關於福島排放處理水,中文資料最正確的是本文附上的兩篇文章。就跟所謂日本核食一樣,從頭到尾不是科學問題,而是政治問題。
精確地說,福島排放的是「處理水」,而不是「污染水」。由於降雨和地下水流經融熔燃料棒,產生含有大量放射性核種的污染水。其中銫和鍶之類的重元素都可以過濾,最後得到只含有氚的處理水。
水有氫原子和氧原子,受到高能中子撞擊,氫變成氘,氘再變成氚,氚就具有放射性。但是我們每天喝的水之中,本來就含有一定量的氚。福島的處理水在排放之前,還要再稀釋到WHO飲用水輻射標準的1/7,才會排放入海。
日本政府拍板排放處理水的決策,受到國際原子能組織IAEA的全程監督和背書,並獲得美國的強力支持。中國大陸與韓國的抗議,只是政治因素的表態。
微妙的是,這明明是福島核災的後續,台灣的民進黨政府原本可以拿來大力反對核四公投,卻因為害怕得罪日本和美國就整個軟掉。
目前總統府和行政院都異常低調,只表示會密切注意,然後就沒了。頂多就是放個別立委(洪申翰)和反核側翼出來咬,一律與官方切割,我也是覺得相當好笑。
一併附上東京電力對福島處理水的特設網站,掌握第一手資料,避免被帶風向吧。
処理水ポータルサイト | 東京電力
https://www.tepco.co.jp/decommission/progress/watertreatment/
IAEA Ready to Support Japan on Fukushima Water Disposal, Director General Grossi Says
https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/pressreleases/iaea-ready-to-support-japan-on-fukushima-water-disposal-director-general-grossi-says
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■ 福島第一核電廠的汙染處理水只能排到大海?一次搞懂含氚處理水是什麼
https://medium.com/kyosei-in-fukushima/8538a17782d9
在福島第一核電廠事故後,因為降雨或地下水流經福島第一核電廠 ❶❷❸號機組廠房的水,因為接觸到廠房內部的熔渣(冷卻凝固後的熔融燃料棒),而含有高濃度的放射性物質。這些含有高濃度放射性物質的輻射汙染水,簡稱「汙染水」(汚染水)。
這些收集到的「汙染水」,首先會送到「銫吸附裝置」(セシウム吸着装置),除去銫(Cs)和鍶(Sr)。除去銫和鍶的「汙染水」,再經過淡水化裝置(除去水中的鹽分)後,稱之為「鍶處理水」(ストロンチウム処理水)。這種「鍶處理水」,可以作為 ❶❷❸❹號機組的冷卻水回收再利用。目前(2019/8/22)福島第一核電廠內部共存有 89,170立方公尺的「鍶處理水」。
絕大多數的「鍶處理水」,會被送到「ALPS多核種除去設備」,將 63種放射性核種的 62種放射性核種去除。「ALPS多核種除去設備」唯一不能去除的放射性核種,就是氚(H-3)。經過「ALPS多核種除去設備」處理過後的「鍶處理水」稱之為「處理水」(処理水),也有人稱之為「含氚處理水」(トリチウムを含んだ処理水)。目前(2019/8/22)福島第一核電廠內部共存有 1,062,714立方公尺的「處理水」。
這些經過一連串除放射性核種淨化處理的「處理水」,有效輻射劑量已經低於日本的國家標準每年 1毫西弗(mSv/year),也低於日本政府訂定的「告示濃度限度比」或稱「告示濃度比総和」標準。按照法規,只要這些「處理水」的有效輻射劑量和告示濃度限度比都低於標準,就可以將這些「處理水」釋放到自然環境之中。
然而,即使這些「處理水」的輻射值已經低於政府標準,而且經過「ALPS多核種除去設備」淨化過的「處理水」,只剩下氚(H-3)這一個自然界很常見的放射性核種(氚(H-3)是氫(H-1)的同位素,氚的性質基本上就和氫一樣,自然界中的水也會有氫的同位素氚,透過日常生活的飲用水,我們人體內也會有氚,但進到人體內的氚都能代謝到體外,不成問題)。因為社會上的反彈,福島第一核電廠內的這些「處理水」,遲遲沒有被釋放到自然界中。
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■ 福島電廠污水真相激怒反核人士
https://www.thestandnews.com/cosmos/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B3%B6%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0%E6%B1%A1%E6%B0%B4%E7%9C%9F%E7%9B%B8%E6%BF%80%E6%80%92%E5%8F%8D%E6%A0%B8%E4%BA%BA%E5%A3%AB/
