Question 1

荒神噬神者 在Facebook 的評價

Accepted Answer

譚新強：今天美國培植塔利班 會否變成明天的拉登？文章日期：2021年9月3日 【明報專訊】美國總統拜登宣稱歷史上最龐大的阿富汗「人道」空運撤退行動，終於在8月31日的死線前正式結束了，「拯救」出超過12萬人，包括約6000美國人、2萬西方盟友和10萬曾為美軍服務的阿富汗人。影像雖然有點混亂和難看，有點落荒而逃的感覺，最後仍遭據說是ISIS-K所為的恐襲，炸死13名美軍和可能多達200名的可憐阿富汗平民。美國一如既往，馬上採取報復行動，以Predator drones（捕食者無人機）轟炸一些所謂ISIS-K基地，報捷宣稱殺了幾名ISIS-K高明，但當然就輕輕略過順帶連累殺害了十多名無辜老百姓。無論如何，總算在「9.11」恐襲20周年紀念日前，完結美國歷史最長的一場戰爭。熱哄哄的阿富汗新聞，相信即將急速冷卻下來，美國人將很快就會淡忘這個被他們蹂躪20年，殺害了數十萬甚至上百萬人的可憐國家。不少人認為美國是戰敗而逃、鎩羽而歸，花了可能超過2萬億美元，犧牲了近2500條美軍性命，仍一事無成。所謂nation building（國家建設）徹底失敗，連一條地鐵線都沒有建造過，更遑論建立什麼西式民主自由國度。最諷刺的是20年前，以反恐為名入侵阿富汗，推翻了塔利班政權，但20年後的今天，趕走美軍、奪取政權的正是捲土重來的塔利班。理論上是第二號人物（精神領袖為阿洪扎達（Hibatullah Akhundzada），但久未露面，生死未卜），但儼然是真正領袖的巴拉達爾（Abdul Ghani Baradar），正是塔利班的共同創始人之一。但美國在阿富汗之戰，真的一敗塗地？拜登在宣布「成功」光榮撤軍時，再次重申兩個重點，首先，入侵阿富汗的唯一目的就是反恐，消減美國堅持是在阿富汗的阿蓋達基地，以防他們未來再發動類似「9.11」的恐怖襲擊。以此為標準，美國的確任務完成，在2011年找出並殺死了拉登（Osama bin Laden），雖然是在鄰國巴基斯坦而非阿富汗，但有何相干？美國人地理科一向極差，哥倫布發現新大陸，以為去了印度，至今500多年後，處理美國原住民的政府部門仍是Bureau of Indian Affairs，吹咩？最重要的是過去20年，在美國本土，確未有再出現伊斯蘭極端主義發動的大型恐襲！誰說以暴易暴無效？當然每年仍有過萬美國人死於大小規模槍殺案，但這些並非邪惡、絕不能容忍的外國恐襲，這些槍擊案只不過是自由民主的體現，簡直值得歌頌！第二個重點，在演說中，拜登詫異地兩次提到中國，直接指出撤軍的原因之一正是必須把注意力和資源轉到與中國的戰略性競爭。他更再次重複，他認為最想美軍繼續泥足深陷阿富汗這個「帝國墳場」的就是中國和俄羅斯。他恐嚇國民，阿富汗之戰已花了2萬億美元，如留下來，每一天都需要再花3億美元。聽起來很嚇人，但在QE當道，近乎執行MMT的現今世代，每天3億美元真的很那麼重要嗎？即使不打阿富汗，美國的每年軍事支出仍超過7000億美元（每天近20億美元），領先全球，是後面9個國家的總和。美實質負利率 財赤佔GDP必跌按照克魯明（Paul Krugman）的說法，即使美國無端浪費地把1萬億美元拋到海中，財赤的確增加了一點，但因為現在的名義利率遠低於通脹，實質利率是前所未見的負2.2厘以下！所以即使什麼也不做，不加稅，不減支出，10年後的財政赤字對美國GDP佔比，仍必然大幅下降，何用擔心？他當然鼓勵放心大搞基建，大幅提升社會福利，但其實即使再花數萬億Krugman不支持的戰爭，也沒所謂。但Krugman唯一沒說出來的重要前設是，利率必須維持極低水平。為何會出現奇怪的嚴重負實質利率？當然是拜QE所賜，美國財政部與聯儲局一唱一和，長期操控整條利率曲線的水平和形狀。為何全球投資者不反抗，不大舉放棄美元，亦未出現所謂超級通脹，CPI仍只約5%呢？最主要原因是美國新媒體牢牢控制着全球大部分人所接受到的資訊和思想，已逐漸接受一個重要新觀點，QE和以財赤刺激經濟，已不再是一個「kick the can down the road」，終有一天要埋單的特殊時期短暫政策，這些已成為無限期的可持續政策。超級大國與個人、家庭，甚至小國都不一樣，小國、小家庭、小人物必須平衡收入與支出，但這些小心眼「婆仔數」，不適用於超級大國！西方勢承認塔利班政權你可能認為這些都是不分事非黑白、指鹿為馬、妖言惑眾之說，但這是千真萬確的事實，這就是操控全球新媒體平台的威力！ 讓我們做個假想實驗，阿富汗已經歷20年的美國轟炸和佔領，但如果美國繼續他們的「人道」拯救行動，你猜4000萬阿富汗人民之中，有多少個會「認賊作父」，願意接受敵人的施捨，爭相上軍機去美國？我相信答案是遠遠超過1000萬。所以當大部分中國人，似乎仍沉迷於所謂實體經濟，仍然懵然不知在現今數據年代，打造全球互聯網新媒體平台，提升敍述故事話語權的重要性時，我要再次發聲提醒一次！如省錢並非撤軍的最主要原因，20年死了不到2500美軍，也不太可能是那麼重要吧，真正原因是什麼？從過去幾年的蛛絲馬迹或可看出端倪。巴拉達爾在2010年，在巴基斯坦ISI特工和CIA的一次合作行動中被捕，一直被關在巴基斯坦獄中，直至2018年，奇怪地美國突然要求巴基斯坦放人。然後從2019年起，特朗普政府已開始跟塔利班展開撤軍會談，然後在2020年2月達成協議。近日雖美軍再遇恐襲，但拜登指控是ISIS-K所為，與塔利班無關，且堅持ISIS-K乃塔利班死敵。很多人已發現美國不斷維護塔利班，彷彿在說他們是正義之軍，像我早前說，看來西方包括美國都可能在可見將來承認塔利班政權（當然中國可能更快）。美企圖培養塔利班對付中國很多人看不過眼（尤其印度）美國對塔利班太過友善，為何撤退時，還留下價值數百億美元的武器，包括先進的空軍，大量的火箭炮和自動步槍等等？希拉里都早已承認，塔利班的前身，阿富汗的Mujahideen（聖戰分子），就是美國40年前，精心培養出來對付當年入侵的蘇聯。現在不是已經明顯不過了吧？美國正企圖培養塔利班來對付中國，一方面不止把恐怖主義輸出，另外還有輸出COVID疫情和海洛英，阿富汗就是全球九成以上的鴉片出產地，現在國家更窮，估計未來毒品產量將再翻倍。更需小心的是被阿富汗的漩渦捲進去。最有吸引力的不是什麼銅、稀土，甚至鋰資源，而是可建一條從伊朗，經阿富汗直到中國的輸油管。中伊剛簽了4000億美元的投資協議，一部分仍必經海運到巴基斯坦的Gwadar港口，但肯定更直接的管道有極大吸引力。這條油管和其他基礎建設，也必定是非常大的恐襲目標。最後，美國也要小心這個如意算盤。從前的拉登也是美國培訓出來的，西方傳媒甚至表揚過他在阿富汗反蘇的表現。但後來他覺得被美國出賣，結果反噬美國主子，情况跟Jason Bourne（《叛諜追擊》主角）接近。今天的巴拉達爾，美國能肯定明天不會變節嗎？中環資產投資行政總裁[譚新強 中環新譚]

