2020年的語言演變
社會動盪、全球的緊張局勢持續升級,身為讀者與消費者的我們在面臨不斷湧入的資訊時,必須意識到那些在宣傳(propaganda)中刻意含糊其詞(intentional ambiguity)的情況日益加劇。
在政治場域裡,我們看到「雙言巧語」(doublespeak)正在增加,這種語言刻意掩蓋、扭曲或顛倒語意。喬治・歐威爾(George Orwell,1903-1950)於其名著《1984》中以「新語」(Newspeak)和「雙重思想」(doublethink)說明此一詞彙。 新語雖遵循著英文語法,但詞彙量卻不斷減少,原本複雜而完整的詞意不斷被簡化為既定觀點的詞語(loaded words)。社群網站的興起,助長了媒體與政治人物對「雙言巧語」的使用。例如,在政治語境中,先制的空中打擊(preemptive airstrikes)可被稱為「降溫策略」(de-escalation tactics),以為和平鋪路。又比如,有些針對特定種族的集中營(internment camps)被稱為教育與訓練中心(vocational education and training centers)。
歐威爾還創造了「雙重思想」一詞,意指受試者被迫接受兩種自相矛盾的信念是正確的。該意識形態的三個核心教義為——「戰爭即和平」(war is peace)、「自由即奴役」(freedom is slavery)以及「無知即力量」(ignorance is strength)。這些教條是否讓你聯想到世上那些極權政府(totalitarian regimes)的宣傳?
由於嚴厲的審查制度,以及相關法規的懲處機制,人們不斷發明新的詞彙來躲避演算法的審查,並以間接言語行為(indirect speech act)來表達自身觀點。在中國最廣為人知的諧音詞 (homophone) 就是——「河蟹」。「河蟹」是對中國前國家主席胡錦濤「和諧社會」倡議的一種嘲諷。該倡議試圖打壓異議,而「河蟹」的語音則近於「和諧」。起初,網民嘲諷政府的審查員藉由刪除貼文來「和諧」網路上的異議人士。最終,「被和諧」一詞遂演變為「被河蟹」,以規避政府的審查,並被許多中國的網路社群廣泛使用。
如今,以此類方式來規避審查 (evade censorship) 已變得更為普遍。按美國實驗心理學家、認知科學家兼科普作家史迪芬・平克(Steven Arthur Pinker)於2008年所指出者,間接言語行為係指人們未明確表達自身觀點,反而將其意圖隱藏在字面意義之下。在間接言語行為的脈絡中,唯有說話者才能確定其意涵(individual knowledge),而他人則須依靠前後文來仔細推敲。但若單就字面意思 (literal meaning) 來看,每個人都能輕易地理解該詞意涵(mutual knowledge)。例如,在極權政府治下,於網路上公開批評政府對公衛危機的處理不當,將引來相關法律的制裁,因為可能會被人舉報。但也可藉由讚揚「政府的行動非常有效,連死者都要感謝政府的辛勤付出」來間接表達自己的不滿。這種誇張的說法顯然與事實不符,但只有說話者知曉個中意涵,而他人只能自行揣測,這為說話者提供了一定程度的保障。因此,隨著審查制度的擴大,間接言語行為亦將蓬勃發展,以滿足自由交流與表達自身觀點的需求。
身為網路公民的我們能做些什麼?對宣傳中那些試圖掩蓋並扭曲真相的語言,保持警覺;持續創造新的表達方式,來規避那些箝制思想與言論自由的審查;提醒自己進行批判性思考,以辨識邏輯謬誤並做出明智的決定。
參考資料:
Huaxia. (2019, August 16). Full Text: Vocational Education and Training in Xinjiang. Retrieved July 04, 2020, from http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-08/16/c_138313359.htm
McManus, D. (2020, January 05). Column: Trump's Orwellian doublespeak on Iran. Retrieved July 04, 2020, from https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020-01-05/column-trumps-orwellian-double-speak-on-iran
Minin-White, D. (2017). Political Speech, Doublespeak, And Critical-Thinking Skills In American Education.
Monitor, I. (2018, June 21). The Chinese Language as a Weapon: How China's Netizens Fight Censorship. Retrieved July 04, 2020, from https://medium.com/berkman-klein-center/the-chinese-language-as-a-weapon-how-chinas-netizens-fight-censorship-8389516ed1a6
Orwell, George (2008). 1984. Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-14-103614-4.
Pinker, S., Nowak, M. A., & Lee, J. J. (2008). The logic of indirect speech. Proceedings of the National Academy of sciences, 105(3), 833-838.
圖片出處:https://www.tumblr.com/tagged/ingsoc
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什麼是模糊性(ambiguity),為什麼學生需要它?