為什麼一開始我就要定調「處理水」這個名詞呢?因為沒讀書的人是講不出這三個字的,所以你會看到很多媒體寫「輻射水」、「污水」、「廢水」之類的扭曲用語。你可能會問我說:「可是這些水裡不就是有輻射嗎?」這時候我就要反問:「這世界上有哪些水沒有輻射?」
在過去多次核彈試爆的背景下,全世界早就籠罩在許多人造的放射性核種之下,正因為如此,其實各國對於飲水含有的放射性物質的量都有一定的規範,世界衛生組織 (WHO) 針對飲水品質也有提出建議,在台灣,原子能委員會有定期檢查水質的業務,確保沒有輻射安全疑慮,請特別注意,是「無輻射安全疑慮」不是「無輻射」。
有些讀過中學理化的人可能會質疑說:「如果是在無塵實驗室用燃燒氫氣的方式產生水,這樣總沒有輻射了吧!」可惡,沒想到被你想到這一招,不過就算是這樣的製備,用來製造水的天然元素「氫」依舊有氚 (3H) 這個同位素(雖然含量超低,但是有就是有!),而且半衰期長達 12 年,如果因為覺得水有輻射就不能喝,那麼我們基本上沒有水可以喝了。
根據日本法規,可以合法排放到太平洋的氚水需要符合 60,000 Bq/L 的標準,而飲水中含有氚對人體造成的 50 年累積劑量是 1.8×10-8 mSv/Bq,換句話說,如果為了維持健康的體魄,我豪飲 2 公升福島電廠的處理水促進新陳代謝、調節生理機能,那麼 50 年後我將比一般人多曝露 0.002 mSv 的劑量,大約是我們生活在地球上一年環境對我們發射的輻射量的千分之一,因此我們可以想像,如果我每天都喝 2 公升的話,也只能累積到年劑量的 1/3 。在這裡我想問的是,你都敢活在地球上了,為什不敢喝一杯處理水呢?
另一方面而言,由於福島事故受到全世界的矚目,到今天為止還持續遭受不肖份子以污名化的手段進行所謂的「風評被害」,也就是輿論霸凌。因此福島電廠所產生出的處理水在此刻並不能使用 60,000 Bq/L 的標準進行排放,得用毫無科學依據、只為了滿足民粹主義者心靈撫慰的 1,500Bq/L,也就是原標準的 1/40。
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相關新聞:
2021.04.13 日本稀釋核廢水排入海 美國支持:符合國際核安全標準
https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/3497897
2021.04.13 台韓中抗議福島核廢水將排入海 日稱獲IAEA背書
https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/3498899
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同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過30萬的網紅吳鳳Rifat,也在其Youtube影片中提到,WHO 秘書長譚德塞的錯誤判斷、隱瞞、偏頗讓整個世界付出了慘痛的代價!但最可怕的是,他不知悔改,還進一步污衊台灣!世界需要更公正的WHO!這個影片我想讓全世界知道他的黑暗歷史,也請幫忙分享,讓更多人到Chage網站連署(https://reurl.cc/MvNnm4)一起下架他!🇹🇼 【以下我已翻成...
director general中文 在 黃大煒 (Huang Dawei) Facebook 的最佳解答
「為你讀詩」黃大煒 & 呂思清
榮幸與音樂合作夥伴 天才小提琴藝術家呂思清先生 分別以英文、中文 頌讚朗讀印度詩人泰戈爾的作品《第一次的茉莉》。
原文網址:https://71a.xyz/2ZKDqV
背景音樂來自黃大煒及音樂團隊睽違10年的最新創作。獻給『「少帥」張學良 』電視劇主題曲「在此刻」..希望你們喜歡..
細細品味感受..
We are soo honored to collaborate with music partner and violin virtuoso Lu SiQing for “A Poem For You”. The poem featured is “The First Jasmine” by the amazing poet Tagore.
The background music comes from the theme David composed called “在此刻”, which was dedicated to the television series about General Zhang Xue Liang, “少帥”.