Question 2

荒神噬神者一頁華爾滋 Let Me Sing You A Waltz 在Facebook 的評價

Accepted Answer

每年此時總忍不住緬懷那逝去的身影，他拍出一部注定跟隨我們一生的電影，真正捕捉了我眼中流動的北京，及其疏離冰冷的氛圍。由內而外靜置於抑鬱極致的絕望長達四個小時之久，緩慢而凝滯的劇情流動如同日復一日難以言喻的沈重情緒，利刃般一針見血刺穿的世界真實面向，不願思考之人也許會丟出一句為賦新辭強說愁，但悲哀的是，我們多多少少都會在其中望見自己過去、現在與未來的碎片，零零散散不成人形。今天是胡波的 33 歲冥誕，一起來重新看一看《#大象席地而坐》，他以自己的方式探問整個社會的運行法則與世界的真面目，我們都只能知曉一半的事情，剩下的，胡波拍給你看。
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「近代電影最具野心的處女作，對許多觀眾而言，胡波的《大象席地而坐》是令人望而生畏的一大挑戰：不僅是長達四小時的疾呼與悲鳴，將觀眾身心浸入中國北方工業城市的荒蕪孤寂，也承載著導演 29 歲便自我終結的悲劇性創作背景。而後，於去年柏林影展一鳴驚人，胡波的生涯熱忱之作成為許多人的靈感來源，被譽為是象徵個人電影生命力的證明，也獲得多位知名導演的肯定與讚賞，包括李安、葛斯范桑、陶爾貝洛等人。」
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2019 年底，標準收藏公司 The Criterion Collection 的串流平台「The Criterion Channel」正式上線時，也將《大象席地而坐》放入片單中，使得更多歐美觀眾得以接觸到此部不應被埋沒的傑作，上述文句便是 CC 為本片寫下的簡介，稱其為「當代華語電影的試金石 A Touchstone of Contemporary Chinese Cinema」。
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上帝經常會讓你一無所有，再給你一點甜頭，誤以為人定勝天是無庸置疑的，而這點甜頭就是在閉上眼睛的瞬間，讓你錯覺擁有了很多東西，然後趁我們措手不及的時候，彈指之間，美麗的謊言灰飛煙滅。胡波以預言家之眼，並非譁眾取寵的信口羅織，他盯著裂痕，盯著光線，盯著世界最初的樣子，透過藝術紓緩痛楚，在虛無的生命歷程中，我們好像也漸漸開始懂得了什麼。
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于城因為受拒於心儀的女孩，因此轉而與好友的老婆發生關係，不幸東窗事發，朋友毫不猶豫打開自家窗戶一躍而下；韋布在學校裡為了幫朋友出頭，因此得罪了校園惡霸，卻於一次衝突中意外失手害死了這名混混；長相清秀甜美的女學生黃玲，與母親關係劍拔弩張，只能從與副主任的地下不倫戀情中暫時逃離現實，然而這段關係依然紙包不住火；垂垂老矣的王金，即將迎接被送入養老院的命運，又面臨愛犬橙汁喪命於其他狗狗利齒之下，牽著百般疼愛的孫女之手，盼能於生活絕境中找到一點柳暗花明。
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劇情從一開始便開門見山告訴觀眾，滿洲里有一隻大象，它整天就坐在那兒，瀰漫濃厚的虛無主義色彩，從失焦到聚焦，從模糊到清晰，從泥淖到斷裂，四個人帶著那尚未被捻熄的一點點愛與善意，卻也命定般不可逆地瞬間墜入深淵。因愛而產生的傷痕清晰可見，每個人的互動無比疏離，每個人的對話異常生硬，鏡頭搖著晃著便走完了人生，畫面凝結滯留於生存意志的斷裂，那是一種關於心理狀態的捕捉，緩緩流動，行屍走肉，毫無生氣，不知該何去何從，我們還要活著被傷害多久？
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有人在家庭運作產生斷裂，有人在學校軌道產生斷裂，有人在道德信任產生斷裂，遊走於社會邊緣看著裡面的人繞著核心日夜打轉，彷彿自己被文明所遺棄，被體制所隔絕，永遠不得其門而入。這個社會有一個既定「流程」，這個世界有一種不成文「模式」，所有人只有一條路可以走，通往世俗標準之下的「成功」，而成功就是建立在物質與虛榮之上，連所謂青春、婚姻、家庭等皆包裝成人生的理想藍圖，變成一種被美化過且極為複雜的事物，代表廣大群體中不明就裡的抽象規範，背後則是我們無力抗拒的生存虛無，猶如《燃燒烈愛》海美手中比呀比，那一顆看不見的橘子，請記得，不要想著追尋生命的意義，要忘記生命極有可能毫無意義。
