【智利(下)—民主社會的不平等】
今年10月,因為首都聖地牙哥捷運票價調漲,大量年輕人開始上街抗爭,訴求更從捷運票價擴大到高昂電氣費、醫療、教育和低養老金,參與抗議的群眾一天比一天增加。
抗議期間,群眾燒毀地鐵站和公車、破壞超市與公共建築等事件不時發生
智利政府將抗爭定調為「暴動」,宣布進入緊急狀態、實施宵禁,奉命抗暴的軍警和民眾衝突也日益擴大。
根據聯合國調查,確認至少有26位民眾死亡(4位證實非法死亡)、被捕人數超過2萬8千人。另外至少有300多人遭軍警霰彈槍擊中眼部、100多人遭酷刑或性暴力。
抗爭與社會衝突越演越烈、一發不可收拾,其實與智利政府的不當處置有很大的關係。例如,在宣布捷運漲價後,政府機關「建議」大眾早點起床避開尖峰時刻、或是在首都發生抗議騷亂當晚,總統竟然在高級餐廳為孫子慶生等等。
當然,也有包括中上階層菁英等支持政府制暴措施的民眾。這些民眾懷念過往皮諾契獨裁執政的秩序、認為是有境外勢力操控左翼民粹份子擾亂國家。
在成功民主轉型30年、生活條件相對改善後,智利的人民並非對資本主義不滿、一味傾向社會主義,而是不滿發展機會總被菁英把持的相關結構性問題。智利因為在皮諾契獨裁時期,為打擊左翼,推行強調市場自由的改革,反導致高失業率、工資下降。在皮諾契下台後,即使經政黨輪替,政治、經濟政策延續未改,部分人民感到「垃圾不分左右」。
雖然目前為了緩和事態,智利政府遇抗議民眾共識、將在明年4月舉行制定新憲的公投。抗爭民眾期望修改過於傾向財團、利於既得利益者的制度,從根本上來改善問題。然而新憲能否解決長期的不公平?仍有很多疑慮......
#socialclassonline #公民不下課 #chile #protest #protester #humanrights #學測 #指考 #讀書 #升學 #時事 #社會議題 #社會科 #考題 #智利 #抗議 #年輕人 #上街頭 #抗爭 #鎮壓 #槍擊 #眼部 #酷刑 #性暴力 #南美 #民主轉型 #經濟發展 #分配不均 #不公平分配 #裙帶關係
➤ 參考資料
・【獨立調查】聯合國報告:智利過度武力鎮壓示威 軍警涉性暴力
https://www.hk01.com/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B/410003/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5-%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A-%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9%E9%81%8E%E5%BA%A6%E6%AD%A6%E5%8A%9B%E9%8E%AE%E5%A3%93%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81-%E8%BB%8D%E8%AD%A6%E6%B6%89%E6%80%A7%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B
・【轉角國際】都是「民主」惹的禍?智利奇蹟的轉型大卡關https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8663/4199946
・【轉角國際】智利首都戒嚴:從捷運漲價到軍隊開火的地獄路,已知8死1,500人被捕https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8662/4116269?fbclid=IwAR038k3gpeWUFPbTTmPjvI1zhqKDh4iz8MB0IBZTL6bdrutQu_j-cBOlT-0
OECD better life index: Chile
http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/chile/
・警方故意朝眼睛開槍逾200人失明!智利地鐵漲1元為何引爆數十年來最激烈抗爭?https://tw.youcard.yahoo.com/cardstack/0f850430-f3d5-11e9-a0b7116d070ddee2/%E8%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E6%95%85%E6%84%8F%E6%9C%9D%E7%9C%BC%E7%9D%9B%E9%96%8B%E6%A7%8D%E9%80%BE200%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%B1%E6%98%8E%EF%BC%81%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9%E5%9C%B0%E9%90%B5%E6%BC%B21%E5%85%83%E7%82%BA%E4%BD%95%E5%BC%95%E7%88%86%E6%95%B8%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E4%BE%86%E6%9C%80%E6%BF%80%E7%83%88%E6%8A%97%E7%88%AD%EF%BC%9F
➤ 圖片來源:
・智利與中國地圖:https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chile_China_Locator.svg
・智利抗議群眾:Marcelo Hernandez/Getty Images
・Augusto Pinochet:wikipedia
・智利街頭抗議:Sebastian Cisternas /Aton Chile/AFP via Getty Images
・燃燒的公車:Martin Bernetti/AFP via Getty Images
・警民衝突:Ivan Alvarado via Reuters
・警民衝突:路透社
・民眾流血:Getty
・警察打學生:Claudio Santana via AP
➤ Icon 來源:
・Rich and Poor:By Adrien Coquet, FR
同時也有8部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過4萬的網紅Chilli Lucas - 智利仔,也在其Youtube影片中提到,El pueblo unido jamas sera vencido Please consider supporting my work: paypal.me/chilliLucas https://www.patreon.com/chillilucas Or you can do a on...
