建造建築物除了繼續炸山生產水泥,我們還有其他選擇!
亞泥的採集砂石讓我們痛心,但是建築物的混凝土還是必需品.難道沒有降低環境破壞,並且滿足經濟發展的方案嗎?
知名TED講者 Dan Phillips 身體力行 ,利用回收材料改造舊房屋.你可以想像用雞蛋和胡桃果核也能作為建築物外觀裝飾嗎?甚至連樓梯和浴缸等大型構造,依舊可以用回收材料妙手回春.
等等,難道利用回收材料就代表環保嗎?其實 Dan Phillips 做得更多,他都是協助改造廢棄的中古房屋,將建築物重新賦予生命,讓低收入的居民一樣負擔的起,甚至還協助訓練當地的失業居民,讓他們有一技之長.
反觀臺灣的舊建築物,好好維護修繕的比例偏低,多數人偏好購買新房屋,將舊屋老化成為社會問題.讓我們來看看 Dan Phillips 扭轉這種情形,並且創造獨特美學吧!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVLu99Ja2mA
混凝土砂石比例 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的精選貼文
[詞彙區別] constitute, compose, consist of, comprise, account for, make up 的區別
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
詞彙區別: http://wp.me/p44l9b-16B
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
在寫作的時候,有些同學為了避免重複使用相同的詞彙,卻選用了意義上不盡相同的詞,而無法精確地表達出自己所想傳達的想法。這問題很可能來自於考生平時在語言學習上過於依賴中英翻譯,因此在不夠了解某些詞彙精準的用法的情況下,很容易造成讀者的誤解。
為了幫助同學增加詞彙量並且精確地在口說和寫作上使用這些字,我建議同學們不要一開始的時候就死記硬背一群同義詞彙 (e.g. decline, decrease, diminish, dwindle, reduce, alleviate) 。雖然如此做會快速幫同學累積對這些詞的認知,可是認知都會停留在模糊階段。建議同學先熟悉其中一兩個單詞以後在開始累積相關的同義詞彙,也應該用搭配詞跟片語加上完整的例句和短文來輔助自己對單詞的理解。同時同學們也應該在使用這些單詞之前先查查字典,更進一步了解這些詞彙的使用方式。
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
1. constitute: to constitute something is to form a whole, especially of dissimilar components: Love and hate can constitute a balanced relationship.
constitute 所“構成”的事物在屬性和特徵上,亦或在組織上,與組成成分是一致的。
-Seven days constitutes a week (七天構成一個星期。).
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
2. Compose: to compose means the same as to constitute, but implies that the components have something in common: Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
在表示“由……材料構成”時,見於被動語態;在用於主動語態時,一般它所表示的“構成”或“組成”總包含著融合為一,而且主語或者是複數名詞或者是集體名詞。
-Concrete is composed of cement, sand and gravel mixed with water. (混凝土由水泥、砂、石子與水摻和而構成。 )
-Mere facts, when badly stated, do not compose a good book. (僅僅有資料,如果陳述得很糟糕,並不能組成一本好書)
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
3. account for: 說明(原因、理由等); 導致,引起; (在數量、比例上); 占 (e.g. This group accounted for 60% of the population.)
(在數量、比例上)占
These products, in total, account for about 80% of all our sales (這些產品總共約占我們全部銷售額的80%。).
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
4. make up: 組成 to combine together to form something [= constitute]:
-Women make up only a small proportion of the prison population. 女人只佔監獄人口的一小部分。
-The committee is made up of representatives from every state (委員會由每個州的代表組成的。).
-Children makes up only 10% of the population (兒童只佔人口的10%。).
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
5. consist of: to consist of something is to be made up of it: A lethal dose of nerve agent VX consists of only 10 milligrams.
consist of 的含義與被動語態的 compose 相同
-Though the costume consists only of a sheet, it was very effective. (雖然那件化裝服裝僅由一條床單組成,但效果很好。)
-This group consists of men, women, and children.
(這個小組由男人,女人和孩子們組成的。).
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
6. comprise: to comprise something has the same meaning as to consist, often implying that the whole is regarded from the point of view of its individual parts: The chain is comprised of many links, and is only as strong as its weakest.
comprise 在表示“構成”時,其內涵是“包括”或“覆蓋”*
-The committee comprises men of widely different views (這個委員會由見解甚為懸殊的人組成。).
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
從這些動詞的意思來看,若要表示數個個體或項目組成一個整體時,我們可用 compose 或 constitute。
England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland compose/constitute the United Kingdom.
(英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭組成了聯合王國。)
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
若要表示一個整體是由個數個體或項目所組成時,我們可用 comprise* 或 consist of / be composed of 。
(compose 經常用於被動態,而以 be composed of 的型式出現,意思和用法跟 consist of 完全一樣。)
-The United Kingdom comprises*/consists of/is composed of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.
(聯合王國是由英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭所構成)
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
詳細的說明: http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
*在這幾個字當中,僅 comprise 兼具其他字的意思,但它也是最麻煩、最讓人困擾的字。英語 評論人士強烈反對 comprise 被用作 constitute 的意思以及 comprise 以被動態形式 be comprised of 來表示 consist of 的意思,所以對於 Fifty states comprise the United States. (五十個州組成了美國) 和 The United States is comprised of fifty states. (美國是由五十個州所組成) 這樣的句子結構,他們期期以為不可,而堅持只有 The United States comprises fifty states. 才是唯一正確的用法。但他們反對的這兩種用法其實早已是不 折不扣的標準英語,一些新版的字典甚至將 be comprised of 堂而皇之地列為片語,如 The course is comprised of ten core modules. (這門課是由 10 個核心單元組成)。然而,在公說公有理,婆說婆有理,各有堅持的情況下,在此建議:若使用 comprise 會讓你覺得心虛或沒把握,那麼不妨使用它的同義詞,也就是沒有爭議的 constitute, consist of 或 be composed of 來代替之。
*An interesting history of sense development concerning the word comprise has caused confusion, if not hate for the word itself. The most common mistake is confusing consist and comprise with each other. To say A lethal dose of nerve agent VX comprises of only 10 milligrams, is wrong because it is not analyzed from each separate component or milligram, but rather as a whole dose. In fact, there is a lot of skepticism and criticism of the word “comprise” all together. “None of the many neat schemes purporting to describe its correct use seems accurately to describe the way Standard English users actually employ comprise.” (Bartleby) Thus it is suggested to use constitute and/or compose as active verbs, while consists and/or includes as passive. However, if your use of the word can clearly indicate its context, separate from the its other accepted use, choosing a substitute is not necessary.
Also, ”Comprises” is "better" grammar than ”is comprised of.” “The whole comprises multiple parts” is better than, “The whole is comprised of multiple parts.” Even better though is, “Multiple parts comprise the whole."
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
Sources:
http://www.bartleby.com/68/3/1403.html
http://bulo.hjenglish.com/question/33021/
http://blog.cybertranslator.idv.tw/archives/2590
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/dictionaries/english/data/d0081813.html
http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html
http://everything2.com/title/consist%252C+comprise%252C+constitute%252C+or+compose
More sentences:
-The pie chart consists of/comprises of the percentages of four different fuel sources used in electricity production.
-Electricity (that is) produced with coal composed/constituted/accounted for 50% of the total electricity (that is)produced.
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
contain vs. include:
Contain: Something is considered to be within something else.
The toy contains many small moving parts. ->The small moving parts are a part of the toy.
Include: Something is added to something else, possibly containing it, possibly not.
-This toy includes batteries. -> The batteries are not a part of the toy. They just come with the toy.
混凝土砂石比例 在 趙正宇 Facebook 的精選貼文
【3/10質詢影片】
今天正宇在交通委員會質詢公共工程委員會,針對公共工程委員會持續鼓勵採「最有利標」評選優良廠商提出質疑。
正宇在擔任桃園市議員時,即對八德社會住宅採取最有利標有所質疑,因為最有利標的評選過程非常容易出現弊端,公共工程委員會採取最有利標的比率竟然高達九成,公共工程委員會必須檢討最有利標要如何保障公共工程品質。
正宇是八德在地人,看著桃園機場捷運從規劃到現在已經都20年了,在還未正式載客就發生了煞車不及,列車差點追撞的缺失,不但如此,連行車時間也未能達到合約標準。
這些問題的發生都是因為公共工程委員會沒有做好監督的工作。公共工程委員會負責公共工程規劃、審議、協調及監督,應該在事先對桃園機場捷運缺失有所掌握,而不是一味放任,至今難以收拾。正宇一再提醒,公共工程委員會要做到專業及權威,才能確保台灣的公共工程品質。
最近爐渣屋事件吵得沸沸揚揚,正宇向各位說明,國外已將爐渣取代傳統水泥,不但可以減少使用水泥的用量,強度更不輸給傳統的混凝土,壽命也很長,被稱為「高性能混凝土」。但另一方面,台北松菸文創一樣在混凝土中加入爐渣,卻造成清水模表面的龜裂破損,甚至影響結構安全。
一樣將在混擬土中加入爐渣,卻有截然不同的結果,公共工程委員會應詳細規範爐渣的應用,並做有效的管理。
最後,由於台灣地窄且砂石資源有限,所以採用一定比例的路面刨除料,進行再生瀝青利用,卻容易造成道路的坑坑疤疤,品質無法確保。這同樣是公共工程委員會掌握再生瀝青品質的職責所在。
面對台灣公共工程品質低落,公共工程委員會卻無法發揮應有的功能。正宇除了對公共工程委員的態度表達高度不滿,也會持續監督各單位的公共工程品質,力保民眾擁有安全無虞的生活環境。
混凝土砂石比例 在 技檢混凝土拌合示範 - YouTube 的推薦與評價
技檢 混凝土 拌合示範. 58K views 5 years ago ... 威路學堂機電知識第十五課 打造地台水泥 比例 ... 《实验现场》 20201220 混凝土 承载实验| CCTV科教. ... <看更多>