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如此抽象而虛無的現代人精神折磨，好比階級差異與族群劃分，早已在呱呱墜地的那刻清楚區隔開來，她與他永遠都不會變成一路人，那是被資本主義、人類文明、社會形態扭曲的樣貌，縱使你再如何力爭上游亟欲改變，滿身油污也無法讓這灘死水產生任何流動，傾頹於懸崖邊緣的世界只會越來越壞，越來越壞。胡波曾於訪談中提過，這一輩年輕人所面臨的內心虛無，不亞於茹毛飲血的原始人或戰場上等待死亡之人所面臨的虛無，這些平庸卑微、苟延殘喘的靈魂在不著邊際的絕望中無處可逃，《大象席地而坐》之所以給人真實之感，在於虛構是在一定邏輯下進行，然而現實的荒謬卻往往毫無邏輯可言。
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但在那美其名是獨善其身是自掃門前雪的世界，我們生來擁有的事物一點一滴，一層一層慢慢被剝奪，那永無解脫之日的疲憊中，依然包覆著創作者尚未熄滅的善念，是殘溫，是餘燼，也是還得繼續活下去的藉口。于城目睹廚房發生火災，第一個念頭是不顧一切往回衝，黃玲的媽媽面對副主任妻子歇斯底里登門叫罵時，毫不猶豫選擇保護了自己的女兒，這些微光註定無法驅逐黑暗，無法消弭窒礙，無法淡化憤怒，更無法照亮前方，隨著胡波的目光漸漸被暗影侵蝕吞噬。
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時不我予、有志難伸、困獸之鬥才是人生的大半節奏，生活就像一堆破爛，每天堆在跟前，清掉一塊，新的一塊馬上接踵而至，最實際的做法，就是我們繼續停留在原地，遙望千里之外，想像有天能在陌生之處展開新生活，拒絕逃避才能有動力解決現階段的無解問題，照理來說。荒謬表象充斥偽善臉孔，對於現狀無力改變，質疑存在、否定生命，還能怎麼辦呢？因此他們一心向著滿洲里，同是天涯淪落的四個人最終還是聚在同一台車，慢慢駛向深淵，迎向天光沒滅。至於人們為何依然渴望愛大過恨？因為還活著所以必須抱有希望，這也是滿洲里不能前往的理由，一如《瘋狂麥斯：憤怒道》中芙莉歐莎孤注一擲的綠洲殘影，海市蜃樓一旦觸碰到現實便會瞬間灰飛煙滅，不留一絲痕跡。
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「往小裡說，這些小說講述的是隨著年齡增長，逐漸了解到的關於自己的，以及他人的生活。往大裡說，這些小說寫的是城市、毀滅和末世感，關注的是個體對存在的失望。」
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每個憤世嫉俗的人心裡都有一個失望的理想主義者，胡波就是一個徹頭徹尾的理想主義者，他的精神寄託緊緊寄生於生存苦痛與折磨，縱使絕望致鬱，卻無意取暖或隻身與世界抗衡，點燃一枝火柴，定睛凝視稍縱即逝的火光，順手拋向上方穹頂，密密麻麻的斑駁黑點盡是靈魂的傷疤，象徵生命早已殘破不堪。
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有人說最後撼動大地的象鳴是胡波的生命微光，在萬物裂痕之中還是有光從縫隙透進來，私以為那無疑為困獸之鬥、迴光返照，每個人面臨戰場和心理素質皆不同，胡波眼前所見的生命是一片荒原，世界是一個懸崖，文明則是一列兩百年的火車，從頭到尾按順序掉落，痛苦永遠存在於呼吸起伏的每個毛細孔中。藝術與現實存在相當巨大的隔閡，藝術家窮盡一生往往在追求傳遞情感、展現自己眼裡的世界，進而拉進大眾與藝術之間的距離，這就是胡波不容於人間的才華。但無奈身處於被平庸包圍的環境，所謂討好大眾的藝術才是藝術，迎合世俗的品味才是品味，符合功利的創作才是創作，不難理解他感受到的斷裂成為龐然大物，憤怒因此有血有肉，向死而生，化作一聲聲劃破夜幕的悲鳴，拒絕溫順的走入那良夜。
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無論思想深度與藝術價值，這無疑為一部值得獲得高評價的影像作品，李安有感而發說胡波將生命放在電影裡，正是《大象席地而坐》打動人心的原因，我們都心知肚明胡波最後屈服於此片荒原，讓人不禁再度深思自殺這個真正的哲學議題，直到片尾赫然出現的「大象席地而坐」，六個字讓眼淚瞬間落下。不禁反思，這一切單純會是別人的錯嗎？假使萬事萬物都以結果來論斷其價值，如此往死裡鑽未免也太過極端，電影說什麼是創作者的動機，你從中看到什麼、得到什麼才是最重要的，正因所有人都還活著，正因我們都還活著。
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「那頭顱掛在樹梢
　好像接近死亡能使你懂得什麼
　但世界啊
　永遠像最初的樣子。」

