#相似詞語辨析03
a number of, the number of
這一對短語並非同義語,使用場合也不相同。
A number of 的涵義相當於Some 或several,義”一些”,其後接複數名詞或代詞,例如a number of students(或them),與之搭配的動詞一般用複數形式。
The number of 是指數量或數字而言,其後也接複數名詞,但動詞用單數形式。試看下面的例句:
A number of Vietnamese boat people staged a protest against repatriation. 不少越南船民抗議遣返原地。
A large number of books and magazines are lent at our library every day. 我們的圖書館每天借出很多的圖書和雜誌。
A number of foreign guests are coming to Ocean Park today. 今日有不少外賓要來海洋公園。
(註:a large number of 的對語是a small number of,它們的用法和a number of 相同。)
The number of people coming to the country park is large tosay.
今日來郊野公園的人很多。
The number of people who own luxury cars is increasing every year. 擁有豪華汽車的人數與年俱增。
The number of students in our college is never under 2000. 我們學院的學生人數從不少於兩千。
值得注意的是,在英美人寫的文章中,有時我們會看到,a number of 之後接單數形式的動詞,在 the number of 之後卻接複數形式的動詞。例:
A large number of new words has entered the English language since 1940.
The number of names together are about two hundred and sixty.
有些語法學家和主張保持英語“純潔”的人(即所謂 purists 或 prescriptivists)認為,這些用法是不正當的,不能視作標準英語。
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at large用法 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最佳解答
[詞彙區別] people, individual, persons, human, man, mankind, humankind 的區別:
在寫作的時候,有些同學為了避免重複使用相同的詞彙,卻選用了意義上不盡相同的單字,而無法精確地表達出自己所想傳達的想法。這問題很可能來自於考生平時在語言學習上過於依賴中英翻譯,因此考生在不夠了解某些一字多義的詞彙的情況下,很容易造成讀者的誤解。舉例來說,spend vs. cost vs. take (花費),borrow vs. lend vs. loan (借),這些字的中譯都很非常類似,以中文為母語的考生在使用上,只要稍微一不注意,就容易錯誤使用。甚至有些考生會以offspring (子孫; 後代) 來代替 children (小孩),我們若是查字典了解其義,就會知道 offspring 比較常出現在正式的科學用法上,泛指動物的後代及植物的幼苗。
為了幫助同學增加詞彙量並且精確地在口說和寫作上使用這些字。我會用使用一個新的同義字系列清楚地區分這些類似的字並幫助同學們在文章中正確地使用它們。同學們也應該在使用這些字之前先查查字典,以了解這些字的使用方式。
People 的同義字
★★★human (human being) ★★★
我們使用human being這個字來強調我們和動物的不同。 We used human being to stress our difference from animals or aliens (in science fiction).
1. Dogs can hear much better than humans.
2. That is no way to treat another human being.
★★★man★★★
我們用man這個字來指男性、全部的人類、或指特定某一時代的人類。 We used man to talk about adult male human or humans as a group (or humans from a particular period of history).
1. The relationships between men and women are often complex and puzzling.
2. This is one of the worst diseases known to man.
3. Man had caused considerable damage to the environment.
4. Being a modern man today is no different than it was a century ago. It’s all about adhering to principle.
★★★mankind★★★
我們用mankind這個字來強調全部人類這個概念。 We used mankind when we talk about all humans as one large group.
1. Pollution is something that harms mankind across the globe, and disasters like war and famine have affected mankind all through our history.
*Man和mankind傳統上一直是用來指所有的男性和女性。很多人現在偏好使用humanity這個字和humankind來避掉性別歧視的問題。
Man and mankind have traditionally been used to mean “all men and women.” Many people now prefer to use humanity, the human race, human beings or people to avoid being sexist. Humankind is used as a gender neutral alternative to “mankind.”
★★★person★★★
person這個字是指人的單數。A person in the singular to refer to any human being.
1. He was a very nice person, always pleasant and friendly.
Persons 是 person的複數,是一個在文件或法律條文中使用的單字。
Persons (plural) is a very formal word. We only use it in rather legalistic contexts:
1. Any person or persons found in possession of illegal substances will be prosecuted.
2. The police are looking for three separate persons who were in this area.
People 也是person的複數,可指所有的人類或特定狀況中的一群人。它也可以指所有的國民。
People can refer to all human beings, or to a group of persons in a particular situation. It can also mean "all the citizens," as in a political leader who understands the needs of the people.
1. There were at least a thousand people in the audience.
2. The people are tired of hearing political rhetoric! They want action, not talk.
★★★individual★★★
我們用individual來強調個人以和團體做區隔。We used individual to stress that a person considered separately rather than as part of a group.