https://bit.ly/31I6B9T
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homophone of full 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最佳貼文
[生活美語] The Traveling Frog
同學有在玩嗎?青蛙不會幫你考托福或雅思的, 更不可能會幫你拍英文考題的照片 (只有一些補習班才會)。
來,玩遊戲時至少假裝學習一下英文吧~
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1. Tabi Kaeru (Traveling Frog) 旅行青蛙
2. become a hit 爆紅
3. hard to explain 難以解釋
4. release/launch the game 釋出/推出了遊戲
5. game mechanics 遊戲機制
6. whatever will be, will be 一切随缘
7. it is not predetermined 並非按照预定
8. stone hut 小石屋
9. take a peek inside the house 偷瞄一下房子的裡面
10. take a snapshot 快照
11. be responsible for 負責…
12. collect clover 收集三葉草
13. purchase food needed on a journey 買旅行時需要的食物
14. travel for hours or days 旅行幾個小時時甚至幾天
15. provides snapshots and mementos of its journey 展示旅行時拍的照片和紀念品
16. rise to the top of… 升至…的第一名
17. be widely discussed on social media 在社群媒體上引起了廣泛的討論
18. show off photos of their frogs' adventures 曬照自己的青蛙的冒險經歷
19. the secret of the game's appeal 這款遊戲有吸引力的秘訣
20. not readily obvious 並非顯而易見
21. enjoy the feeling of traveling vicariously 喜歡間接旅行的感覺
22. a strong connection to child rearing 和撫養孩子聯繫密切
23. in Chinese, the word for "frog," wa, is a homophone for a word for "baby" 在中文裡,「蛙」和「娃」同音
24. understand the feeling of being a parent 明白了為人父母的感覺
25. embrace the ethos of the game 追隨這款遊戲的風氣
Full story: https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20180129/china-travel-frog-game/zh-hant/dual/
★★★★★★★★★★★★
遊戲成功的秘密: “You don’t need to do a lot of things, you don’t even need to think about anything,” said Yu Ting, a 28-year-old accountant in the northeastern city of Tianjin. “It’s not a competitive game, so it’s very relaxing.”
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生活美語 (Everyday English): https://goo.gl/nbmCGu
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Sources:
https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20180129/china-travel-frog-game/zh-hant/dual/
https://www.cnbc.com/2018/01/29/tabikaeru-a-mobile-game-about-a-traveling-frog-is-a-hit-in-china.html
http://www.e2say.com/articles/1453/
homophone of full 在 政變後的寧靜夏午 Facebook 的最佳解答
慈禧太后原來打算重建圓明園,並預計在她四十大壽那年(1875)完工,計畫中包括了「大雅齋」款瓷器,後來重建圓明園的計畫在同年七月(1874年)因財政等因素中止,最後惟一實現的是「大雅齋」款瓷器的燒造。
十年後,太后五十大壽,而「體和殿製」款就是專為太后五十大壽所燒造的一批瓷器。當年太后計畫移居儲秀宮,體和殿正位於儲秀宮中的穿堂,是進膳、品茗、日間休憩的空間。「體和殿製」款的瓷器,常以「福、壽」等字為紋飾,除直接表達瓷器是為慶祝慈禧五十大壽而定製,也顯示這批瓷器獨特的設計理念。
無論是「體和」或「大雅」,這兩類盆景器大都以線條簡單的筒型、方型為主,胎釉厚,色彩粉嫩,是慈禧個人相當獨到的品味。體和殿製款的盆景器中也有青花瓷,邀請大家一起來看看這件〈青花瓷富貴長春盆〉
#光緒 #慈禧太后 #體和殿製款 #青花瓷 #瓶盆風華
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瓶盆風華【清 光緒 體和殿製款 青花瓷富貴長春盆】(陳列室:203)
Current Exhibit: Enchanting Splendors of Vases and Planters: A Special Exhibition of Flower Vessels from the Ming and Qing Dynasties
【Planter with auspicious blue floral pattern and Tihe Dian Zhi mark】(Gallery: 203)
Porcelain, underglaze blue
(Tihedian ware was made for the 50th birthday of the Empress Dowager Cixi, this suggests the unique design of Tihedian ware.)
Qing dynasty, late 19th century
Height 13.4 cm, rim diameter 21.0 cm, base diameter 14.0 cm
日期(Dates):2014/11/12~2015/09/23
這件平底的盆景器,口沿邊描繪蝙蝠、銅錢及壽字紋,器腹以青花寫實松枝、芭蕉及芍藥。足底露白胎,底部以青花書寫「體和殿製」楷款。器底原來有兩個圓形滲水孔,以填泥堵住,應該是後來改製,作為種植喜水性的植物,類似石菖蒲、水仙、養苔石或作為假花盆景等器皿之用。
就紋飾觀察,松枝、芭蕉寓意長青不老,芍藥向有富貴之意,蝙蝠與銅錢有「福在眼前」的諧音意,整體紋飾充滿了吉祥的意函。
Planter with a flared rim, tall diverging walls, a flat bottom, and a ring-shaped foot. On the rim, there are bats, coins, and the character shou (壽, longevity). On the belly, there are realistically depicted pine branches, plantains, and peonies. The bottom of the foot is unglazed. On the bottom appears the mark “Tihe Dian Zhi” in the blue regular script, and two round drain holes which have covered up possibly for growing water loving plants, such as dwarf sedge, narcissus, or for cultivating moss. In terms of décor, the pine and plantain connote longevity and the peony symbolizes wealth. The bat in front of the coin is a Chinese homophone for “good fortune is coming”. Overall, the décor is full of auspicious meaning and connotation. The shou character often appears on Tihedian ware. In addition to denoting that Tihedian ware was made for the 50th birthday of the Empress Dowager Cixi, this suggests the unique design of Tihedian ware.
網站:http://theme.npm.edu.tw/exh103/Vases&Planters/ch/ch00.html
Website: http://theme.npm.edu.tw/exh103/Vases&Planters/en/en00.html
日本語:http://theme.npm.edu.tw/exh103/Vases&Planters/ja/ja01.html
homophone of full 在 A Huge List of 400+Common Homophones in English - Pinterest 的推薦與評價
Mar 28, 2019 - A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same (to varying extent) as another word but differs in meaning. This lesson provides a full ... ... <看更多>
homophone of full 在 Learn 17 homophone pairs in English: be/bee, know/no, hear ... 的推薦與評價
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