68. 外國援助一定「有好過無」?
Bill Gates近日宣佈小兒麻痺症可望於明年絕跡人類世界。其中,他所成立的基金會一定功不可沒。(https://goo.gl/zw59jZ)
要一面倒地說金錢的用處當然容易,但原來這些外國援助(foreign aid / donors)是否真正完美,卻也是值得商榷。
= = =
(一)運作模式使事情事倍功半
在公共衛生的角度,這些健康推廣計劃可分為橫向(horizontal)和縱向(vertical)[1]。前者指計劃建基於現有制度,著重改善整個醫療系統,不講求即時見效,著眼點比較長遠。相反,後者只專注特定疾病,務求在短時間裡獲得最大的成本效益。這也是外國援助較常採用的方向,因為短期項目成效顯著,又可以確保資源不受官僚制度和貪污文化所限。
因此,外國援助計劃多採用獨立的人手和管理模式,以引進已發展國家較完善的執行和監察制度。這樣「平行」(parallel)於國內現行制度的獨立系統,引申出一連串問題。額外的人手,只用作一個縱向計劃,家訪、教育、數據收集等都只圍繞一個疾病,浪費了許多寶貴的機會,向已經建立關係的受眾宣傳有關其他疾病的訊息。好些外援機構收集到的數據甚至比當地政府所有的全面,但卻未必會將資料細節與政府分享。政府所做的,和外援機構所做的大同小異,卻花費了雙倍的人力和資源。
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(二)低收入國家的醫療制度過於依賴外國的短期計劃,缺乏長遠視野。
由於外國經驗豐富,當地人或會在比較之下嫌棄本地的醫療服務或設施。可惜,這些外國的投資計劃多數只著眼短期目標,甚少投放於整個制度的發展(capacity development)。計劃一旦完結,成果要承傳下去並非易事。
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(三)外援行動令低入國家的衞生局長難以擔任「看管醫療系統」(stewardship)的角色 [2-3]
在有錢就有權力(bargaining power)的社會,外國援助有權有勢,對著本國的衞生局長往往能一錘定音。就算計劃內容與當地本身的發展方向不一致,當局也極難左右外援的決定。原因可能是缺乏先例,也可能因為官員未必曾接受相關的游說技巧訓練。
儘管近年「巴黎援助成效宣言」(Paris Declaration of Aid Effectiveness)為外國援助的執行定下指引,但真正把話語權和決定權交還予當局的例子寥寥可數 [2]。低收入國家的官員,在「外國勢力」面前還是處於弱勢。
= = =
這令我想起最近看過的幾篇文章,指我們懷著滿腔熱誠,向非洲兒童捐錢捐物資,但竟然兩者都可能引起反效果。要解決各國間不公平情況,並非「有勝於無」,而需要有權者「下放」權力,承認弱者都擁有發聲和發展自己的權利。這是外國的大富豪,也是每一個人在捐錢 / 物資 / 義遊前都應該思考的問題。
後記:因課程需要,在類似議題上寫過很多英文文章,但原來要「翻譯」用淺白的中文,也非易事呢。
延伸閱讀:《人在墨西哥(十):一次「義遊」教會我的事》
https://www.facebook.com/…/a.914081138639…/1035675949813249/
圖片來源:pixabay
參考資料:
[1] Oliveira-cruz V, Kurowski C, Mills A. Delivery of priority health services: Searching for synergies with the vertical versus horizontal debate. Journal of International Development 2003; 15: 67-86.
[2] World Health Organization. Systems Thinking for Health Systems Strengthening. Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research and World Health Organisation; 2009.
[3] Mills A, Brugha R What can be done about the private health sector in low income countries? Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 2002; 80(4): 325-330.
同時也有5部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過11萬的網紅馮韋元Francois Devatine,也在其Youtube影片中提到,法國已經第二次的封城。。。 那我。。住在台灣,台灣的疫情管理非常成功。有一些新聞説台灣是世界上最成功管理疫情的國家。 比如:https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4046909 我一直在問自己:爲什麽法國的政治的人,新聞,科學家都不在講到台灣??台灣疫情管理世...
