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[PHOTO] A woman points to one of the Chinese characters constituted from broken bricks and tiles in the wall of a house in Jinhu Township, Kinmen County Friday. The mixed use of bricks and other materials, such as stones, is a traditional wall building technique common in the area.
https://focustaiwan.tw/photos/20210910ENP0002m
《心血管疾病患者疫情期間之照護應變策略建議》
📣心血管病患須知：
心血管疾病患者或具有心血管疾病危險因子的病患在感染 COVID-19 後的嚴重程度較高，甚至是死亡，已廣為證實。
SARS-CoV-2 不僅會導致病毒性肺炎，對心血管系統也有重大影響。心血管或腦血管疾病患者和具有心血管危險因子的族群，如：男性、老年、糖尿病、高血壓和肥胖的病患，已被證實在感染 COVID-19 後發生併發症和死亡的機率會增加。此外，罹患COVID-19的人有相當大的比例可能會發生心臟損傷，而這也預示著院內死亡的風險增加。新冠肺炎造成心臟損傷的情況，除了血栓併發症，如：急性冠心症和靜脈栓塞，心肌炎亦是造成之後心衰竭的重要因素。此外，研究指出廣泛的心律不整會使 COVID-19 的病程複雜化，包括針對 COVID-19 和相關疾病的治療藥物其潛在的促成心律不整作用。由於醫療資源的重新分配，像是再灌注(reperfusion therapy)等的緊急治療可能會受到當地疫情嚴重程度所限制。此外，患者害怕在疫情期間就醫造成心血管緊急狀況的延遲出現逐漸受到關注。
基於上述理由，歐洲心臟病學會 (ESC) 召集了一群具有 COVID-19 照護經驗的專家和相關從業人員為疫情期間心血管照護等各方面提供相關指導文件。
📣心血管病患照護：
眾所周知，感染 COVID-19 的心血管病患於院內預後不佳的風險更高，這也是為什麼必須有效保護他們避免與COVID-19無症狀或輕症感染者接觸的原因。根據研究建議，因急性心臟病而入院且排除病毒感染的患者，在檢查及住院的過程中應徹底避免與COVID-19病患接觸。門診慢性心臟病患者應盡可能留在家中，而心臟病患者的住院天數應控制在可接受的最短時間內，並強烈建議限制訪客進出。
在疫情期間應避免非緊急處置，以維持醫療量能並降低疾病傳播的風險。現況下，為有效降低 COVID-19 傳播的風險，使用遠程醫療有其必要性，特別是針對免疫力較低的族群，如：老年患者。另外，遠程醫療提供各方專家進行共同會診的機會，從而使患者待在家中即可獲得完善的處置。遠程復健(或稱居家復健)亦是出院患者的復健選擇之一。隨著對心衰竭和使用心律調節器患者的遠程醫療越來越標準化，未來將可成為病患列入考慮的醫療照護選擇。遠程醫療有助於控制病毒傳播，同時防止心血管疾病患者因誤診或誤治而導致其病程惡化。
除了遠程醫療，在醫師及護理師佩戴適當個人防護裝備的前提下，“居家護理”和“移動診所”亦能讓患者在家接受治療。這兩個方案可防止許多臨床不穩定性的心臟疾病（如：慢性心衰竭）的產生，並確保患者得到長期治療，且有助於形成“以社區為中心”的照護形式，這可能比純粹的“以患者為中心”的照護更有利，如此一來，受感染的住院患者能擁有足夠的醫療資源。
當心血管病患因診斷或治療而需要進出醫院時，患者應全程配戴口罩、保持社交距離並以酒精清潔雙手來保護自己。
📣在COVID-19疫情期間的治療：
■ 感染COVID-19和長期口服治療的中斷，都有可能對長期心血管疾病的病患造成病情的不穩定，所以在做任何治療的調整之前，應該要先尋求醫生的指示。
■ 用於次級預防動脈粥狀硬化的阿斯匹靈沒有消炎的效果，除非有特殊原因(例如: 持續出血的併發症或是進行手術)，否則有心血管疾病的COVID-19病患，在治療期間不應該自行中斷阿斯匹靈的使用。
■ 有感染COVID-19風險的心血管疾病患者都有使用抑制腎素- 血管收縮素系統(Renin-Angiotensin System, RAS)的藥物，包括：血管張力素轉化酶抑制劑(Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, ACEI)類型的藥物。但是ACEI和血管張力素受體阻滯劑(Ang II type I receptor blockers)並不會阻止或是促進COVID-19病毒透過細胞表面受體蛋白ACE2 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, ACE2)進入到細胞內。所以綜合以上因素，病人不應未經醫生指示而隨意停止治療。
■ 當病人進行COVID-19的治療時，對於原本心血管疾病的治療可能需要做調整。
📣關於心血管疾病患者的重要資訊：
■ 與他人的互動方面：
☑避免接觸生病的人。
☑人與人之間儘量保持兩公尺的社交距離。
☑勤洗手，並且使用肥皂搓洗至少20秒以上。
☑咳嗽或是打噴嚏時，要用紙巾或手肘內側摀住口鼻。
☑避免用手碰觸眼睛、鼻子和嘴巴。
☑用消毒劑時常消毒手會常碰觸到的地方，例如：門把或是手把。
☑出現發燒、咳嗽症狀，或是有呼吸道感染時，應自我在家隔離。
☑儘量待在家中。
☑維持身體活動以避免靜脈血栓栓塞（venous thromboembolism, VTE），同時也保持身體健康。
除了以上幾點之外，有心血管疾病的病人應該要遵照當地的衛生局或是醫生的指示來保持身體的健康。
■ 健康的生活習慣：
維持健康的生活習慣，例如: 均衡飲食、戒菸、不要過度飲酒、每天有充足的睡眠、維持運動習慣。長時間在家隔離和身體上的限制，使得運動量減少，可能會導致靜脈血栓栓塞(VTE)或其他併發症的發生風險增加，所以建議在家中也要有基本簡單的運動，或是在戶外有足夠的空間維持社交距離時運動，也建議可以利用網路進行遠距的社交活動。
■ 醫療照護建議：
