[時事英文]「超前部署 」英文怎麼說?
由於最近這個詞出現的頻率很高,所以陸續有同學寫信問我「超前部署」的英文是不是「advanced deployment 」?
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1、「advanced」意味著在「程度/層次」(level)上是更高等的、更高級的,例如:
➣ an advanced English course
進階英語課程/高階英語課程/高級英語課程(相對於初、中級)
➣ advanced learners of English
進階英語學習者/高階英語學習者/高級英語學習者
➣ advanced physics
高等物理
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2、「advanced」也可以表示非常現代的、最新的(modern),例如:
➣ advanced weapon systems
先進武器系統
➣ advanced technology
先進技術/前瞻技術
➣ high levels of unemployment in advanced industrial societies
先進工業社會的高失業率
詳參:https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/advanced
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3、若你想表達某事發生在其他事之前,則須用——「in advance (of something)」。例如:
➣ I should warn you in advance that I’m not a very good dancer.
我應該事先告訴你,我不是一位出色的舞者。
➣ Many thanks, in advance, for your help.
在此先感謝您的幫助。
➣ The Assembly passed legislation which required organizers of demonstrations to apply three days in advance for government approval.
議會通過了立法,要求示威的組織者提前三天申請政府批准。
詳參:https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/advance
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4、在中文的語境裡,「超前部署」本為國軍術語,用於軍事上的部署與配置。因今年疫情而輾轉進入公眾視野,也成為公共衛生的防疫語彙。在英文裡,若想表達兵力上的預置,你可以說:
➣ the early deployment of troops
➣ deploy troops in advance (of something)
➣ deploy troops in preparation (of something)
➣ deploy troops ahead of something
「超前部署」見於國軍「主動防救」的災防思維,國軍採「超前部署、預置兵力、隨時防救」的作法,以因應重大天災對國家安全的威脅。詳參:https://bit.ly/2WuyIXb
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5、在英文裡,「advanced deployment」雖是慣用語,但多用於計算(computing)以及網路管理(network administration),其中涉及較高階的(higher-level)電腦或系統的安裝過程,以利於真實環境裡的高效作業。
詳參:https://bit.ly/3ctnd7T
https://bit.ly/3dGULQ5
若同學知道更多相關用法,歡迎在下方留言與我們分享,畢竟我不是資通專家XD
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6、可能有些文章會使用「advance deployment」來作為「超前部署」的英文用法,以表達對流行疫情所採取的準備措施。但在英文裡,這並不是常見的用法:
That decision did make inconveniences to passengers and losses to THSRC, but that measure in conjunction with Taiwan's “advance deployment” has indeed effectively reduced the risk of people being over-exposed in mass transportation.
詳參:https://yhoo.it/3dHexLq
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7、「超前部署」雖可置於防疫的語境中,但在英文裡並沒有一個全然相應的用法。而在中文與英文的脈絡下,其所關聯的語意也不盡相同。英語使用者通常會這麼說:
❖ 用法A: (early) preventive measures
“A contact-tracing app developed in Singapore as a preventive measure against the coronavirus.”
詳參《紐約時報》:https://nyti.ms/3bjfxDT
“For the general public, basic preventive measures include keeping a safe distance of 1 to 2 metres, washing hands with soap for 20 seconds or using a hand sanitiser, wearing a face mask if crowded situations cannot be avoided and not touching one’s eyes, nose, and mouth.”
詳參《路透社》:https://reut.rs/3fEMZrK
❖ 用法B:「something+prevention measures」也頗為常見
“Efforts are better spent boosting infection-prevention measures at hospitals.”
詳參《經濟學人》:https://econ.st/2YUoMYu
“Vice Premier Chen Chi-Mai shared Taiwan's deployment of big data in our epidemic-prevention measures with two professors visiting from Stanford, C. Jason Wang, director of the Center for Policy, Outcomes and Prevention, and health law scholar Michelle M. Mello.”
詳參中華民國外交部:https://bit.ly/3cnuRk6
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其他可以使用的相關片語:
➣ take protective measures
➣ implement preventive measures
➣ infection prevention and control
➣ early prevention and detection
➣ immediate government intervention
歡迎同學在下方留言,與我們分享更多用法!
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時事英文講義:https://bit.ly/2XmRYXc
時事英文大全:http://bit.ly/2WtAqop
如何使用「時事英文」:https://bit.ly/3a9rr38
#超前部署
#疫情英文
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in conjunction with用法 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最讚貼文
[詞彙區別] but, however, nevertheless, nonetheless 的用法區別
1. but 是一個對等連接詞,即用來連接字、片語和獨立子句,表示前後所說的意義相反,或連接互相對比的兩個單位。
-It is expensive but useful.
-He enjoys rock climbing by himself, but not mountain hiking with others.
-It's an old car, but I think we can fix it up.