「in parallel with中文」的推薦目錄:
- 關於in parallel with中文 在 一個平凡醫學生的日常。 Facebook 的最佳貼文
- 關於in parallel with中文 在 蕭叔叔英式英文學會 Uncle Siu's British English Club Facebook 的最佳貼文
- 關於in parallel with中文 在 張吉安 Facebook 的最佳解答
- 關於in parallel with中文 在 馮韋元Francois Devatine Youtube 的最讚貼文
- 關於in parallel with中文 在 13N Youtube 的最佳貼文
- 關於in parallel with中文 在 13N Youtube 的最佳貼文
in parallel with中文 在 蕭叔叔英式英文學會 Uncle Siu's British English Club Facebook 的最佳貼文
#跟蕭叔叔學英文寫作【氣勢磅礡的排比句】
#蕭叔叔的英國文學課
【明報專訊】繼金庸同羅貫中後,蕭叔叔最愛的小說作家就是維多利亞時期的英國人Charles Dickens,中文一般譯為狄更斯。狄更斯最出名的,是他風趣幽默的文筆。別看他的Great Expectations成本字典咁厚,字句咁長就以為好悶,蕭叔叔讀佢時,成日都笑到收唔到聲。可是本文主旨不是Dickens的英式幽默,今天找來的一段文字,背了會有三大功效(哎,蕭叔叔越來越像個cheap cheap salesman。):
一,學懂何謂工整的英文。
二,吸收英文的文氣、節奏。
三,學會巧妙運用動詞。
試問又怎能不背?看文章前,當然要了解背景。文章取自Dickens名作Great Expectations,故事講主角窮小孩Pip無意中救了逃犯Magwitch,後來又唔知點解有人俾畢錢佢去倫敦學做紳士。下面一段,是chapter 1裡小Pip碰見逃犯的情景。這段文字,一定要大聲朗讀,否則無意思。要聽蕭叔叔不太完美的聲演,當然要看短片:https://youtu.be/gY_1Lwz-DJM
A fearful man, all in coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg. A man with no hat, and with broken shoes, and with an old rag tied round his head. A man who had been soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles, and torn by briars; who limped, and shivered, and glared, and growled; and whose teeth chattered in his head as he seized me by the chin.
如果你覺得深字多,唔緊要,唔使怕,因為每個字都要查。蕭叔叔學英文,分精讀(是用盡所有精力去讀,唔係補習社精讀班的精讀)同hea讀。Hea讀唔使點查字典,get個大意即可。精讀嘛,當然要每個字都查,否則浪費了大好文字,對不住好作家。
蕭叔叔最想大家看的是這句:A man who’d been
soaked in water,
and smothered in mud,
and lamed by stones,
and cut by flints,
and stung by nettles,
and torn by briars;
此所謂工整。每項都是一個被動動詞加preposition加名詞,而且每個都是兩個重音,讀起來節奏鏗鏘,頗像詩詞。中文當然也有類似的修辭手法,好像三國演義中曹軍謀臣孔融同荀彧在曹操面前,辯論袁紹是否可怕的敵人,荀彧說:「紹兵多而不整。田豐剛而犯上,許攸貪而不智,審配專而無謀,逢紀果而無用:此數人者,勢不相容,必生內變,顏良、文丑,匹夫之勇,一戰可擒。其余碌碌等輩,縱有百萬,何足道哉!」其中一系列排比句:
田豐剛而犯上,
許攸貪而不智,
審配專而無謀,
逢紀果而無用
兩字的人名,然後一個單字形容詞,配上「而」,再來一個意思相對的另一個形容詞。效果同樣是工整非常,讀起來甚有氣勢。
你可能會說:下下咁寫,會唔會好作狀?這是蕭叔叔給所有寫作學生的warning:學任何東西,都要留意場合是否適合,context是否需要到某些寫法。排比句,當然不能句句用,否則聽起來像sing song,完全達不到本來想有的效用。要多想:whether the background and circumstances of your writing warrant the use of the pounding rhythm and perfect symmetry of the parallel structure.