「chile protest」的推薦目錄:
chile protest 在 公民不下課 Facebook 的最讚貼文
【智利(上)— 民主社會的不平等】
在台灣媒體主要聚焦在香港抗爭的同時,今年十月,遠在南美的地球另一端、智利也出現了以年輕人為要角的大規模抗議。並在智利政府強硬的鎮壓下,至少有三百多人遭軍警霰彈槍擊中眼部、一百多人遭酷刑或性暴力。
作為南美模範生,智利在獨裁者下台、成功民主轉型之後,經濟蓬勃發展、貧困狀況普遍改善,然而,看似自由開放的體制卻因為不公平分配、制度缺陷等結構性因素陷入發展死角。
即便貧困狀況普遍改善,智利的經濟發展成果卻極度分配不均、貧富差距越來越大。即使民主轉型30年、生活條件相對改善,智利依然面臨消費者權益薄弱、醫療取得困難、教育資源不均、許多產業遭有裙帶關係的寡頭企業壟斷等問題,經常引發抗議。
今年10月,首都聖地牙哥捷運票價,尖峰費用調漲30披索。若考慮國民收入,交通比紐約地鐵(單程2.75美元)更讓人難以負擔。以此為契機,大量年輕人開始抗爭,隨著訴求擴大到高昂電氣費、醫療、教育和低養老金,參與抗議的群眾一天比一天增加... (下集待續)
#socialclassonline #公民不下課 #chile #protest #protester #humanrights #學測 #指考 #讀書 #升學 #時事 #社會議題 #社會科 #考題 #智利 #抗議 #年輕人 #上街頭 #抗爭 #鎮壓 #槍擊 #眼部 #酷刑 #性暴力 #南美 #民主轉型 #經濟發展 #分配不均 #不公平分配 #裙帶關係
➤ 參考資料
・【獨立調查】聯合國報告:智利過度武力鎮壓示威 軍警涉性暴力
https://www.hk01.com/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B/410003/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5-%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A-%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9%E9%81%8E%E5%BA%A6%E6%AD%A6%E5%8A%9B%E9%8E%AE%E5%A3%93%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81-%E8%BB%8D%E8%AD%A6%E6%B6%89%E6%80%A7%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B
・【轉角國際】都是「民主」惹的禍?智利奇蹟的轉型大卡關https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8663/4199946
・【轉角國際】智利首都戒嚴:從捷運漲價到軍隊開火的地獄路,已知8死1,500人被捕https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8662/4116269?fbclid=IwAR038k3gpeWUFPbTTmPjvI1zhqKDh4iz8MB0IBZTL6bdrutQu_j-cBOlT-0
OECD better life index: Chile
http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/chile/
・警方故意朝眼睛開槍逾200人失明!智利地鐵漲1元為何引爆數十年來最激烈抗爭?https://tw.youcard.yahoo.com/cardstack/0f850430-f3d5-11e9-a0b7116d070ddee2/%E8%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E6%95%85%E6%84%8F%E6%9C%9D%E7%9C%BC%E7%9D%9B%E9%96%8B%E6%A7%8D%E9%80%BE200%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%B1%E6%98%8E%EF%BC%81%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9%E5%9C%B0%E9%90%B5%E6%BC%B21%E5%85%83%E7%82%BA%E4%BD%95%E5%BC%95%E7%88%86%E6%95%B8%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E4%BE%86%E6%9C%80%E6%BF%80%E7%83%88%E6%8A%97%E7%88%AD%EF%BC%9F
➤ 圖片來源:
・智利與中國地圖:https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chile_China_Locator.svg
・智利抗議群眾:Marcelo Hernandez/Getty Images
・Augusto Pinochet:wikipedia
・智利街頭抗議:Sebastian Cisternas /Aton Chile/AFP via Getty Images
・燃燒的公車:Martin Bernetti/AFP via Getty Images
・警民衝突:Ivan Alvarado via Reuters
・警民衝突:路透社
・民眾流血:Getty
・警察打學生:Claudio Santana via AP
➤ Icon 來源:
・Rich and Poor:By Adrien Coquet, FR
chile protest 在 堅離地城:沈旭暉國際生活台 Simon's Glos World Facebook 的最佳貼文
🇩🇰 這是一篇深度報導,來自歐洲現存最古老的報紙:丹麥Weekendavisen,題目是從香港抗爭運動、香港聯繫加泰羅尼亞的集會,前瞻全球大城市的「永久革命」。一篇報導訪問了世界各地大量學者,我也在其中,雖然只是每人一句,加在一起,卻有了很完整的圖像。
以下為英譯:
Protest! The demonstrations in Hong Kong were just the beginning. Now there are unrest in big cities from Baghdad to Barcelona. Perhaps the stage is set for something that could look like a permanent revolution in the world's big cities.
