【最愛「釉裡紅」】
瓷器中自己最尊崇宋瓷汝窯,記得三十多年前的大學時代,只要課與課中間的空檔有四個小時或是沒有排課的週六,總是鑽進故宮看文物,經常站在汝窯前目不轉睛的瞅著,陶醉於雨過天青雲破處的瓷色裡以及在燈光下表面泛現的神秘粉紅光暈中,一種悠然神往的境界;即使如今在巴黎不得見,但當年的視覺印象與美感經驗卻是一輩子都不會忘記,只要閉上眼睛,隨時都能復現。沒有辦法以「喜歡」或「愛」來表達自己對於汝窯的感受,這些都太俗世紅塵了,因為那是一種超越語言文字、主客合一的出神狀態,如同新柏拉圖主義(Neo-Platonism)哲學家Plotinus對於「美」所下的定義。
回到凡間,倘若問我對於瓷器的最愛,答案無疑是「釉裡紅」了。什麼是釉裡紅?最偷懶貪快的描述方法莫過於將青花瓷的青色紋飾想像成紅色就相去不遠了。
和青花瓷一樣,都是釉下彩瓷,也都是創燒於元代,但是釉裡紅開始燒製的年代可能比青花還要再稍微早一點兒。和青花不同的是,釉裡紅不僅存世數量稀少,就連當初燒製的成品也屬少量,不若青花的數量驚人,也不像青花從元代晚期創燒就一路不間斷的燒製到清末民初長達七百年,釉裡紅僅在元代中後期、明代洪武與永宣(永樂、宣德)、以及清康乾(康熙、乾隆)燒製,不僅整個過程斷斷續續,甚至到了乾隆晚期就倏地嘎然而止,再也不曾燒製了。
釉里紅迴異於青花的命運主要是因為其燒製的困難度。釉里紅是以銅紅料在白瓷胎體繪上紋飾,再覆上一層透明釉,然後入窯以1300度高溫燒製。當時燒製瓷器過程裡「火氣」控制的方式有兩類:一種是打開窯門讓氧氣大量進入,在氧化的環境下燒製;另一種則是關上窯門,將火封往,悶著燒製。而釉里紅的燒製屬於後者,讓釉下的銅料在高溫的還原焰當中現出紅色。但問題是銅紅料中的銅離子不像青花的鈷料那麼穩定,對溫度異常敏感,如果溫度過高,那麼銅離子就會揮發而從釉層中出來,導致顏色褪去,燒出來的瓷器不是紅色紋飾無法連貫就是完全無法呈現紅色;如果溫度過低,那麼紅色就會變成黑紅色或黑色。這其中的溫度控制範圍只有10度,當時瓷窯都是燒柴火,不似今日能夠定溫,全靠窯工師傅盯著窯火觀察,然而要在1300度的高溫中識出10度的差別是相當困難的,因此釉裡紅燒製之後的淘汰品特別多,產量稀少,成本相對提高,所以即使是當初燒製的元明清三代,釉裡紅的價格就至少是青花的十倍以上,更遑論現今的市場收藏價值。
元代忽必烈王朝於滅南宋的前一年,即1278年,就已經在景德鎮設立了「浮梁瓷局」來主管皇室瓷器的燒造。浮梁位於景德鎭郊區,屬景德鎮管轄,自唐代以來即以產茶聞名,南北朝時便有「浮梁茶最好」的美譽,唐代詩人白居易的《琵琶行》當中更有這麼一句:「商人重利輕別離,前月浮梁買茶去。」由於當時景德鎮的諸多窯廠已經吸收了宋代北方定窯的白瓷燒製技術,再加上當地的優質高嶺土,能夠燒製出精美的白瓷;而蒙古人尚白,以白為吉色,因此選擇了許多工藝最出色的窯廠,設立浮梁瓷局以督造。元政府此舉更是吸引了全國各地優秀的匠師投靠景德鎮,各種燒瓷技藝滙集,砌磋琢磨,奠定了景德鎮的瓷都盛名。元代中後期,在瓷局的督造下,更燒製出以前所未有的釉里紅與青花瓷。
元代釉里紅的圖樣採取描紋填紅、勾勒紋飾、或是渲染塗抹讓銅紅料自由呈現等這些繪法,胎體胎質以及紋飾與青花相同,但更為古樸渾厚,自己特別喜愛這只元代釉裡紅轉把杯(圖1,圖片取自網路),銅紅料自然又自由的展現,非常迷人。
國祚極短的元朝結束之後進入明朝,建立大明的明太祖朱元彰是出了名的釉裡紅迷,洪武朝期間燒製的釉里紅數量甚至超過青花,造形承襲元代風格,但是在紋飾上更偏愛以細線描繪圖案(見圖2,巴黎吉美博物館收藏)。澳門博物館現收藏一只明洪武釉里紅纏枝蓮紋玉壺春瓶,堪為極品,此件原為英國人收藏,2006年於香港佳士得拍賣行以8000萬港幣拍出,得標者為澳門商業鉅子,後轉贈澳門博物館。大家若是有機會去澳門,不妨過去看看這件美麗的釉裡紅。
明代永宣時期(永樂、宣德)的釉裡紅燒製技術掌握得更成熟,擺脫以往紅中帶灰的色澤而呈現出較純的紅色,此時期的釉裡紅多以塗抹渲染的方式而少採洪武朝細線描繪的風格。
由於釉裡紅的燒製技術過難且燒造成本太高,明宣德之後遂全面停燒,一直到兩百年後的清康熙朝才復燒。
清朝康熙親政之後,天下大事抵定,國富民安,康熙將過往各種瓷器均復燒,其中當然包括了難度最高的釉裡紅。然而復燒之初,溫度的掌握不易,出現了偏黑的狀況,之後才遂漸抓到重點,甚至燒出前未有的濃淡色階,也開始嚐試燒製青花釉裡紅。乾隆朝大抵與康熙朝相同,但在風格意向上有區別,綜觀康、雍、乾三朝的瓷器紋飾表現,康熙顯示其「有」、雍正特重其「雅」、乾隆則享受其「過程」。由於康熙時又發展了五彩,到了乾隆又在五彩的基礎上發展出粉彩,一時彩瓷興盛,到了乾隆晚期便對釉裡紅失去興趣轉而投向粉彩的懷抱,就此停燒。咸豐時曾嘗試復燒但美器極少,釉裡紅就此成為歷史。(巴黎吉美博物館收藏之康熙朝釉裡紅,見圖3、4)
同時也有10000部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過2,910的網紅コバにゃんチャンネル,也在其Youtube影片中提到,...
platonism 在 Nick Ng's Phaneron Facebook 的最佳解答
GET LIT!!! ✨✨✨