Hope you all enjoy it!❤️🎶
「在此刻」
Credits :
作曲:黃大煒
特邀小提琴演奏:呂思清
編曲:黃大煒 、郭巍、 POLO
制作人:黃大煒、呂思清
前期錄制剪接工程師(執行制作): POLO
錄音混音工程師: David Elvenia. (E Studios San Diego.)
後期制作工程: Dave Shwaa. (E Studios Los Angeles.)
統籌(Director of Whatever) :
黃大煒音樂團隊 、Vicky “MeiMei” Chao
https://kknews.cc/entertainment/j95xj5q.html
http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5NjU5NDkzMg==&mid=228414264&idx=1&sn=54c696b9859458636f4829590f6ea716&scene=5&srcid=1228XXwC5JdoBnVrdvwSMDHK#rd
https://music.163.com/program?id=797523527
#為你讀詩
#天才小提琴音樂家呂思清
#郭巍JosephKuo
POLO WL
Polo Wang-Lau
Vicky MeiMei Chao
黃大煒 (Huang Dawei)
#DaveElvenia
林心蘋 Jamie Lin
#大陸電視劇少帥片尾曲在此刻
#Lost
#美杰音樂北京
#逍遙音樂北京
#北京中央廣播電台
#北京大學中國詩歌研究院
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#法律顧問北京達達律師事務所
#北京大成律師事務所
director general中文 在 Roger Chung 鍾一諾 Facebook 的最佳貼文
今早為Asian Medical Students Association Hong Kong (AMSAHK)的新一屆執行委員會就職典禮作致詞分享嘉賓,題目為「疫情中的健康不公平」。
感謝他們的熱情款待以及為整段致詞拍了影片。以下我附上致詞的英文原稿:
It's been my honor to be invited to give the closing remarks for the Inauguration Ceremony for the incoming executive committee of the Asian Medical Students' Association Hong Kong (AMSAHK) this morning. A video has been taken for the remarks I made regarding health inequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic (big thanks to the student who withstood the soreness of her arm for holding the camera up for 15 minutes straight), and here's the transcript of the main body of the speech that goes with this video:
//The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, continues to be rampant around the world since early 2020, resulting in more than 55 million cases and 1.3 million deaths worldwide as of today. (So no! It’s not a hoax for those conspiracy theorists out there!) A higher rate of incidence and deaths, as well as worse health-related quality of life have been widely observed in the socially disadvantaged groups, including people of lower socioeconomic position, older persons, migrants, ethnic minority and communities of color, etc. While epidemiologists and scientists around the world are dedicated in gathering scientific evidence on the specific causes and determinants of the health inequalities observed in different countries and regions, we can apply the Social Determinants of Health Conceptual Framework developed by the World Health Organization team led by the eminent Prof Sir Michael Marmot, world’s leading social epidemiologist, to understand and delineate these social determinants of health inequalities related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
According to this framework, social determinants of health can be largely categorized into two types – 1) the lower stream, intermediary determinants, and 2) the upper stream, structural and macro-environmental determinants. For the COVID-19 pandemic, we realized that the lower stream factors may include material circumstances, such as people’s living and working conditions. For instance, the nature of the occupations of these people of lower socioeconomic position tends to require them to travel outside to work, i.e., they cannot work from home, which is a luxury for people who can afford to do it. This lack of choice in the location of occupation may expose them to greater risk of infection through more transportation and interactions with strangers. We have also seen infection clusters among crowded places like elderly homes, public housing estates, and boarding houses for foreign domestic helpers. Moreover, these socially disadvantaged people tend to have lower financial and social capital – it can be observed that they were more likely to be deprived of personal protective equipment like face masks and hand sanitizers, especially during the earlier days of the pandemic. On the other hand, the upper stream, structural determinants of health may include policies related to public health, education, macroeconomics, social protection and welfare, as well as our governance… and last, but not least, our culture and values. If the socioeconomic and political contexts are not favorable to the socially disadvantaged, their health and well-being will be disproportionately affected by the pandemic. Therefore, if we, as a society, espouse to address and reduce the problem of health inequalities, social determinants of health cannot be overlooked in devising and designing any public health-related strategies, measures and policies.
