]
解釋:句子要表達的是人應該停止抽菸。由於把抽菸當作一件具體的事件,所以應該使用動名詞,若使用不定詞,則代表人應該停下來去抽菸。
Common Writing Errors [學生常犯的寫作錯誤]
I. https://www.dropbox.com/s/rm0lxlbo1cdj9dn/CEI.pdf
II. https://www.dropbox.com/s/88vl5h6tbud4cm4/CE2.pdf
III. http://tinyurl.com/mq2n234
IV. http://tinyurl.com/jwhm6f3
名詞片語what to do 在 [問題] 名詞片語(how to do it) - 精華區teaching - 批踢踢實業坊 的推薦與評價
我現在的困難是學生要我教名詞片語和名詞子句的代換
比如說
I don't know what I should do.
間接問句(名詞子句)what I should do改成
名詞片語就變成
I don't know what to do.
備課用書說:
疑問詞what 和 who 是代名詞
當to + 原V的受詞
但是疑問詞how, where 和why是副詞
後面的不定詞片語要寫完整
如how to do it;where to see him.
可是我的問題如下:
一、疑問詞how, where 和why是副詞
那請問如果是修飾那邊?
如:
I want to know how they won the game.
改成名詞片語
I want to know how to win the game.
請問我的例句how是副詞嗎?修飾那裡呢?
二、但是疑問詞how, where 和why是副詞
後面的不定詞片語要寫完整
請問如果疑問詞what 和 who 是代名詞
後面就不用「寫完整」 嗎?
如
我不知道我應買什麼
I don't know what I should do shopping
是改成
I don't know what to do嗎?
不用寫成
I don't know what to do shopping
我的英文不好
所以我的例子不好
但是為什麼
在問接問句中:疑問詞what 和 who 的名詞子句變成名詞片語
後面的不定詞片語不用寫完整?
謝謝回答!感恩
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