年紀和肌肉發展的關係
年紀大等於較小訓練效果⁉️
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頂級運動員退休的原因是他們太老嗎？
頂級運動員年齡平均值為20多歲［10］。而奧林匹克舉重選手的年齡平均值為26歲 。［9］但我們細心想想，頂級運動員退休的原因通常都是傷患、有關藥物使用的風險(drug-related health risks)、較佳的工作機會等等...
當我們更加深入探討有關力量和肌肥大的時候，我們會發現健力運動員都會在35歲(平均值)時達到最佳的狀態[11]。而有關健美運動員的研究不多，但當我們細心觀察那些傑出的健美選手時，會發現他們達到職業巔峰的時期通常都是在30-40多歲。
例子：Ronnie Coleman, Phil Heath, Dorian Yates, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Jay Cutler...
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標題: Association of age with muscle size and strength before and after short-term resistance training in young adults [2]
圖2
研究背景
研究對象為18至39歲的男性和女性，使用磁力共振掃描(MRI)檢測肱二頭肌橫截面面積和測試肘屈肌群的一下最大力量(1RM)，然後進行為期12星期的單邊手臂(非主用手)重量訓練。
訓練期結束後，再次使用磁力共振掃描(MRI)檢測肱二頭肌橫截面面積和測試肘屈肌群的一下最大力量。對比訓練前和訓練後的結果，最後得出當中的改變。
圖2A, 對象的肱二頭肌經歷12星期的重量訓練後，都有所增長。而各年齡層的肌肉增長沒有實際分別。在成年初期，年齡不會影響肌肉對重量訓練的反應。
圖2B,
年紀和二頭彎舉一下最大力量(1RM)有着負相聯的關係。
標題: Epidemiology of Sarcopenia [1]
研究背景及設計:
在明尼蘇達州的人群研究 (population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota)
年齡層抽樣方式提取數據 (Age stratified sample of men and women from the community)
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大眾而言，肌少症在大約20歲開始。不論性別，隨着人們年紀的增長，肌肉量都會穩定地下降。
既然肌少症在20歲開始...但是為什麼健力和健美運動員會在30～40多歲時達到運動表現的巔峰？
流失肌肉量·真正的成因⁉️
研究要點✅
1️⃣引致肌少症的主要成因，包括缺乏運動的生活方式和營養不良。[7]
2️⃣年紀令肌肉機能弱化，不使用(遺棄 disuse)肌肉會加劇這個問題 [8]
3️⃣要點:長期不使用肌肉(chronic disuse)，是肌肉量流失和力量下降最主要的成因，並非老化(aging) [6]
4️⃣年紀不影響肌肉對力量訓練的反應 [4]
5️⃣年輕和老年的女性有着差不多的肌肥大及力量增長 [5]
6️⃣年輕和老年的個體有著差不多的肌肥大增長 [3]
CrMenno Henselmanselmans
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「年紀是心靈勝於物質的問題，如果你不在乎，就無所謂。」 Age is an issue of mind over matter. If you don't mind, it doesn't matter.
如有興趣深入了解各研究的背景，可以參閱Reference部份中的文章‼️
Reference
1. III, L.J.M., Khosla, S., Crowson, C.S., O'Connor, M.K., O'Fallon, W.M. and Riggs, B.L. (2000), Epidemiology of Sarcopenia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 48: 625-630. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04719.x
2. Lowndes J, Carpenter RL, Zoeller RF, Seip RL, Moyna NM, Price TB, Clarkson PM, Gordon PM, Pescatello LS, Visich PS, Devaney JM, Gordish-Dressman H, Hoffman EP, Thompson PD, Angelopoulos TJ. Association of age with muscle size and strength before and after short-term resistance training in young adults. J Strength Cond Res. 2009 Oct;23(7):1915-20. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b94b35. PMID: 19749605; PMCID: PMC4103410.
3. Ivey FM, Roth SM, Ferrell RE, Tracy BL, Lemmer JT, Hurlbut DE, Martel GF, Siegel EL, Fozard JL, Jeffrey Metter E, Fleg JL, Hurley BF. Effects of age, gender, and myostatin genotype on the hypertrophic response to heavy resistance strength training. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000 Nov;55(11):M641-8. doi: 10.1093/gerona/55.11.m641. PMID: 11078093.
4. Mayhew DL, Kim JS, Cross JM, Ferrando AA, Bamman MM. Translational signaling responses preceding resistance training-mediated myofiber hypertrophy in young and old humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009;107(5):1655-1662. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91234.2008
5. Loenneke, J.P., Rossow, L.M., Fahs, C.A., Thiebaud, R.S., Grant Mouser, J. and Bemben, M.G. (2017), Time‐course of muscle growth, and its relationship with muscle strength in both young and older women. Geriatr Gerontol Int, 17: 2000-2007. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13010
6. Andrew P. Wroblewski, Francesca Amati, Mark A. Smiley, Bret Goodpaster & Vonda Wright (2011) Chronic Exercise Preserves Lean Muscle Mass in Masters Athletes, The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 39:3, 172-178, DOI: 10.3810/psm.2011.09.1933
7. Kim JS, Wilson JM, Lee SR. Dietary implications on mechanisms of sarcopenia: roles of protein, amino acids and antioxidants. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Jan;21(1):1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.06.014. Epub 2009 Oct 1. PMID: 19800212.
8. Venturelli M, Saggin P, Muti E, Naro F, Cancellara L, Toniolo L, Tarperi C, Calabria E, Richardson RS, Reggiani C, Schena F. In vivo and in vitro evidence that intrinsic upper- and lower-limb skeletal muscle function is unaffected by ageing and disuse in oldest-old humans. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2015 Sep;215(1):58-71. doi: 10.1111/apha.12524. Epub 2015 May 28. PMID: 25965867; PMCID: PMC4516639.
9. Huebner M, Perperoglou A. Performance Development From Youth to Senior and Age of Peak Performance in Olympic Weightlifting. Front Physiol. 2019;10:1121. Published 2019 Aug 27. doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.01121
10. Age of Peak Competitive Performance of Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review
11. Peak Age and Performance Progression in World-Class Weightlifting and Powerlifting Athletes
額外閱讀：https://mennohenselmans.com/how-bad-is-aging-for-your-gains/
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