Question 3

荒神噬神者 在Facebook 的評價

Accepted Answer

「地獄空」攝影集即將在八月中元節前出版，由知名設計師與攝影家黃子欽設計，內附在下二位高徒精美繪製符咒、心經版畫書籤、愣嚴咒牌、尊勝咒語...等，感恩十方大德助印，希望疫情退散，平安喜樂，後記如下：

野放台灣五十餘年，貪狼獨坐，三方四正殺破狼格局，少年多舛，白手起家，隨展覽雲遊四海，如閒雲野鶴常持各類底片機流連廢墟、山川、宮廟忘返，遂設幻影堂自詡堂主，一日三省「凡所有相皆是虛妄」，常宅於暗房沖片放大通宵、鍾情黑白世界之單純，彩色照片俗世繽紛花俏做作甜美甚至比現實更現實故少拍也。知天命之年有餘，了悟人生一瞬、眨眼即逝，雖非仙人，亦無道骨，初聞離垢地生清淨心，但離華嚴「不動地」尚遠，待修持也。
2017年盛暑拍畢《巨神連線》，心律不整差點心肌梗塞向閻羅王報到，意識死神隨伺在側，人生苦短，如何了生脫死、盡斷煩惱、無所罣礙、遠離顛倒……總不得解，蒙釋迦摩尼佛開示飆淚三晝夜，聞佛法數載始知自我渺如塵埃，甚感慚愧。閒暇乃參訪名寺古剎，禮敬焚香佛陀菩薩羅漢諸神天仙王爺媽娘，台灣宮廟千奇百怪、宗派錯綜複雜（佛教、道教、一貫道、天主教、基督教、齋教、回教＆大同教、儒教鑾堂、天帝教＆天德教、慈惠堂＆勝安宮、軒轅教、道院、理教、萬國道德會、會靈山……）、神棍橫行（依人不依法、偶像崇拜、斂財、邪淫），因歷史變遷、社會動盪、政治鬥爭、意識形態等因素導致佛道混雜，但地獄造景稀少，後專注拍攝各殿閻王、判官、陰司、獄卒、七爺、八爺乃至一切罪人，各寺造景巧妙、耐人尋味，意境乖張溢於言表，造型扭曲非常人所能塑也，然匠心獨運、自成一格，專研西方藝術數十載方知真誠樸拙最美，絲毫不輸喬托（Giotto di Bondone，1267～1337）乃至米開朗基羅（Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni 1475 ~ 1564）矣。

創立於1986年的石門金剛宮風景優美可眺望北濱，雖主祀四面佛，儒釋道眾神尊也不含糊，可過七星橋解厄、繞行五百黝黑羅漢敲鑼印心、跪拜亞洲最大臥佛涅槃像，安太歲自不在話下，甲子太歲爺雙眼長出手掌印象甚深，1994年經閻羅王指示廟公建造一條肚內設極樂世界及陰曹地府之神龍，行走暗黑通道觸動感應機關，只見面容猙獰受刑者呼天搶地喊冤、身邊盡是血肉糢糊殘肢敗屍腦漿塗地，十殿閻羅各司其職、威儀攝人。新北市林口區青嶺湖北文紫祥宮包公廟則以壁面彩塑地獄浮雕獨步全台，粉嫩色彩搭配卡漫風格，尤為造型簡直恐怖到可愛透頂，該廟主祀森羅殿閻羅天子包拯（包青天），陽世冤屈者可至此參拜祭解，求破懸案者眾，逢中元普渡皆以紙紮船渡亡魂至彼岸，全台唯一閻羅天子巨像籌備中，四周環繞墓地，適合修不淨觀也。台灣首尊彰化八卦山大佛旁南天宮（1971）地府則是首座電動地府，規模精小但驚嚇度破表，略顯破敗但五光十色仍蠻凶悍，出自已故台南大道長金登富之作，而電動神明起始可追溯至1960年代北港朝天宮。倒是嘉義水上鄉白人牙膏觀光工廠「戴相府」、「將軍府」設置十殿地府出乎意料之外，乾淨亮麗、ㄧ殿ㄧ間、簡單樸實。由高雄蓮潭龍虎塔龍口入內可見全臺唯一交趾陶地獄牆面，尊尊栩栩如生，續入龍身乃進聞聲救苦白衣觀音大士三十三化身浮雕隧道，造型設色甚為古錐。高雄大岡山超峰寺入口處「西方三聖蓮池海會」（阿彌陀佛、觀世音菩薩、大勢至菩薩巨像）旁設靜態十殿閻羅（1970年代初），雖略為陳舊然韻味猶存，續往上行可抵「證菩提道－釋迦如來應化事迹」雕塑園區，一攬世尊畢生精華。如來年邁時，琉璃國王為報長期被釋迦族輕蔑之傲慢心，世尊雖三次單獨伽跌坐阻擋大軍進攻之路，但因緣果報無法逆轉，昔日婢女所生王子瞋恨無以復加，還是滅了祖國。自持神通第一目犍連不忍無辜百姓慘遭屠殺，遂以缽盛救度五百族人，最終卻化為血水，佛言神通廣大仍不敵千百劫業力，因緣果報屢試不爽。其母死後墜入餓鬼道飢餓難耐，目犍連遂展神通救渡，但所食尚未入口皆化為赤火，佛陀囑咐農曆七月十五日僧眾解安居自恣日，於盆中設甘露美食供養十方僧眾，因此超度亡母。後世「盂蘭盆法會」乃至「水懺法會」、「瑜珈焰口法會」皆為消業障、斷塵垢之超渡儀軌，既渡亡魂也自懺悔。