也講講句子後半部:who limped, and shivered, and glared and growled,都是簡短、一至兩個音節的動詞。留意整段文字的動詞,都很能draw pictures:soaked、smothered、lamed、cut、stung、torn、limped、shivered、glared、growled,全部都非常生動,同學不妨學習這種寫法,善用多變的動詞,文章會生色不少。
文︰蕭愷一
作者簡介
蕭愷一,aka蕭叔叔。夢想做男神、現實是大叔的英文教學狂熱分子,law grad,哲學碩士dropout,語言學愛好者,以speak English like an educated native為教與學的終極目標。(facebook.com/unclesiu)
in parallel with中文 在 張吉安 Facebook 的最佳解答
【祝祭之笛Shukusai no Fue】(Japanese Flute plays Festival Celebration)
by Kohei NISHIKAWA 西川浩平
日期Date:03/02/2015 (Tue)
時間Time:8pm
地點Venue:【吉安泰祥·鄉音馆】The Classic Accents Art House
@Johor Bahru, Malaysia
支持單位Supported by KAKENHI, Japan
* 文化付費Admission by donation RM15
* 現場將由OHARA MICHI 大原美智以中文翻譯主持
簡介:
There are many kinds of Japanese traditional flutes, well knowns as Shakuhachi, a vertical bamboo flute. Today, we would like to feature some kinds of transverse flutes, such as, Shinobue, Ryuteki, Noh-kan which has profound tradition and expressions.
1. 《Matsuri 祭り 》
Festival music played by Shinobue. 篠笛による祭り
2.《Miyabi 雅》
Gagaku music played by Ryuteki. 龍笛による雅の音
3.《Yu-gen 幽玄》
Noh music played by Noh-kan 能管による幽玄の世界
4. 《Mystic 神秘》
Mysterious ancient Malaysian music played by nose-flute.マレーシアの神秘的、鼻笛。
“Well-known melodies” Sakura, Akatombo, Itsuki-no Komoriuta, etc.よく知られたメロディーより、さくら、赤とんぼ、五木の子守唄、他。“Okame Hyottoko” お亀、火男Improvisation, music from Kabuki. 歌舞伎音楽より、即興演奏。
西川浩平Kohei NISHIKAWA, born in 1953, is an eminent Japanese flutist, with a long creative career opened to the world, the result of a double training in classical and traditional fields, a rarity in Japan. He is principal flutist at the Osaka Philharmonic Orchestra at the start of his musical life, and then starts an important career as a traditional flutist, with the bamboo transverse flutes, to accompany the classical traditional dance Nihon-buyô and Kabuki.
In parallel he orders new pieces to some of the Japanese and foreigner composers in order to open the repertoire of those flutes traditionally compartmentalized in their traditional role at the theater, which he makes recordings of with the CD label “live notes” under the title «Flutist from the East, Kohei Nishikawa».
In order to promote his instruments and the Japanese music to a larger public, from 2003 he starts to teach his instruments in different universities in Tôkyô, publishes several books, is invited, performs and does master-classes abroad including in Canada, in Europe.
in parallel with中文 在 馮韋元Francois Devatine Youtube 的最讚貼文
法國已經第二次的封城。。。
那我。。住在台灣,台灣的疫情管理非常成功。有一些新聞説台灣是世界上最成功管理疫情的國家。
比如:https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4046909
我一直在問自己:爲什麽法國的政治的人,新聞,科學家都不在講到台灣??台灣疫情管理世界上最成功!我們法國的媒體都在講國内的事情而已,偶爾在講鄰居的事情 (都是疫情管理不太成功的國家)。
爲什麽不要講到台灣?爲什麽不要學台灣怎麽成功的??
我在這影片不會分享自己的意見,不是我的責任,我不是專業的一生。但是我想强調的是台灣做得非常好,我希望法國可以多研究台灣做了什麽,才可以成功!
我在影片講到的新聞:
https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4040498
https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4046909
請你訂閲我的頻道~
IG: @yuanyuanintaiwan
FB: www.facebook.com/yuanyuanintaiwan
France is already under the second lockdown to deal with the coronavirus.
In parallel, I have been living in Taiwan, which is in the top countries of the world for their handling of the epidemic. Actually a lot of media recognize Taiwan as being THE most successful country dealing with the epidemic.
For example this news from the Brookings institute saying that Taiwan is the first country in the world in term of success fighting the covid19 based on number of deaths X GDP growth in this period: https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4046909
I keep questioning myself: Why are the French media, politicians and scientists not actively talking and studying about the different measures that Taiwan has taken to deal with the epidemic?
In France, we have a very self-centered media that only looks at our own struggle, or sometimes the neighbors, Spain, UK, etc, which don't do very well either.
Why aren't we constantly talking about how Taiwan is dealing with the epidemics? Why aren't we trying to learn something from Taiwan?