Although a higher rate of incidence and deaths have been widely observed in the socially disadvantaged groups, especially in countries with severe COVID-19 outbreaks, this phenomenon seems to be less discussed and less covered by media in Hong Kong, where the disease incidence is relatively low when compared with other countries around the world. Before the resurgence of local cases in early July, local spread of COVID-19 was sporadic and most cases were imported. In the earlier days of the pandemic, most cases were primarily imported by travelers and return-students studying overseas, leading to a minor surge between mid-March and mid-April of 874 new cases. Most of these cases during Spring were people who could afford to travel and study abroad, and thus tended to be more well-off. Therefore, some would say the expected social gradient in health impact did not seem to exist in Hong Kong, but may I remind you that, it is only the case when we focus on COVID-19-specific incidence and mortality alone. But can we really deduce from this that COVID-19-related health inequality does not exist in Hong Kong? According to the Social Determinants of Health Framework mentioned earlier, the obvious answer is “No, of course not.” And here’s why…
In addition to the direct disease burden, the COVID-19 outbreak and its associated containment measures (such as economic lockdown, mandatory social distancing, and change of work arrangements) could have unequal wider socioeconomic impacts on the general population, especially in regions with pervasive existing social inequalities. Given the limited resources and capacity of the socioeconomically disadvantaged to respond to emergency and adverse events, their general health and well-being are likely to be unduly and inordinately affected by the abrupt changes in their daily economic and social conditions, like job loss and insecurity, brought about by the COVID-19 outbreak and the corresponding containment and mitigation measures of which the main purpose was supposedly disease prevention and health protection at the first place. As such, focusing only on COVID-19 incidence or mortality as the outcomes of concern to address health inequalities may leave out important aspects of life that contributes significantly to people’s health. Recently, my research team and I collaborated with Sir Michael Marmot in a Hong Kong study, and found that the poor people in Hong Kong fared worse in every aspects of life than their richer counterparts in terms of economic activity, personal protective equipment, personal hygiene practice, as well as well-being and health after the COVID-19 outbreak. We also found that part of the observed health inequality can be attributed to the pandemic and its related containment measures via people’s concerns over their own and their families’ livelihood and economic activity. In other words, health inequalities were contributed by the pandemic even in a city where incidence is relatively low through other social determinants of health that directly concerned the livelihood and economic activity of the people. So in this study, we confirmed that focusing only on the incident and death cases as the outcomes of concern to address health inequalities is like a story half-told, and would severely truncate and distort the reality.
Truth be told, health inequality does not only appear after the pandemic outbreak of COVID-19, it is a pre-existing condition in countries and regions around the world, including Hong Kong. My research over the years have consistently shown that people in lower socioeconomic position tend to have worse physical and mental health status. Nevertheless, precisely because health inequality is nothing new, there are always voices in our society trying to dismiss the problem, arguing that it is only natural to have wealth inequality in any capitalistic society. However, in reckoning with health inequalities, we need to go beyond just figuring out the disparities or differences in health status between the poor and the rich, and we need to raise an ethically relevant question: are these inequalities, disparities and differences remediable? Can they be fixed? Can we do something about them? If they are remediable, and we can do something about them but we haven’t, then we’d say these inequalities are ultimately unjust and unfair. In other words, a society that prides itself in pursuing justice must, and I say must, strive to address and reduce these unfair health inequalities. Borrowing the words from famed sociologist Judith Butler, “the virus alone does not discriminate,” but “social and economic inequality will make sure that it does.” With COVID-19, we learn that it is not only the individuals who are sick, but our society. And it’s time we do something about it.
Thank you very much!//
Please join me in congratulating the incoming executive committee of AMSAHK and giving them the best wishes for their future endeavor!
Roger Chung, PhD
Assistant Professor, CUHK JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, @CUHK Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong 香港中文大學 - CUHK
Associate Director, CUHK Institute of Health Equity
director general中文 在 吳鳳Rifat Youtube 的最佳貼文
WHO 秘書長譚德塞的錯誤判斷、隱瞞、偏頗讓整個世界付出了慘痛的代價!但最可怕的是,他不知悔改,還進一步污衊台灣!世界需要更公正的WHO!這個影片我想讓全世界知道他的黑暗歷史,也請幫忙分享,讓更多人到Chage網站連署(https://reurl.cc/MvNnm4)一起下架他!🇹🇼 【以下我已翻成9種語言,歡迎你們繼續接力】
#WHO #TedrosAdhanom #Coronavirus
Director General of WHO Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus under estimated the coronavirus (COVID-19) and deceived world。World needs fair and equal WHO。Besides,Taiwan should not be excluded from WHO for any political reasons. I invite you all send your petitions and call him resign from his post.🇬🇧
Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) lideri Tedros Adhanom kendisine verilen görevi kötüye kullanarak Corona virüsünün Çin‘den tüm dünyaya yayılması sırasında hayati önem taşıyan kararları kasıtlı olarak geç almış ve virüsün zararlarının katlanarak artmasına neden olmuştur. Tedros aynı zamanda dünyanın en gelişmiş sağlık sistemlerinden birine sahip olan Tayvan’ın siyasi nedenlerle dışlanmasında da baş rol oynamaktadır. Lütfen bu duruma sessiz kalmayın ve change org sayfası aracılığı ile imza kampanyasına katılarak Tedros‘un istifasını destekleyen dilekçenizi gönderin🇹🇷
El Director General de la OMS, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, calculó el coronavirus (COVID-19) y el mundo engañado. El mundo necesita una OMS justa e igual. Además, Taiwán no debe ser excluido de la OMS por ningún motivo político. Los invito a todos a enviar sus peticiones y llamarlo a renunciar a su cargo 🇪🇸
Der Generaldirektor der WHO, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, unterschätzte das Coronavirus (COVID-19) und führte damit die Welt in die Irre. Die Welt braucht eine faire und gleichberechtigte WHO. Außerdem sollte Taiwan aus politischen Gründen nicht von der WHO ausgeschlossen werden. Ich bitte Sie Ihre Petitionen zuzusenden, um ihn von seinem Posten zurückzutreten zu lassen.🇩🇪
Generaldirektör för WHO, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, underskattade coronavirus (COVID-19) och förvillade världen. Världen behöver rättvis och jämlik WHO. Dessutom bör Taiwan inte uteslutas från WHO på grund av politiska skäl. Jag bjuder in er alla att skicka era petitioner och uppmana honom att lämna sin tjänst.🇸🇪
Генеральный директор ВОЗ Тедрос Адханом Гебрейесус недооценил коронавирус (COVID-19) и обманул этим мир - миру нужна справедливая и равная ВОЗ. Кроме того несмотря на политическую обстановку Тайвань не следует исключать из ВОЗ. Я приглашаю всех Вас прислать свои петиции и предложить ему подать в отставку🇷🇺
WHOのテドロス・アダノム・ゲブレイェスス事務局長の誤った判断、隠蔽、えこひいきは世界に大きな反響をもたらしました。 最も残念なのは、その後本人は誤りを認めるどころか、更に台湾を批判しました。 世界はより公平なWHOが必要だと思います! この動画は全世界のみなさんに彼の隠された経歴を知ってもらいたくて投稿しました。 ぜひこの動画を拡散して、Chageのホームページにて署名をしませんか?🇯🇵
Le directeur général de l'OMS, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, a sous-estimé l’impact très déstabilisant du corona virus (COVID-19) sur le monde entier... pire encore, il nous a tous trompé ! Le monde a aujourd’hui besoin d’une OMS juste et équitable.En plus, Taïwan ne devrait en aucun cas faire l’objet d’une exclusion de cette organisation qui se dit être mondiale, surtout quand on constate l’excellent travail fait par ce petit pays pour endiguer, voire même éradiquer presque, les effets néfastes de cette pandémie sur son territoire. Taiwan va plus loin en proposant son know how et sa disponibilité à tout le reste du monde et offre son aide matériel aux pays touchés par cette maladie. Fort de ce constat,Je vous invite tous à envoyer vos pétitions et appeler le sieur Tedros à démissionner de son poste 🇫🇷
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director general中文 在 英閱森林: 〈談文論譯〉Coordinator & Director 中文怎麼說 的推薦與評價
美國白宮在元月底成立White House Coronavirus Task Force (白宮冠狀病毒任務小組),2月26 日任命副總統Mike Pence 為主席 (Chair of White House Coronavirus Task ... ... <看更多>