台南麻豆代天府規模宏大、造型豔麗，不但可遊十八層地獄尚可逛天堂（1979年興建，1983年開放)，燈光絢爛、聲響駭人，獨自漫步宛如觀落陰、地獄走一回。先過「心頭山」、入「清心池」、進「陰陽界」、抵「交簿廳」、達「鬼門關」、遊「補經所」、探「枉死城」、行「奈何橋」，至ㄧ殿泰廣王照「孽鏡台」現造惡原形，睹抱柱、火床等小地獄。二殿楚江王開「陰查簿」判案定奪，觀糞尿泥、餓鬼、舞池、寒冰、膿血、鞭韃、舌犁、劍葉、戟腹拋接、砧截……等小地獄。三殿宋帝王刑罰為倒吊、銅鐵刮臉、挖眼、搗樁、倒烤、吸血、穿肋、抽筋、蛆蛀等小地獄……兼遊「四生（胎、卵、濕、化）回魂府」。四殿五官王掌管腰斬、拔舌、沸湯、刺嘴、剝皮、箭樹、車崩、射眼……等十六小地獄。隨五殿森羅王豋「望鄉臺」回眸親人最終眼後觀擊膝、誅心、刀山、飛刀火石……小地獄。六殿卞城王別稱「大叫喚大地獄」，轄火牛、虎啖、噬腎、鉗嘴含鍼、釘喉、磨摧、砍頭……等小地獄。七殿泰山王為「熱惱大地獄」，窺烙手指、抽腸、頂石蹲身、油釜滾烹、割舌穿腮……等十六小地獄。八殿都市王掌管「大熱惱大地獄」兼火狗、鐵汁、鐵蛇、鋸劈斷肢、釘板、灸脊、鐵丸、磅秤……等小地獄。九殿平等王直轄十八層「阿鼻大地獄」，直透地心、內中陰森、不見五指、滿溢地漿，皆為極犯，另轄紫赤毒蛇鑽孔、夾頂、鐵鴉、針雨、蜂蠍……等小地獄。至十殿輪轉王上「觀生臺」、「轉劫所八司」（查驗司、稽善司、考過司、恩怨司、壽命司、支配司、掌劫司、授生司）後至「孟婆亭」飲「醧忘湯」忘盡前塵往事，依前世功德過金、銀、玉、石、木、竹六種橋樑至「轉輪臺（紫河車）」入六道輪迴轉生投胎。據《十八泥犁經》記載，人過世後七七四十九天為「中陰生」，經閻羅王審判善惡業力判定去留或懲罰百千萬劫，犯五逆重罪則墮入「無間地獄（阿鼻地獄）」永劫不復。地藏王乃幽冥教主，統轄十殿閻羅，逢三曹普渡便在各殿設「講道所」超度尚存善根之鬼魂。

人類居於五趣（阿修羅、人、傍生、餓鬼、地獄）雜居地五濁惡世之堪忍世界，犯十惡業（殺生、偷盜、邪淫、妄語、兩舌、惡口、綺語、貪慾、嗔恚、愚痴）者必墮三趣惡道。如何出「三界」（欲界、色界、無色界）二十八天？凡人無此意識，別說能破「十二因緣」（無明、行、識、名色、六入、觸、受、愛、取、有、生、老死）還滅門，更別想斷除「四聖諦」（苦、集、滅、道）集地八十一品見惑與八十八使思惑（五利使-身見、邊見、邪見、見取見、戒禁取見、五鈍使-貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑），了悟「五蘊」（色、受、想、行、識）本空、「十二入」（眼、耳、鼻、舌、意、色、聲、香、味、觸、法）空、「十八界」空，破俱生我執與分別我執、法執甚至空執，生十一處「善心所」（信、精進、慚、愧、無貪、無瞋、無痴、輕安、不放逸、行捨、不害），降二十六處「惡心所」（貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑、惡見、忿、恨、覆、惱、嫉、慳、誑、諂、害、憍、無慚、無愧、掉舉、惛沉、不信、懈怠、放逸、失念、散亂、不正知），須知善根斷盡則陷永劫輪迴、無垠轉世之苦。

地獄可能空滅嗎？若地獄空乏人間多鬼怪，地獄淨空世間何嘗非淨土？若能證空性何處現地獄？

地獄曠古來便廣泛流傳各部族間，老死生滅為自然運行之基礎、宇宙意識之核心，然今文明昌盛如咱城邦並非慾望消弭之所，惡性所及實無可根除，礙於憲法國家法律社會軍隊企業公司學校家庭團體之層層束縛不亞於十八層，乃遁於壓抑、束己情懷，暗埋心底、日久貪嗔痴慢疑怨噌會疊穢。而六塵未熄，心多妄念，妖魔鬼怪魑魅魍魎孤魂閃靈出沒於荒郊乃至人間，會靈於曠野密林以增性靈乃出世高人修煉之舉，我等凡人擅闖宛如迪士尼般之人造地獄，三魂七魄尚不足以出竅，驚邪恐怖淒厲猙獰倒滿足了自以為是的慚愧，豈不謬哉？

病毒肆虐年半有餘，全球確診者逼近一億八千萬，枉死者近四百萬，堪比戰爭規模，望眾生發慈悲心、令往生者安息、善待其他物種、平等有情眾生。地獄本空，唯妄念生起一切羨慕嫉妒恨而地獄現前。盡以此書作為世界新冷戰獨裁者、超限戰者、暗網駭客、陰險狡猾冷嘲熱諷落井下石者之良知備忘錄矣。