A world on the barricades
At the end of October, an hour after dark, a group of young protesters gathered at the Chater Garden Park in Hong Kong. Some of them wore large red and yellow flags. The talk began and the applause filled the warm evening air. There were slogans of independence, and demands of self-determination - from Spain. For the protest was in sympathy with the Catalan independence movement.
At the same time, a group of Catalan protesters staged a protest in front of the Chinese Consulate in Barcelona in favor of Hong Kong's hope for more democracy. The message was not to be mistaken: We are in the same boat. Or, as Joshua Wong, one of the leading members of the Hong Kong protest movement, told the Catalan news agency: "The people of Hong Kong and Catalonia both deserve the right to decide their own destiny."
For much of 2019, Hong Kong's streets have been ravaged by fierce protests and a growing desperation on both sides, with escalating violence and vandalism ensuing. But what, do observers ask, if Hong Kong is not just a Chinese crisis, but a warning of anger that is about to break out globally?
Each week brings new turmoil from an unexpected edge. In recent days, attention has focused on Chile. Here, more than 20 people have lost their lives in unrest, which has mainly been about unequal distribution of economic goods. Before then, the unrest has hit places as diverse as Lebanon and the Czech Republic, Bolivia and Algeria, Russia and Sudan.
With such a geographical spread, it is difficult to bring the protests to any sort of common denominator, but they all reflect a form of powerlessness so acute that traditional ways of speaking do not seem adequate.
Hardy Merriman, head of research at the International Center for Nonviolent Conflict in Washington, is not in doubt that it is a real wave of protest and that we have not seen the ending yet.
"I have been researching non-violent resistance for 17 years, and to me it is obvious that there are far more popular protest movements now than before. Often the protests have roots in the way political systems work. Elsewhere, it is about welfare and economic inequality or both. The two sets of factors are often related, ”he says.
Economic powerlessness
Hong Kong is a good example of this. The desire among the majority of Hong Kong's seven million residents to maintain an independent political identity vis-à-vis the People's Republic of China is well known, but the resentment of the streets is also fueled by a sense of economic powerlessness. Hong Kong is one of the most unequal communities in the world, and especially the uneven access to the real estate market is causing a stir.
According to Lee Chun-wing, a sociologist at Hong Kong Polytechnic University, the turmoil in the city is not just facing Beijing, but also expressing a daunting showdown with the neoliberal economy, which should diminish the state's role and give the market more influence, but in its real form often ends with the brutal arbitrariness of jungle law.
'The many protests show that neoliberalism is unable to instill hope in many. And as one of the world's most neoliberal cities, Hong Kong is no exception. While the protests here are, of course, primarily political, there is no doubt that social polarization and economic inequality make many young people not afraid to participate in more radical protests and do not care whether they are accused of damage economic growth, 'he says.
The turmoil is now so extensive that it can no longer be dismissed as a coincidence. Something special and significant is happening. As UN Secretary General António Guterres put it last week, it would be wrong to stare blindly at the superficial differences between the factors that get people on the streets.
“There are also common features that are recurring across the continents and should force us to reflect and respond. It is clear that there is growing distrust between the people and the political elites and growing threats to the social contract. The world is struggling with the negative consequences of globalization and the new technologies that have led to growing inequality in individual societies, "he told reporters in New York.
Triggered by trifles
In many cases, the riots have been triggered by questions that may appear almost trivial on the surface. In Chile, there was an increase in the price of the capital's subway equivalent to 30 Danish cents, while in Lebanon there were reports of a tax on certain services on the Internet. In both places, it was just the reason why the people have been able to express a far more fundamental dissatisfaction.
In a broad sense, there are two situations where a population is rebelling, says Paul Almeida, who teaches sociology at the University of California, Merced. The first is when more opportunities suddenly open up and conditions get better. People are getting hungry for more and trying to pressure their politicians to give even more concessions.
“But then there is also the mobilization that takes place when people get worse. That seems to be the overall theme of the current protests, even in Hong Kong. People are concerned about various kinds of threats they face. It may be the threat of inferior economic conditions, or it may be a more political threat of erosion of rights. But the question is why it is happening right now. That's the 10,000-kroner issue, ”says Almeida.
Almeida, who has just published the book Social Movements: The Structure of Social Mobilization, even gives a possible answer. A growing authoritarian, anti-democratic flow has spread across the continents and united rulers in all countries, and among others it is the one that has now triggered a reaction in the peoples.
“There is a tendency for more use of force by the state power. If we look at the death toll in Latin America, they are high considering that the countries are democracies. This kind of violence is not usually expected in democratic regimes in connection with protests. It is an interesting trend and may be related to the authoritarian flow that is underway worldwide. It's worth watching, 'he says.
The authoritarian wave
Politologists Anna Lürhmann and Staffan Lindberg from the University of Gothenburg describe in a paper published earlier this year a "third autocratic wave." Unlike previous waves, for example, in the years before World War II, when democracy was beaten under great external drama , the new wave is characterized by creeping. It happens little by little - in countries like Turkey, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Hungary and Russia - at such a slow pace that you barely notice it.
Even old-fashioned autocrats nowadays understand the language of democracy - the only acceptable lingua franca in politics - and so the popular reaction does not happen very often when it becomes clear at once that the electoral process itself is not sufficient to secure democratic conditions. Against this backdrop, Kenneth Chan, a politician at Hong Kong Baptist University, sees the recent worldwide wave of unrest as an expression of the legitimacy crisis of the democratic regimes.
“People have become more likely to take the initiative and take part in direct actions because they feel that they have not made the changes they had hoped for through the elections. In fact, the leaders elected by the peoples are perceived as undermining the institutional guarantees of citizens' security, freedom, welfare and rights. As a result, over the past decade, we have seen more democracies reduced to semi-democracies, hybrid regimes and authoritarian regimes, ”he says.
"Therefore, we should also not be surprised by the new wave of resistance from the people. On the surface, the spark may be a relatively innocent or inconsiderate decision by the leadership, but people's anger quickly turns to what they see as the cause of the democratic deroute, that is, an arrogant and selfish leadership, a weakened democratic control, a dysfunctional civil society. who are no longer able to speak on behalf of the people. ”The world is changing. Anthony Ince, a cardiff at Cardiff University who has researched urban urban unrest, sees the uprisings as the culmination of long-term nagging discontent and an almost revolutionary situation where new can arise.
"The wider context is that the dominant world order - the global neoliberalism that has dominated since the 1980s - is under pressure from a number of sides, creating both uncertainty and at the same time the possibility of change. People may feel that we are in a period of uncertainty, confusion, anxiety, but perhaps also hope, ”he says.
Learning from each other.
Apart from mutual assurances of solidarity the protest movements in between, there does not appear to be any kind of coordination. But it may not be necessary either. In a time of social media, learning from each other's practices is easy, says Simon Shen, a University of Hong Kong political scientist.
“They learn from each other at the tactical level. Protesters in Hong Kong have seen what happened in Ukraine through YouTube, and now protesters in Catalonia and Lebanon are taking lessons from Hong Kong. It's reminiscent of 1968, when baby boomers around the globe were inspired by an alternative ideology to break down rigid hierarchies, 'he says.
But just as the protest movements can learn from each other, the same goes for their opponents. According to Harvard political scientist Erica Chenoweth, Russia has been particularly active in trying to establish cooperation with other authoritarian regimes, which feel threatened by riots in the style of the "color revolutions" on the periphery of the old Soviet empire at the turn of the century.
"It has resulted in joint efforts between Russian, Chinese, Iranian, Venezuelan, Belarusian, Syrian and other national authorities to develop, systematize and report on techniques and practices that have proved useful in trying to contain such threats," writes Chenoweth in an article in the journal Global Responsibility to Protect.
Max Fisher and Amanda Taub, commentators at the New York Times, point to the social media as a double-edged sword. Not only are Twitter and Facebook powerful weapons in the hands of tech-savvy autocrats. They are also of questionable value to the protesting grass roots. With WhatsApp and other new technologies, it is possible to mobilize large numbers of interested and almost-interested participants in collective action. But they quickly fall apart again.
The volatile affiliation is one of the reasons why, according to a recent survey, politically motivated protests today only succeed in reaching their targets in 30 percent of cases. A generation ago, the success rate was 70 percent. Therefore, unrest often recurs every few years, and they last longer, as Hong Kong is an example of. Perhaps the scene is set for something that might resemble a permanent revolution in the world's big cities - a kind of background noise that other residents will eventually just get used to.
"Since there is still no obvious alternative to neoliberalism, the polarization that led to the protests initially will probably continue to apply," says Lee of Hong Kong Polytechnic University. "At the same time, this means that the anger and frustration will continue to rumble in society."
chile protest 在 Chilli Lucas - 智利仔 Youtube 的最讚貼文
El pueblo unido jamas sera vencido
Please consider supporting my work:
paypal.me/chilliLucas
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Or you can do a one time donation:
Please share this livestream so more people can be informed of the situation.
Links to where I get the footage:
https://ncehk2019.github.io/nce-live/?visibleCount=4
Apple Daily: https://www.facebook.com/hk.nextmedia/
Stand News: https://www.facebook.com/standnewshk/
RTHK: https://www.facebook.com/RTHKVNEWS/
#news #noticias
#hongkong #chinauncensored #riotpolice #livestream #live #english #chile #chilli #chillilucas #police #hk #china #riot
chile protest 在 Chilli Lucas - 智利仔 Youtube 的精選貼文
In memory of Student Chow. May he rest in peace.
Students Rallying Peacefully in Kwun Tong.
Petition to remove their citizenship:
https://www.youtube.com/redirect?redir_token=prW5l7gitk95K37aQ_PYWWQFXlh8MTU3MjgxMDI4M0AxNTcyNzIzODgz&event=video_description&v=HA9LGB8LqYU&q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.change.org%2Fp%2Fuk-home-office-uk-home-office-should-revoke-carrie-lam-s-family-citizenship%3Frecruiter%3D957985747%26utm_source%3Dshare_petition%26utm_campaign%3Dpsf_combo_share_abi%26utm_medium%3Dwhatsapp%26utm_content%3Dwasharecopy_18233251_en-GB%253Av5%26recruited_by_id%3D79024a30-7018-11e9-92c6-693fe04274d0%26share_bandit_exp%3Dabi-18233251-en-GB%26share_bandit_var%3Dv0
Please consider supporting my work:
paypal.me/chilliLucas
https://www.patreon.com/chillilucas
Or you can do a one time donation:
Please share this livestream so more people can be informed of the situation.
Links to where I get the footage:
https://ncehk2019.github.io/nce-live/?visibleCount=4
Apple Daily: https://www.facebook.com/hk.nextmedia/
Stand News: https://www.facebook.com/standnewshk/
RTHK: https://www.facebook.com/RTHKVNEWS/
#news #noticias
#hongkong #chinauncensored #riotpolice #livestream #live #english #chile #chilli #chillilucas #police #hk #china #riot
chile protest 在 Chilli Lucas - 智利仔 Youtube 的最讚貼文
Riot police using excessive force and doing illegal arrests
people trying to exercise their constitutional and human rights
Petition to remove their citizenship:
https://www.youtube.com/redirect?redir_token=prW5l7gitk95K37aQ_PYWWQFXlh8MTU3MjgxMDI4M0AxNTcyNzIzODgz&event=video_description&v=HA9LGB8LqYU&q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.change.org%2Fp%2Fuk-home-office-uk-home-office-should-revoke-carrie-lam-s-family-citizenship%3Frecruiter%3D957985747%26utm_source%3Dshare_petition%26utm_campaign%3Dpsf_combo_share_abi%26utm_medium%3Dwhatsapp%26utm_content%3Dwasharecopy_18233251_en-GB%253Av5%26recruited_by_id%3D79024a30-7018-11e9-92c6-693fe04274d0%26share_bandit_exp%3Dabi-18233251-en-GB%26share_bandit_var%3Dv0
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