☑有心血管疾病的COVID-19病患要持續的服用常規治療心血管疾病的處方藥物。
☑如果有胸痛或是其他症狀一定要趕快就醫，不要忽視症狀。
☑不要停止追蹤心臟的狀況，當心血管的狀況有惡化的情形時，應立即尋求心臟科醫生的專業建議。
📋參考資料
歐洲心臟醫學會 ：
https://www.escardio.org/Education/COVID-19-and-Cardiology/ESC-COVID-19-Guidance
📋參考論文
1. Driggin E, Madhavan MV, Bikdeli B, Chuich T, Laracy J, Biondi-Zoccai G, Brown TS, Der Nigoghossian C, Zidar DA, Haythe J, Brodie D, Beckman JA, Kirtane AJ, Stone GW, Krumholz HM, Parikh SA. Cardiovascular Considerations for Patients, Health Care Workers, and Health Systems During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;75(18):2352-2371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.031.
2. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Wang X, Peng Z. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 2020. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585
3. Lee IK, Wang CC, Lin MC, Kung CT, Lan KC, Lee CT. Effective strategies to prevent coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in hospital. J Hosp Infect 2020;105(1):102-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.02.022
4. Hollander JE, Carr BG. Virtually Perfect? Telemedicine for Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020;382(18):1679-1681. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2003539
5. Nacoti M, Ciocca A, Giupponi A, Brambillasca P, Lussana F, Pisano M, Goisis G, Bonacina D, Fazzi F, Naspro R, Longhi L, Cereda M, Montaguti C. At the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic and humanitarian crises in Italy: changing perspectives on preparation and mitigation. Catalyst non-issue content 2020;1(2). https://doi.org/10.1056/CAT.20.0080
6. Rombola G, Heidempergher M, Pedrini L, Farina M, Aucella F, Messa P, Brunori G. Practical indications for the prevention and management of SARS-CoV-2 in ambulatory dialysis patients: lessons from the first phase of the epidemics in Lombardy. J Nephrol 2020;33(2):193-196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00727-y.
7. Danser AHJ, Epstein M, Batlle D. Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers and the COVID-19 Pandemic: At Present There Is No Evidence to Abandon Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers. Hypertension 2020;75(6):1382-1385. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15082
8. de Simone G, ESC Council on Hypertension, On behalf of the Nucleus Members. Position Statement of the ESC Council on Hypertension on ACE-Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers. https://www.escardio.org/Councils/Council-on-Hypertension-(CHT)/News/position-statement-of-the-esc-council-on-hypertension-on-ace-inhibitors-and-ang (March 13, 2020; date last accessed).
9. Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, Albus C, Brotons C, Catapano AL, Cooney MT, Corra U, Cosyns B, Deaton C, Graham I, Hall MS, Hobbs FDR, Lochen ML, Lollgen H, Marques-Vidal P, Perk J, Prescott E, Redon J, Richter DJ, Sattar N, Smulders Y, Tiberi M, van der Worp HB, van Dis I, Verschuren WMM, Binno S, Group ESCSD. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts)Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J 2016;37(29):2315-2381. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106
(林口長庚紀念醫院PGY何佳樺醫師、國立清華大學醫科系沈昆樺、林口長庚紀念醫院兒童內科部姚宗杰教授、群體健康科學研究所蔡慧如研究員摘要整理)
👉更多照護指引文章：
https://forum.nhri.edu.tw/covid19/tag/guideline/
林口長庚紀念醫院
國立清華大學
衛生福利部
衛生福利部護理及健康照護司
衛生福利部護理諮詢會
台北醫學大學護理學院
高雄醫學大學護理系學生會
高雄醫學大學護理學院
私立高雄醫學大學
台灣護理學會
中華民國護理師護士公會全國聯合會
護理正義
護理人護理魂-hi,I'm CC
財團法人國家衛生研究院
國家衛生研究院-論壇
大家應該還沒忘記, 川普的競選律師包威爾前不久上遍媒體, 堅持川普的勝選被偷走, 作票舞弊是拜登勝利的原因。於是投票機製造公司把她告上法庭, 告她造謠毀譽, 求償十億美金。
包威爾這下怕了, 該怎麼脫身呢??? 她的辯護律師很妙, 宣稱「有理智的人不可能笨到相信包威爾的胡言亂語, 所以訴訟不該成立.........」
這對廣大的川粉們來說, 情何以堪啊?
Is Religion banned? Will you get your organs harvested for practicing your faith in China? Will you be oppressed and suppressed? Will you be arrested? Are there Churches in China?
The Taiping Rebellion was influenced to some degree by Christian teachings, and the Boxer Rebellion was in part a reaction against Christianity in China. Christians in China established the first modern clinics and hospitals, and provided the first modern training for nurses. Both Roman Catholics and Protestants founded numerous educational institutions in China from the primary to the university level. Some of the most prominent Chinese universities began as religious-founded institutions. Missionaries worked to abolish practices such as foot binding, and the unjust treatment of maidservants, as well as launching charitable work and distributing food to the poor. They also opposed the opium trade and brought treatment to many who were addicted. Some of the early leaders of the Chinese Republic, such as Sun Yat-sen were converts to Christianity and were influenced by its teachings. By 1921, Harbin, Manchuria's largest city, had a Russian population of around 100,000, constituting a large part of Christianity in the city.
Christianity, especially in its Protestant form, gained momentum in China between the 1980s and the 1990s, but in the following years, folk religion recovered more rapidly and in greater numbers than Christianity (or Buddhism). One scholar noted that "the Christian God then becomes one in a pantheon of local gods among whom the rural population divides its loyalties".
Protestants in the early twenty-first century, including both official and unofficial churches, had between 25 and 35 million adherents. Catholics were not more than 10 million. Other demographic analyses found that an average 2–4% of the population of China claims a Christian affiliation. Christians were unevenly distributed geographically. The only provinces in which they constituted a population significantly larger than 1 million persons are Henan, Anhui and Zhejiang. Protestants are characterised by a prevalence of people living in the countryside, women, illiterates and semi-literates, and elderly people.
A significant number of members of churches unregistered with the government, and of their pastors, belong to the Koreans of China.[334] Christianity has a strong presence in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, in Jilin. The Christianity of Yanbian Koreans has a patriarchal character; Korean churches are usually led by men, in contrast to Chinese churches which more often have female leadership. For instance, of the 28 registered churches of Yanji, only three of which are Chinese congregations, all the Korean churches have a male pastor while all the Chinese churches have a female pastor. Also, Korean church buildings are stylistically very similar to South Korean churches, with big spires surmounted by large red crosses. Yanbian Korean churches have been a matter of controversy for the Chinese government because of their links to South Korean churches.
In recent decades the Communist Party of China has become more tolerant of Christian churches outside party control, despite looking with distrust on organizations with international ties. The government and Chinese intellectuals tend to associate Christianity with subversive Western values, and many churches have been closed or destroyed. Since the 2010s policies against Christianity have been extended also to Hong Kong.
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詞語用法 · constitute的基本意思是「組成」,主要用於機構的組成或規章制度的制定,引申則可指組成人員的選定或任命。 · constitute是及物動詞,可接名詞、代詞作賓語,還可接以 ... ... <看更多>
a : enact regulations as are constituted by the government ... c(1) : to give due or lawful form to an agreement constituted by writing. ... <看更多>
constituted 在 CONSTITUTED在劍橋英語詞典中的解釋及翻譯 的相關結果
constituted 的意思、解釋及翻譯：1. past simple and past participle of constitute 2. to be or be considered as something: 3. to…。了解更多。 ... <看更多>