姚瑞中寫於2021年端午節

Postscript

I have been living recklessly in Taiwan for more than fifty years. According to Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology), Tan Lang is the sole star in my house of Self. This star, which represents xxx, forms an equilateral triangle with that star Qi Sha and Po Jun on the square chart and constitutes a Sha Po Lang pattern. The pattern indicates a kind of turbulence and change, a life of wandering with ups and downs and it tells a lot about my life. After my ill-fated youth, I started from scratch and traveled around the world with exhibitions that I participated. Like a flaneur, I wandered around ruins, nature, and temples with every type of film camera obliviously. Thus, I founded the Hall of Illusion and claimed to be the master of the hall. Several times a day, I pondered a quote from the Diamond Sutra, “Everything with form is unreal.” In addition, I usually stayed in the darkroom developing film and enlarging those negatives overnight. However, I treasured the simplicity of the black and white world. The earthly, gaudy, garish, phony and pleasing qualities within colored photos make the images even more realistic than the real world. It is not my cup of tea, so I seldom took colored photos. In Confucian thought, the age of fifty marks the stage knowing the mandate of Heaven. I am now at my fifties and realize how ephemeral human life is. However, I am not an immortal, nor having sagelike characteristics. I just learned that the stage of stainless (the second bhūmi) and develop a pure mind that is free from doubt and defilement. However, I’m still far from the immovable state and need to practice.

In the summer of 2017, after filming the work Incarnation, I experienced a severe heart rhythm problem which almost triggered myocardial infarction and could have killed me. Consequently, I realized that death was waiting for me and the life is too short to figure out how I can liberate myself from the cycle of Birth and Death. I couldn’t comprehend how to be free from all afflictions and worries and how to avoid delusive ideas. I wept for three days and nights after being enlightened by Shakyamuni Buddha. Up to the moment, I felt ashamed that I failed to realize that the self is as insignificant as dust after these years learning and practicing Buddhism. Since then, I have visited famous temples and monasteries in my spare time, worshiping Buddha, Bodhisattvas, arhats, and all the deities and immortals. Taiwan’s temples are myriad with a enormous number of sects, including Buddhism, Taoism, Yiguandao, Catholicism, Christianity, Chinese religions of fasting, Islam& Baháʼí Faith, Confucianism, Tiandiism& Tian-De Teachings, Xiwangmu cult, Yellow Emperor Sect, Precosmic Salvationism, Liism, World Wide Ethical Society, séance cult, etc. Some people even claim that they can mediate communication between the deities or spirits of the dead with human beings, having their believer rely on themselves instead of the orthodox dharma or dogma and pay excessive respect and admiration for the mediums or objects, accumulating wealth through such an unfair means or even harassing their believer sexually. Due to Taiwan’s historical changes, social turbulence, political struggles, and ideological issues, Buddhism and Taoism are somehow mixed. However, there are few emphases on the concept of the hell. As I took photographs of Yama of each court, judges, wardens of the underworld, jailers, General Fan and Hsieh (the ghost escorts) and all sinners, I found few temples cleverly created hellish scenes that are intriguing, exaggerating, and extraordinary. However, the creations are unparalleled unique. I have been studying Western arts for decades and then I came to realize that simplicity makes the most beautiful works of art. These hellish scenes can even compete with works of Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337) and Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564).

Jingang Temple Shimen District, founded in 1986, overlooks the beautiful North shore. Although the temple is mainly dedicated to Phra Phrom (the Thai representation of Mahabrahma), spirits of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism can also be founded in the temple. The worshipper can go cross the Seven Star bridge to relieve bad luck, walk along the five hundred arhat statues and knock on the gong to affirm one’s Buddha nature. Furthermore, the worshipper can also prostrate themself before Asia’s largest statue of Buddha in Nirvana (the Reclining Buddha statue) and pacify the Taoist Tai Sui deity of the year. I was impressed by the Jia-Zi Tai Sui General that a pair of palms grow out of his eyes. In 1994, the biō-kong (the person taking charge of the temporal affairs of a temple) received a divine inspiration from Yama (the King of Hell) that he had to build a sacred hall in the shape of a divine dragon, with the interior designed according to the World of Ultimate Bliss and the Underworld. When the visitor walks in the dark hallway, they will see the tortured people (dioramas, of course) scrunching their faces and crying bitterly and loudly in excessive grief as the visitor triggers the mechanism. One will even find them in the midst of flesh, body liquid and blood, mutilated limbs, and rotten corpses. While each of the ten Yamas are focusing on their own duties, showing their sacred dignity that collect visitors’ attention. The Baogong Temple in Linkou District, New Taipei City exclusively features colorful depiction of hellish scenes in relief in Taiwan. With its pastel shades and cartoon-like style, the relief is both grotesque and adorable at the same time. This temple is dedicated to Bao Zhen (also known as Justice Bao) representing the incarnation of Yama. Living people who have been treated unjustly can come worshipping Bao Gong and receive exorcism. Therefore, many people come here for seeking to solve unsolved cases. In Zhongyuan Festival (the ghost festival), the temple will burn the Zhizha (paper craft) boat to ferry the ghosts to the other shore, which is the shore of enlightenment. The only giant statue of Yama in Taiwan is still in the making. The temple is surrounded by a cemetery, suitable for meditating on the loathsomeness and impurity. Nantian Temple (1971), located next to the Eight Trigram Mountains Buddha in Changhua, features the first animatronic underworld. Despite the small size, the animatronic underworld is intensely shocking. Though it’s slightly worn, the colorful dioramas are still brutally ferocious. The creator was the late venerable Dao Zhang (Taoist priest) Jing Deng-fu while the origin of animatronic deities can be traced back to the 1960s Beigang Chaotian Temple. On the contrary, the Whiteman Toothpaste Tourism Factory in Shuishang Township, Chiayi, features ten Yamas with individual booth. The place is unexpectedly clean and polished yet keeps a simple and modest tone. Then, the Dragon Pagoda of the Dragon and Tiger Pagodas at Lotus Lake in Zuoying, Kaohsiung, holds the only relief of hellish scenes made of Kochin ceramic. All the figures are vivid and life-like. If one goes further into the pagoda, they will see a relief tunnel of the thirty-three incarnations of the white-robed form of Guanyin (Avalokiteśvara) on a white lotus, with a lovely and interesting design. Another Hall of Yama is built in the 1970s next to the entrance of Dagangshan Chaofeng Temple, located in the Alian District of Kaohsiung. Visitors will also see three statues of the Three Holy Ones of the Western Pureland (Amitābha, Avalokiteśvara, Mahāsthāmaprāpta) which assemble at a lotus pond. Although the hellish scene looks somewhat antiquated, you may still find its previous charm. If one goes further, they will reach the sculptural garden of “Attaining the Bodhi Way: the Incarnation of Sakyamuni Buddha,” where the visitor can see the essence of Bhagavato’s (meaning the Blessed one, one of the common epithets for Buddha) life. When Tathāgata (another epithet for Buddha) was old, the king of Kosala wanted to avenge the arrogance of the tribe of Shakyas who had long despised him, regarding him as a son of a maiden. Although Buddha has sat in lotus position alone three times to stop the army from attacking his tribe. However, one can never reverse the cause and following karma. The prince born of a maiden was so furious that he eventually destroyed his homeland. Maudgalyāyana (one of the Buddha’s closest disciples), who is said to have had supernatural abilities that surpassed the other disciples, could not bear to see the slaughter of innocent people. Thus, he saved five hundred people of his tribe with a pātra (an eating utensil of Buddhist monks). Unfortunately, everything he did was in vain, those who were saved eventually turned into a puddle of blood. The Buddha said that the supernatural abilities cannot surpass the power of karma. The cause and effect work all the time. When Maudgalyāyana’s mother fell into the path of hungry ghost, he used his supernatural abilities to save his mother from hunger. However, all the food turned into fire before being fed to his mother. Later, the Buddha commanded the monks to put nectar and dishes in a basin on the 15th day of the seventh month in the lunar calendar for the monks from all directions to free his mother from reincarnation. In later times, the Ullambana Dharma Service, the Compassionate Samadhi Water Repentance, and the Yoga Collection for Feeding the Searing Mouths Dharma Service are rituals to eliminate karmic hindrance and to cease to worldly delusions. Through such practices, one can free the dead as well as confess their repentance.

Madou Daitian Temple is a magnificent and colorful temple in Tainan. Not only can the worshippers visit the eighteen levels of Hell but also the Heaven (it was built in 1979 and inaugurated in 1983) here. The lighting and sound effects are stunning and frightening. When walking alone in the space, one may feel like taking a Guan Luo Yin trip (a Taoist necromancy which leads people’s spirits to hell and communicate with the dead ones) to visit the underworld prison. Before arriving the first court of the underworld, the visitor will walk through the Mountain of Heart Summit, the Pure Heart Pond, the Frontier between the Living and the Dead Realms, the Soul Registry Hall, the Portico of Demons, the Center for Complementary Teaching of Canonical Books, the Citadel of Premature Death, and the Bridge of Vanity. When one arrives at the first court, they will see King Chin-guang, who is in charge of the court, using the Mirror of Retribution to show the earthly form of evil creatures and also witness the sub-hell of Pillar-Holding and Fire Bed, etc. At the second court, King Chu-jiang collates the register of sins the souls of the dead have committed to impose the punishments. Here, you will see the sub-hell of Excrement and Urine, Hungry Ghost, Burning Dance Floor, Ice, Pus and Blood, Whipping, Tongue-Raking, Sword Blade, Stomach-Piercing, Chopping, etc. Next, the dead at the third court, ruled by King Song-di, will receive the punishments including inversion tortures, face-skinning with steel and copper knife, eye-wrenching, pounding, blood-sucking, rib-piercing, roasting, tendon-taking, being eaten by maggots. The visitor can pay a visit to the Palace of Soul-Resuscitation for the Four Forms of Creatures (birth from an egg, birth from a womb, birth from moisture, and birth by transformation). King Wu-guan is in charge of the fourth court. There are sixteen sub-hells at the fourth court including Waist Chop, Tongue Removal, Boiling Pond, Mouth-stabbing, Skin-peeling, Sword Tree, Burning Wheels and Cart, Eye-shooting, etc. Next, at the fifth court, sinful souls are allowed to ascend the Tower of Hometown-Viewing to take a final look of their family. The visitor will witness sub-hells of Knee-striking, Heart-slicing, Blade Mountain, Flying Swords and Burning Stones, etc. The King of Bian City takes charge of the sixth court, which is also known as the “Great Hell of Screaming,” with sub-hells including Fire Cattle, Tiger-Biting, Kidney-Eating, Mouth-Poking, Throat-Nailing, Iron Mill, Decapitation, etc. The King of Tai-shan is in charge of the seventh court, the “Great Hell of Heat and Fire.” The sixteen sub-hells at this court include Finger-Searing, Bowel-Hauling, Stone-Bearing, Boiling Oil, Tongue-Removal and Cheek-Piercing, etc. Next, the King Du-shi is in charge of the eighth court, the “Great Hell of Intense Fire and Heat,” and the sub-hells including Fire Dogs, Molten Iron, Iron Snakes, Dismemberment, Steel Spikes, Burning-Marrow, Iron Ball, Scale, etc. The ninth court is ruled by the King Ping-deng. It is known as the biggest court, Avici Hell (the Hell of Incessant Suffering), which if the lowest level of the hell realm and the interior is gloomily and terrifyingly dark. Those who committed the most serious evil deed will be sent to the Avici Hell. Sub-hells such as Poisonous Snake, Brain-Removal, Crow-Gnawing, Raining Needles, Wasps and Scorpions are included at this court. After arriving the tenth court, ruled by the Great King of the Reincarnation Palace, one can visit the “Observatory of Life on earth” and the “eight bureaus of the Reincarnation Palace” (including the Bureau of Judicial Control, the Bureau of Good-Actions, the Bureau of Bad-Actions, the Bureau of Debts, Gratitude, and Vengeance, the Bureau of Longevity and Destiny, the Bureau of Familial Ties, the Bureau of the Reincarnated, and the Bureau of Birth). The sinful one will be sent to the Pavilion of Mengpo and made to drink the Soup of Forgetfulness to forget all past affairs. According to the sinful one’s merits of previous life, they will go across one of the six bridges (gold, silver, jade, stone, wood, bamboo) to the “Reincarnation-Wheel (Wheel on the Crimson River).” Finally, one is able to reborn in the six realms. According to the Aṣṭadaśa nāraka sutra ( the Eighteen Hells Sutra), after one passes away, they will enter an intermediate and transitional state between death and rebirth, known as antarābhava in Sanskrit, for forty-nine days. The being will be evaluated by Yama, who will decide if one should get reborn or get punished at the hell. Those who committed the Five Grave Offenses (killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, killing an Arhat, shedding the blood of a Buddha, and creating a schism within the community of Buddhist monks and nun who practice for attaining enlightenment.) will be sent to the Avici Hell and stay there eternally. Kṣitigarbha is the Lord of the Nether World, ruling the ten court of Hell. The lord will set up the “Hall of Teaching” at each court to salvage those sinful ones who still obtain few merits at the offering rituals.