◆ but 前面需要加上逗號的原因是因為後面是完整的句子,或者為了讓句意清楚避免產生混淆,也會使用逗號。現代英文用法中,逗號基本上是說話者在長句中稍加停頓的地方。譬如:She is happy about moving away, but also a little sad. 但是若是句子不算長,而省略逗號並不會影響讀者的瞭解時,逗號省略是可以的 (She is sad but not shocked)。
◆but 的其他用法:
http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/but_1
http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/but
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/but
◆對等連接詞:
http://www.taiwantestcentral.com/Grammar/Title.aspx?ID=61
http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/coordinatingconjunction.htm
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conjunctions.htm
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2. however 可當副詞,當連接副詞時是用來轉折語氣。定義是"然而",可以放句前。
however 的用法
https://bit.ly/3cC4kQR
http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/however_1
http://www.taiwantestcentral.com/Grammar/Title.aspx?ID=119
◆而用 however 來轉折語氣時,可放句前但一定要用逗號 (,) 把它從句子其他部份分開。例句:This is a straightforward and effective method. However, it can be dangerous. (有些學者覺得用 However 開始另外一個句子是非正式的用法)。
◆不放逗號時,however 定義是無論如何,不管怎樣 (in whatever manner, to whatever extent, or no matter how: However carefully I explained, she still didn't understand.)。
◆至於 but 可否放在句前呢? 現在越來越多人這樣寫。老一輩的學者說不;但新一代的英文學者認為 but 用於句子開頭表達意思明確而直接,語氣反而比較強。
-It’s a smart and progressive plan. But do you think those changes go far enough?
http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/starting-a-sentence-with-however-right-or-wrong
http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2012/01/can-i-start-a-sentence-with-a-conjunction/
◆如果兩句句子意思緊接,你想用 however 卻不想把它分兩句,可以用分號 (;)。例句:This is a straightforward and effective method; however, it can be dangerous. 這是比較沒有爭議的寫法!
◆最後,however 可用於句子中間,在兩個逗號中出現,用作句子的停頓。甚至這樣子做可以加強 however 之後句子的語氣。
-He was feeling tired. He went to work, however, and tried to concentrate.
-He was feeling tired. He, however, went to work and tried to concentrate.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnitv206.shtml
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3. nonetheless 等同 nevertheless 定義是"不過仍然",比 however 的用法更為正式, 通常是用在寫作上。一些人會認為使用他們更會強調語氣。
◆Nevertheless 比較常使用在學術寫作出現的比率幾乎是 nonetheless 的一倍。
◆Nevertheless 用在主動的句子 (active voice) , 而 nonetheless 比較常用在被動的句子 (passive voice). 。
Sources:
http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/however_1
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/however
http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/starting-a-sentence-with-however-right-or-wrong
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnitv206.shtml
http://www.differencebetween.net/language/difference-between-nonetheless-and-nevertheless/ http://corpus.byu.edu/coca/
詞彙區別 Vocab Q&A: http://tinyurl.com/mzmvsns
in conjunction with用法 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最佳貼文
[文法與詞彙Q&A] although, but, yet, even though, though, whereas, despite, in spite of 的區別
A. 表示「雖然、儘管、但是」
1. although, but, yet
-In theory it seems like a good idea, but I don’t think it’ll work in practice.
-In theory it seems like a good idea, although I don’t think it’ll work in practice.
-Although it seems like a good idea, I don’t think it will work in practice.
※注意:although, but 兩者只能取其一,不能同時並用
Although it seems like a good idea, but I don’t think it will work in practice. (X)
※ 亦可用 still、anyway (依然、還是) 來加強but, although的語氣
I wasn’t feeling very well, but I still went to work.
I wasn’t feeling very well, but I went to work anyway.
I still went to work, although I wasn’t feeling very well.
Although I wasn’t feeling very well, I went to work anyway.
※亦可用yet來替代 but
It’s a simple yet very effective system.
In theory it seems like a good idea, (and) yet I don’t think it’ll work in practice.
Used as a conjunction, "yet" is similar in meaning to "but," but it has a stronger effect on the reader or listener. There is perhaps more of a surprise associated with the former statement. Note that you can put "and" in front of "yet" when it comes at the beginning of a clause, but of course this is not possible with "but," so you can write the following sentence:
"The cyclists were tired and hungry, all but exhausted, (and) yet they refused to give up in their attempt to finish the race."
Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnitv21.shtml
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2. though, even though
though 比較口語,意思與although同,但though 可以放在句尾(當副詞用)
-Though he has lived for years in London, he writes in French. (雖然)—連接詞
-He has lived for years in London. He writes in French, though. (不過、但是)--副詞
even though (即便、儘管)用法與although 同, 語氣更強烈
-Even though I wasn’t feeling very well, I still went to work.
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B. 表示「而、卻、反之」(對照比較之用)
-Indonesia has a lot of natural resources, whereas Singapore has none.
-Whereas Indonesia has a lot of natural resources, Singapore has none.
※ although 與 whereas 的比較
although 含有驚訝的意味 (通常是第二個子句所透漏的訊息令人意外) We had a reasonable year in Asia, although sales fell a little in Japan.
Although sales fell a little in Japan, we had a reasonable year in the rest of Asia.
Whereas 則強調對照,驚訝意味並不濃
We had a reasonable year in Asia, whereas sales in Europe were quite disappointing.
※ while 的用法
Inflation rose by 3% last year, while house prices went up 6%. (=whereas)
While there are still some issues to resolve, I think we should go ahead. (=although)
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C. despite/in spite of 的用法
despite 與 in spite of 意思同 although,但是用法不同;although 是連接詞,後面可接子句,despite/in spite of 為介係詞,後面必須接名詞或動名詞
Although sales increased, profits fell.
Despite the increase in sales, profits fell.
Although I was ill, I went to work.
In spite of my illness, I went to work.
Despite my illness, I went to work.
In spite of feeling ill, I went to work.
Despite feeling ill, I went to work.
Despite I felt ill, I went to work. (X)
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Sources:
elc.it.lhu.edu.tw/LHUIT/LHUITCourse/IT21030/.../連接用語(一).doc
http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/grammar-reference/spite-despite-although
http://www.oneworldofenglish.com/english_grammar_reference/although_even_though_despite_in_spite_of.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nX8N9RiGCZg
http://www.wretch.cc/blog/e1c3396/11909723
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