Last night was a blur. For the first time I went to the Pit, a pub at UBC. It was a hella fun. It was like the first year of university minus the fear of awkwardness and anxiety.
It was the university life that I signed up for.
I guess I haven't been very connected to school for the past two years, partly because of co-op, mostly because of the fact I didn't really have a strong sense of belonging to UBC until this year (or I had but I forgot) For years I thought I just didn't fit in but really, I simply had not found my niche.
I still remember the night I arrived Totem Park, a first year dormitory. I remember it because there was a fraternity party and many were dressed in white. That was my first impression of a university party and how you "should" party.
So I tried (hard) and it was fun...sort of. It just felt kind of empty. And I tried to convince myself "it's how you do it here!"
Or is it?
What I learnt the most from UBC isn't so much the Kantian Ethics or Platonism but things like how you socialize and how to find your own path.
Especially the last one.
Sometime I wonder if university is still relevant today. Had I known what I wanted to do I would've attended General Assembly or digital schools alike. Does that mean I regret going to university? No, because had I not got into UBC I would have known that I like what I do now.
University is a series of trial and error allows you to know yourself in a much deeper level. It connects you with like minded people, to exchange intellectual conversations, to explore your options of the kind "life" you want, and to expand your horizons.
If I were to tell me old self one thing it'd be this: stop caring what norm is. It's not about the curve or the transcript but your own path.
Things like last night reminds of my first year and how much I grew as a student. I'm sure I'll continue to learn for the rest of my life but graduating in May 2017 means that my identity as a "student" is only valid for another half a year. The uncertainty is starting to cost me a few hours of sleep. Despite the discomfort, I'm still excited to see how much I can grow for the rest of my university life.
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