Human beings live the Sahā world (sahāloka in Sanskrit, meaning “endurance of suffering,” a concept of mundane world in Mahāyāna Buddhism) where they share with other reincarnations (including beings of the hells, of the preta, and of malevolent nature spirits) with five turbidities (the Kalpa turbidity, the view turbidity, the affliction turbidity, the living beings turbidity, and the life turbidity). Those who commit the ten evil deeds (killing, stealing, adultery, lying, using immoral language, slandering, equivocating, coveting, anger, and false views) must fall into the three evil paths (animals, preta, and hell). However, how can one escape from the three realms/ twenty-eight heavens (including the six heavens of the desire realm, the eighteen heavens of the form realm, and the four heavens of the formless realm)? Worldly people who don’t have such an awareness cannot leave the cycle of the twelve nidanas (meaning causes or motivations), let alone eliminate the eighty-one afflictions (that have been produced due to misunderstanding regarding reality) and the eighty-eight illusions (including five afflictions of advanced practitioners, also known as five views: view of self, extreme view, evil view, view of attachment to views, and view of morality; and five unintelligent temptations: desire, anger, stupidity, arrogance, and doubt) of thought within the three realms and four Arya satyas (noble truths, including suffering, arising, ending, and path). They cannot realize that the essence of the five skandhas (referring to aggregates of clinging, including the matter of form, sensation, recognition, mental formation, and consciousness) , the twelve ayatana (meaning sense base, including six internal bases: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind and six external bases: visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects), and the eighteen dhātavah (meaning compositional elements of human existence, including six consciousness, six faculties, and their objects) are the emptiness and the void. Furthermore, they cannot dispel the two reasons for clinging to the idea of the self and the attachment to elemental constructs and even believe in the two (false) tenets that that karma and nirvana are not real and that the ego and phenomena are real. As a consequence, they fail to develop the eleven wholesome mental factors (faith, energy, conscience, being ashamed, non-attachment, non-aggression, non-delusion, calmness, equanimity, conscientiousness, and non-injuriousness) and cease the sixteen unwholesome mental factors (desire, greed, anger, delusion, arrogance, doubt, wrong view, wrath, enmity, hypocrisy, vexation, jealousy, parsimony, deceit, flattery, harming, ambitiousness, stupidity, lacking of faith, idleness, being unrestrained, forgetting, distraction, non-discernment, ). One must bear in mind that once all our virtuous roots are discontinued, they will be trapped in the never-ending reincarnation and the suffering of infinite continuity.
Is it possible that the hell will be empty one day? If the beings in hell will become extinct while evil spirits inhabit the mundane world, the world could be considered as a pure land. If we could witness the nature of the void, then hell will exist no more.
Since ancient times, the concept of hell has been widely spread among all tribes. Aging, death, beginning, and end are the basis of nature and the core of cosmic consciousness. However, the prosperous civilization as our island is not a place where desire can be eliminated. It’s impossible to eradicate evil nature. Since fetters brought by the constitution, the state, the law, society, the military, corporations, schools, families, and groups are not less than the eighteen levels of hell, the mortals repress themselves, bury their feelings. Day after day, greed, anger, stupidity, arrogance, doubt, and resentment are stacking. However, since the six dust (visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects) has not yet been extinguished, people in the mundane world are still full of delusions. The demons, devils, evil spirits, and the wondering dead exist in the wilderness, while only advanced practitioners with transcendent would attempt to make contact with the dead in the wasteland and forest. Worldly people like us trespass in Disneyland-like man-made hell. It is absurd and ridiculous that the hellish scenes cannot stop us from perpetrating evil deeds, but the horrific and cruel scenes yet satisfy our self-righteous shame.

The pandemic has been boiling over for more than a year and a half. The number of infected patients worldwide is nearly a hundred and eighty million, and the death toll has risen to four million, which is equivalent to a war crisis. I hope that we can all be compassionate, give peace to the dead, treat all sentient beings well and equally. The hell is innately empty; however, deluded and misleading thoughts would give rise to all jealousy and hatred and then manifest the hell before us. This book merely serves as a memorandum of conscience for dictators of the world’s new cold war, supporters of unrestrained warfare, dark web hackers, and those who are cunning and contemptuous and maltreat others when knowing they have problems.

June 2021,

Yao Jui-chung

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