1. Every individual has rights which must never be taken away.
2. Three separate individuals walked into my store.
除了以上的用法,同學也可以用代名詞 (e.g. everyone, they) 來替換”人們” 這個單字,也可以用形容詞來更明確的指出某一群人(e.g. most, some, a few, all)。
Summary:
✎ 通常會用"people"這個詞彙來指稱一般的社會大眾;另一方面,如果想要去強調一個團體當中的每個人,則會使用"individuals"。
✎ 想要將所有人類當成一個大族群去做論述的時候,通常只會用"mankind/humankind"或是"the human race/human beings"等詞彙。
✎ 想要去強調一個人的人性面時,通常會用"human being"。
E.g. How could you do this to another human being? He has rights!
✎撰寫科學性質的相關文章時,才會運用到"Homo sapiens"。
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=443676912389120
Sources:
http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/
http://www.ldoceonline.com/
http://www.merriam-webster.com/
http://www.vocabulary.com/
at large用法 在 喬的英文筆記 Joe's English Learning Notes Facebook 的最讚貼文
【與導致相關之字彙整理】
喬今天要請各位同學回顧這篇「導致相關字彙整理」。
喬認為因果關係之單字都是非常重要的,所以各位同學,
一定要好好熟悉此類單字,才能無往不利啊!
<超重要用法!「導致、造成、引起、促成」的單字整理!>
喬今天要跟各位同學繼續分享的是「導致、造成、引起、促成」的「單字Vocabulary」整理,各位同學一起掌握這部分的單字吧!
【單字Vocabulary】
(1) procure (V.) 導致; 取得; 獲得; 實現
(英英: to bring about)
- to procure a solution to a knotty problem
例: The drunkard procured his death.
醉漢導致了他的死亡。
例: The traitors procured the death of the prince.
賣國賊導致了王子的死亡。
(2) induce (V.) 引誘; 招致; 感應; 引起
(英英: to bring about or stimulate the occurrence of )
例: Some drugs induce sleep.
有些藥物會引起入睡。
例: Overwork induces illness.
工作過度引發疾病。
(3) generate (V.) 引起; 造成; 使存在
(英英: to cause something to exist)
例: Her latest film has generated a lot of interest/ excitement.
她最近的一部影片引起了廣泛的興趣/使眾多觀眾很興奮。
(4) engender (V.) 引起(某種感覺); 導致; 產生
(英英: to make people have a particular feeling or make a situation start to exist)
例: Her latest book has engendered a lot of controversy.
她的新作引起了很大的爭議。
例: The minister’s speech did not engender confidence in his judgement.
部長的演講並未使人們對他的判斷產生信心。
(5) precipitate (V.) 猛拋;使陷入;導致; 使發生
例: An invasion would certainly precipitate a political crisis.
入侵肯定會加劇政治危機。
例: Fear of losing her job precipitated her into action.
對丟掉工作的恐懼促使她立即付諸行動。
(6) inspire (V.) 激發(想法); 喚起; 激起
例: The captain’s heroic behavior inspired loyalty among her followers.
船長的英勇行為激發了他們的決心。
例: The design of the car has inspired many limitations.
受這款設計的啟發出現了很多模仿品。
* 由例句可看出inspire亦有”造成、導致”的含義
(7) foster (V.) 促成 ; 培養
(英英: to encourage or promote the development of (something, typically something regarded as good) )
例: Sufficient light condition fosters well-grown plants.
充足的光培養/促成生長良好的植物。
(8) provoke (V.) 激起、引起(尤指負面反應)
(英英: to cause a reaction, especially a negative one)
例: The prospect of increased prices has already provoked an outcry.
物價上漲的預測已經引發了強烈抗議。
例: Test results provoked worries that the reactor could overheat.
檢測結果引發了核子反應爐可能過熱的擔憂。
(9) effectuate (V.) 導致; 使發生; 實現
(英英: to cause to happen; effect; accomplish)
(10) trigger (V.) 觸發; 引起 (通常是負面的結果)
(英英: to cause (an event or situation) to happen or exist)
例:This mentalist yearn easily trigger a large-scale consumption campaign.
這種心態容易引發一場大規模消費風潮。
例: What triggered the disturbances in January?
一月的騷亂是什麼引起的?
(11) beget (V.) [正式FORMAL] 引起; 導致
例: Poverty begets hunger, and hunger begets crime.
貧窮導致饑餓,饑餓則導致犯罪。
(12) enkindle (V.) 點燃; 使點燃; 引起
例: That hope might enkindle you to aim at the throne.
那種希望會引起你對王位的貪圖。
(以上字典取自- dictionary.cambridge.org | google.com | dictionary.com )
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