【保健知多D】維生素知多D:維生素E
〈維生素E關維生素C咩事?〉
說到維生素E,坊間總是大多離不開「抗氧化」。
實際上,維生素E到底又有什麼功效呢?
首先維生素E的確是一種抗氧化劑(Antioxidant),主要用來KO體內的自由基(Free Radicals)。
一般相信自由基可能會加速人體老化,甚至致癌,所以理論上,維生素E或許能夠減慢老化、預防癌症。
實際上,維生素E往往又可能會搭配維生素C同服。
為什麼?
其實說到抗氧化劑,大家還可能會聽過維生素C吧?
對,維生素C同是一種抗氧化劑。
因為維生素E是一種脂溶性維生素,而維生素C則是一種水溶性維生素,所以彼此便能夠互補對方的不足,一個水裡水裡來,一個火裡火裡去……不,不,不,應該是油裡油裡去,從而達到全方位的抗氧化效果。
實際上,一些研究指出這種組合多少能夠預防曬傷。[1][2][3][4][5]
除此之外,維生素E還可能會預防前列腺癌。[6]
不過維生素E其實都有很多種形態,例如Alpha-tocopherol(α-tocopherol)、Beta-tocopherol(β-tocopherol)、Gamma-tocopherol(γ-tocopherol)、Delta-tocopherol(δ-tocopherol)。
其中一些研究顯示Gamma-tocopherol可能較適合用來預防前列腺癌。[7][8]
至於Alpha-tocopherol還可以分為天然、人工兩種,一般分別稱為d-alpha-tocopherol、dl-alpha-tocopherol。
相較而言,因為部分dl-alpha-tocopherol不含活性,所以攝取量一般較大。
在副作用上,因為維生素E可能會抗凝血,所以較可能會加強一些抗凝血藥、抗血小板藥的功效,例如華法林(Warfarin)、肝素(Heparin)、亞士匹靈(Aspirin)、Clopidogrel,從而可能會增加出血的風險。
當然,除此之外,其他中藥例如當歸、丹參同樣可能會跟維生素E產生這種相互作用,從而可能會增加出血的風險。
所以如果正在服用這些中、西藥的話,一般建議服用維生素E前首先應該諮詢醫生的專業意見。
實際上,一項研究指出每天服用大約50 IU的人工維生素E便可能會增加出現出血性中風(Hemorrhagic Stroke)的風險[9],不過詭異的是這卻可能會減少出現缺血性中風(Ischemic Stroke)的風險。[10]
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Reference:
1. Fuchs J, Kern H. Modulation of UV-light-induced skin inflammation by d-alpha-tocopherol and l-ascorbic acid: a clinical study using solar simulated radiation. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998;25:1006-1012.
2. Eberlein-Konig B, Placzek M, and Przybilla B. Protective effect against sunburn of combined systemic ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and d-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:45-48.
3. Darr D, Dunston S, Faust H, et al. Effectiveness of antioxidants (vitamin C and E) with and without sunscreens as topical photoprotectants. Acta Derm Venereol. 1996;76:264-268.
4. Trevithick JR, Shum DT, Redae S, et al. Reduction of sunburn damage to skin by topical application of vitamin E acetate following exposure to ultraviolet B radiation: effect of delaying application or of reducing concentration of vitamin E acetate applied. Scanning Microsc. 1993;7:1269-1281.
5. Trevithick JR, Xiong H, Lee S, et al. Topical tocopherol acetate reduces post-UVB, sunburn-associated erythema, edema, and skin sensitivity in hairless mice. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1992;296:575-582.
6. Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Virtamo J, et al. Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90:440-446.
7. Helzlsouer KJ, Huang HY, Alberg AJ, et al. Association between alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, selenium, and subsequent prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:2018-2023.
8. Wright ME, Weinstein SJ, Lawson KA, et al. Supplemental and dietary vitamin E intakes and risk of prostate cancer in a large prospective study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16:1128-1135.
9. Leppala JM, Virtamo J, Fogelholm R, et al. Controlled trial of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on stroke incidence and mortality in male smokers. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000;20:230-235.
10. Leppala JM, Virtamo J, Fogelholm R, et al. Vitamin E and beta carotene supplementation in high risk for stroke. A subgroup analysis of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:1503-1509.
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