【師培專文】英文用錯別急著怪你的「中文腦」。7大種錯誤來源
當沒有教學靈感時,就回到 "learners" 和 "learning" 這兩件事的本質去思考。其中要了解 learners 頭腦裡的語言 (interlanguage), learner errors 可以給我們很多很多的線索。
提出 The Output Hypothesis 的習得大師 Merrill Swain 指出,errors 是學習者對於語言的錯誤假設 (Wrong hypothesis) 的產物。應用語言學之父 Pit Corder 極為有影響力的論文即命名為:The Significance of Learner Errors.
但學習者和老師都必須要知道:Not all errors are equal. 錯誤可以粗略分成下面幾個來源,有了對錯誤的系統性理解以後,教學者、老師們、甚至學習者才能進而很細緻地去思考 怎樣的 corrective feedback、怎樣的 instruction (pedagogical intervention) 會對於鏟除這些錯誤有幫助 (or 沒幫助) 。
但前提是我們要學習如何:
(1) Collect samples of learner language
(2) Identify the errors
(3) Describe and explain the errors
(4) Evaluate / correct the errors
【學習者錯誤大概可分成下面幾種錯誤】
Type 1️⃣: Errors of Overproduction (過度使用)
小明剛看完一篇文章很不完整地在講定冠詞 the 什麼時候用。滿腦子都是 the,導致於他隔天寫英文時,不需要 the 的地方也用了 the。
當教學、教材不夠完整很容易有這樣的狀況,語言學家 Larry Selinker 曾經用 Transfer of Training 一詞形容「教學可以對學習造成的負面影響」。
➠ 當你看完「英文冠詞八大法」「介系詞就靠這幾招」這樣的文章時,要特別小心,你有可能越學越回去。
Type 2️⃣: L1 Transfer (對於母語對外語的影響,比較先進的說法是 cross-linguistic influence)
中式英文: I'm easy to get lost while driving in a big city. (腦中翻譯: 我很容易。。。)
正確: I get lost easily while driving in a big city.
中式英文: The knowledge I learned from him is very useful. (learn knowledge 是中式搭配詞錯誤,應使用 acquire knowledge)
Type 3️⃣: Developmental Errors (發展型錯誤)
小明學了 Where is the restroom? 後,程度慢慢變好時,學了「間接問句」。有一天他突然不知道到底是 Can you tell me where is the restroom? 還是 Can you tell me where the restroom is?
Type 4️⃣: Inherent difficulty / complexity (語言本身複雜性)
• He went to University of Pennsylvania.
(應該使用 He went to the University of Pennsylvania.)
Type 5️⃣: Overgeneralization (過度類化)
• *We should emphasize on... (將 put emphasis on 的 on 誤送給動詞)
• *We really need to cost down. (來自於 We need to bring the cost down. 的不求甚解學習)
Type 6️⃣: Oversimplification (過度簡化)
*He didn't wear mask today. (應該用 wear a mask,可能是 Type 2 加上 Type 6 的綜合)
Type 7️⃣: 綜合型錯誤 (一個以上的原因加總)
• I suggested him to go to see a doctor immediately.
• He didn't reply my email.
應該是 reply to...可能學生想到 answer my phone、可能是在翻中文、可能是 overgeneralization、及物不及物本身也有複雜性)
✔︎ 台灣英語師培系統過去30年,因課程內容只對了真正在研究「語言學習過程」的第二語言習得 (SLA) 研究做了非常皮毛的「交代」,大多台灣的英文老師,都在不知道怎麼回答之下走進了教室,開始了一年又一年用trial and error 學習教學的過程。
➠ 知名語言學家 Ringbom 在 2007 年一篇 paper 裡也提及: "...we need to know enough about learning before we start making assumptions on the efficiency of teaching."
如果你未來想要當、或現在是個英文老師,認同這個理念,也想要用科學來引導教學、讓自己和學生都能不斷進步,站在世界最前端,那麼我歡迎你參加我的師培課程!
公開課ㄧ秒報名: https://www.accupass.com/event/2003230931011722834038
• 地點: 台北市朱崙街60號2F (MRT 南京復興站 3號出口)
• 時間: 2:30 pm- 4:00 pm (2:00 pm 開放入場)
同時也有2部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過5萬的網紅ChinWoon正雯,也在其Youtube影片中提到,每一次看这个求婚影片都哭了。我真的觉得太感动了! Proposal Video part 1 of 3 回忆篇 对本来就是拍摄影片的我们来说,每一次你帮我的拍摄,似乎已经慢慢变成了习惯,每一次的旅行,我们一定会有属于自己的旅游影片。 但是,我没有想过,你用来和我求婚的影片,竟然是我们这7年以来的...
answer my phone中文 在 Fernando Chiu-hung Cheung 張超雄 Facebook 的最讚貼文
「專科門診覆診病人小錦囊」
"Tips for Specialized Out-Patient Clinic (SOPC ) Follow-up Visits"
因應近期新型冠狀病毒🦠爆發,醫院管理局在公立醫院🏥啟動「緊急應變級別」措施,專科門診診所的病人可能對應否如期應診有疑慮。醫院管理局有已彈性安排,公眾可參考以下問答。
Due to the current outbreak of novel coronavirus, the Hospital Authority has activated Emergency Response Level in public hospitals. Patients may have doubts about how to attend Specialized Out-patient clinics scheduled visits. Flexible arrangements initiated by the Hospital Authority are in effect now. The public can refer to the following information.
問:我擔心會感染到病毒,無去到或者唔想去醫院 / 診所覆診,咁點算呀🤷🏻♂🤷🏻♀?
答:唔駛擔心😊,你可以喺覆診紙上面搵番醫院 / 診所電話☎,打電話去搵同事幫手。同事會因應實際情況,安排另一個覆診期📅俾你。
由於近期好多人打電話嚟診所,查詢熱綫有可能比較難打通,喺留言時請清楚留低你嘅聯絡電話☎。如果唔係緊急情況,你可以考慮傳真以要求改期,記得寫清楚聯絡電話☎,診所同事會再覆番你。
Question: I am worried about being infected by the virus. I don’t want to visit the hospital / clinic, or even show up for a scheduled appointment. What should I do?
Answer: There’s no need to worry. Please find the phone number printed on the appointment slip. Please use it to call our colleagues and s/he will make a new appointment for you according to your situation.
Due to heavy call volume, the enquiry hotline may be difficult to reach. Please leave your contact number clearly when leaving a message. If it is not an emergency, you can consider faxing a message requesting for a reschedule. Remember to write your contact phone number clearly. The clinic colleagues will reply to you.
問:我啲藥💊就嚟食晒啦,等唔到去重新安排覆診嗰日,咁又點算呀🤷🏻♂🤷🏻♀?
答:診所同事幫你重新安排覆診期嗰陣,如果你知道唔夠藥💊食到覆診嗰日,記住話俾同事知,同事會睇番你嘅情況,可能安排你去藥房攞住一部份藥💊先,又或者安排你早啲返嚟見醫生👨🏻⚕👩🏻⚕。
Question: My medication supplies are running low, and I can’t wait till the coming medical appointment. What should I do?
Answer: When our colleagues are rearranging your appointment, please tell her/him that you do not have enough medicines. Our colleagues will make necessary arrangements so that you can get the medicines from the Pharmacy, or s/he will arrange an earlier appointment for you.
以上英文版是由朋友所譯,醫管局只提供中文版。
The English version is translated by a friend of mine. HA has provided the information in Chinese only.
原文請參考下面醫管局網址:
Please refer to the following HA website for original source (Chinese version only):
https://www.ha.org.hk/haho/…/cc-Wuhan/Arrangement_SOP_tc.pdf
關❤身邊人,請廣傳💌🗣
Caring for your neighbor and people around you, please spread the message.
answer my phone中文 在 ChinWoon正雯 Youtube 的最佳解答
每一次看这个求婚影片都哭了。我真的觉得太感动了!
Proposal Video part 1 of 3 回忆篇
对本来就是拍摄影片的我们来说,每一次你帮我的拍摄,似乎已经慢慢变成了习惯,每一次的旅行,我们一定会有属于自己的旅游影片。
但是,我没有想过,你用来和我求婚的影片,竟然是我们这7年以来的旅程。。
这让我们的求婚,有了一个很美好的开始
这是我最爱的男人,用我最爱的歌声,来完成的一首歌曲。
谢谢Joyce Khoo为了我们而特别写了这一首歌曲。
如果你们有在我们爱情的旅程里出现过,希望你们会享受这部MV。
谢谢大家 (^^)
Wouldn't Be Me Without You - Koh Khai
Written by Joyce Khoo
Music Composed by Alester Leong Chit Wai
Lyrics:
Hold on, hold on.
You had to wait, bare all my mistakes.
But you held on, held on.
To me and my ways.
I won't forget,
All the phone calls, closed doors.
Where you became, my quiet strength.
So I'll hold on...
To this promise I made.
When at my highest,
You've seen me fly.
At times I was lost,
I had you.
We've been through the fire,
With you by my side.
One thing I'll say that is true,
I wouldn't be me,
Without you.
From here on, here on.
I promise to love you, all of my life.
We'll be strong, forevermore.
My dreams are yours and your dreams are mine.
I'll hold on, be faithful.
Girl of my dream,
You know you mean,
The world to me.
I promise you this...
When at my highest,
You've seen me fly.
At times I was lost,
I had you.
We've been through the fire,
With you by my side.
One thing I'll say that is true,
I wouldn't be me,
Without you.
希望我的每一部影片,都会带给大家一些些的快乐。
大家记得要订阅我的Youtube 频道,按启铃铛,Follow我的Instagram还有Facebook哦~
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我的最新影片!(每周日下午5点发布影片!)
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLYlu6s0EBrL4_oii_3jIRklL98C4ZihlK
带你去旅行
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLYlu6s0EBrL7NLJBJRTJcT5Ab0Q1AnabW
开箱时间到!
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上海之旅
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLYlu6s0EBrL7Q2jNtPIQCJESjNh8-KsCK
#chinwoon正雯 #求婚 #weddingproposal
answer my phone中文 在 VOGUE Taiwan Youtube 的精選貼文
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70 People Ages 5-75 Answer: What New Technology Is Most Important?
#小孩大人快問快答
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