查士丁尼大帝的一個顯而易見的功業,就是我們這幾天參觀的聖索菲亞大教堂。在東羅馬帝國滅亡之前,它有著僅次於羅馬萬神殿(Pantheon)的大圓頂 – 直徑31.5公尺;而公元128年建成的萬神殿直徑則是43.4公尺。在滅國的同一年,佛羅倫薩的大教堂建成,具有直徑45公尺的圓頂。
從公元537年建成到1453年君士坦丁堡陷落,中間除了1204 – 1261這將近六十年之外,一直是東正教普世牧首的座堂(Seat of Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople)。
作為一名好大喜功的統治者,查士丁尼並沒有建造一座更大的圓頂,原因當然不會是他不知道萬神殿到底有多大,因為羅馬已經是他統治的區域;而可能是他的意圖主要是建造最寬廣的室內空間,供信徒禮拜之用。幾乎正方形的聖索菲亞則是82 x 73,而高度有55 公尺。而萬神殿的直徑與高度都是43公尺。
萬神殿之所以能夠支撐這麼大的圓頂,原因之一是建材:羅馬著名的水泥。(對,水泥是羅馬人的發明。)但是到了公元四世紀,水泥已經不再使用,原因可能是材料、也就是火山灰的取得有困難。聖索菲亞使用的是磚瓦與砂漿(Bricks and mortar)。
在皇帝的要求以及建材與預算的限制下,設計師Isidore of Miletus與Anthemius of Tralles採取了一項創新工法:pendentive,如最後兩張圖。想必圖片就足以顯示他們的巧思。
這兩位設計師都是幾何學家,他們對於工程上圓頂承受力的計算應該是沒有差錯的。但是查士丁尼不斷催促,使得大教堂六年就完工。規模不到聖索菲亞一半的萬神殿花了12年、之後中世紀外表一樣繁複的巴黎聖母院花了一世紀,六年的工期如果導致崩塌,是有可能的。
而就在558年,一場地震就真的讓它崩塌。於是查士丁尼任命Isidore的侄子(Isidore the younger)進行第二次的設計建造。
為了補強之前因為急就章而導致的許多工程問題,Isidore the younger進行了許多疊加的工程。這就是為什麼這座教堂看起來那麼繁複的原因。
而導致聖索菲亞外觀繁複的另外一個原因則是1453年陷落之後,穆罕默德二世立馬進行改造,將基督教堂改建為清真寺。最明顯的改造就是增加四座宣禮塔。除此之外,教堂是面向耶路撒冷,但清真寺必須面向麥加,所以內部設計也必須修改。
我們一開始提到1204 – 1261年那六十年之間,聖索菲亞並沒有作為東正教普世牧首的座堂。這是怎麼回事呢?因為那六十年,整個君士坦丁堡被十字軍攻佔,國都被洗劫一空,聖索菲亞改為天主教堂。這點我們下次再談。
#君士坦丁堡 #查士丁尼 #聖索菲亞 #伊斯蘭 #清真寺 #pendentive #isidore #anthemius #東正教 #orthodox #hagia #sophia #sofia #constantinople #Justinian #Islam #mosque #pantheon #萬神殿 #cement #水泥 #Istanbul #伊斯坦堡 #伊斯坦布尔
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過373萬的網紅Xiaomanyc 小马在纽约,也在其Youtube影片中提到,This is the story of Onfim, a little boy from medieval Russia whose doodles we have perfectly preserved on tree bark, right next to his homework. Wow!...
anthemius 在 Xiaomanyc 小马在纽约 Youtube 的最佳貼文
This is the story of Onfim, a little boy from medieval Russia whose doodles we have perfectly preserved on tree bark, right next to his homework. Wow! A bit of explanation from Wikipedia: Onfim (Old Novgorodian: онѳиме, Onfime; also, Anthemius of Novgorod) was a boy who lived in Novgorod in the 13th century. He left his notes and homework exercises scratched in soft birch bark (beresta) which was preserved in the clay soil of Novgorod. Onfim, who was six or seven at the time, wrote in Old Novgorodian; besides letters and syllables, he drew "battle scenes and drawings of himself and his teacher".
I usually don’t make videos about history like this one, but I had a ton of fun researching this topic and making this video. Hope you enjoy watching it as much as I enjoyed making it! If you’re curious to learn more about Onfim, I found these online links really helpful in gaining a broad understanding of the topic:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onfim (try Google translating the Russian version of this article, it’s much better)
https://lithub.com/onfim-wuz-here-on-the-unlikely-art-of-a-medieval-russian-boy/
The best book on the topic in English is Voices on Birchbark: Everyday Communication in Medieval Russia. For background reading about the society and its culture, check out Readings in Russian Civilization Volume I: Russia before Peter the Great.
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