In this video, I will not give any particular advice on how to deal with the epidemics, because it is not my area of expertise. I just want to emphasize the fact that Taiwan has been doing extremely well, and I wish France would look into this seriously from now on.
Please subscribe to my channel!
IG: @yuanyuanintaiwan
FB: www.facebook.com/yuanyuanintaiwan
in parallel with中文 在 13N Youtube 的最佳貼文
[有中文字幕]
現在中量級車款都是以街車為主。過去的600仿賽一個一個的慢慢消失。這次Aprilia推出新車款,並採用高扭力的並列雙缸,似乎是預告新的跑車世代來臨?It's a rare sight to see a brand new sportbike in middle weight segment, let alone the 650 twin segment. Aprilia has started something completely new with the RS660. Hopefully it'll spark more sportbike development in the same segment.
Bike: Yamaha WR250X
MotoVlog 195 摩托日記第一百九十五篇
Outro Music: Trixtor - Just This Once
討論和使用的影片器材 Video equipment as used and discussed:
Insta 360 One X: https://bit.ly/338kigg
GoPro Hero 7: https://amzn.to/2PFHRZZ
GoPro Hero 8 : https://amzn.to/2JJ51uJ
GoPro Hero Max: https://amzn.to/2NCzXh6
in parallel with中文 在 13N Youtube 的最佳貼文
試駕車友忍250上賽道!小忍250一直是日本輕檔街跑的指標(因為過去十年日廠只有Kawasaki做250c.c. 輕檔街跑...)新款300c.c.街跑的來臨,顯得小忍250有些老舊。相對的,因為二手價格越來越便宜,改裝零件多,越來越多人買來玩賽道。Kawasaki Ninja 250 has been the pinnacle of lightweight sportbike. (well, nobody else was interested in making 250c.c. sportbike) Comparing to recently released 300c.c. bikes, 250 Ninja does look a bit outdated with its analog dashboard and carburetor. Nevertheless, it's becoming a favorite among track riders for its affordability and great support in aftermarket community.
Bike: Kawasaki Ninja 250 川崎 忍者250
Vlog 43 摩托日記第四十三篇
改裝品:
Mod Cycles Full Exhaust System 全段管
Pod Filter 空濾
Vesrah Sintered brake pads 煞車皮
SV racing rear sets 腳踏後移
Pilot Sport 輪胎
Rejet 化油調校
規格 Spec:
引擎形式 水冷四行程雙汽缸
全長(m) 2080
全高(m) 1115mm
軸距(m) 1400mm
最低地上高(m) 135mm
座高(m) 780mm
乾重 154kg
總排氣量 249cc
供油方式 化油器
啟動方式 電發
壓縮比 11.6 : 1
最高馬力 30ps/10500rpm
最大扭力 2.14kg-m/8500rpm
油箱容量 17.5公升
傳動形式 鏈條
前懸吊系統 37mm芯正叉.120mm行程
後懸吊系統 五段調整130mm行程單槍
輪胎(前) 110/70 - 17 M/C
輪胎(後) 130/70 - 17 M/C
前煞車系統 290mm浪花單碟.雙活塞卡鉗
後煞車系統 220mm浪花單碟
Engine Type Four-stroke, DOHC, parallel twin
Engine Displacement 249cc
Bore Stroke 62.0mm x 41.2mm
Cooling Liquid-Cooled
Compression Ratio 11.6:1
Fuel System Keihin CVK30 x 2
Ignition Digital
Starting System NA
Transmission Six-speed
Final Drive O-Ring Chain
Rake Trail 26 degrees / 3.2 in.
Seat Height 30.5 in.
Wheelbase 55.1 in.
Front Suspension 37mm hydraulic telescopic fork / 4.7 in.
Rear Suspension Bottom-Link UNI-TRAK® with 5-way adjustable preload / 5.1 in.
Front Brake Single 290mm hydraulic disc with two-piston caliper
Rear Brake Single 220mm petal disc with two-piston caliper
Front Tire 110/70-17
Rear Tire 130/70-17
Fuel Capacity 4.8 gal.
Dry Weight 374.9 lbs.
Outro Music: Anikdote - Which Direction?
NCS Release bit.ly/1LfXUQh
https://soundcloud.com/anikdotemusic
#13N 追蹤 13N Instagram: