💉 #卡介苗 打完『#沒反應』『#膿瘍』怎麼辦⁉
不少寶寶打完傳說中的魔王針「卡介苗」出現嚴重 #化膿 情形❗要觀察到什麼時候❓有人則是都 #沒有紅腫反應⁉要重打卡介苗嗎❓
這次就針對這兩個的問題,好好說明一下✨
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🔖 Q1. 打完卡介苗,寶寶手臂完全 #沒反應 怎麼辦❓
一般來說,打完卡介苗的正常流程反應為
📌 1~2週:小紅結節
📌 4~6週:膿泡或潰爛,膿自行流出,#不須擠壓,保持 #清潔乾燥
📌 2~3個月:癒合結疤
#9成以上 的寶寶3個月內手臂會有紅腫反應,因此假如超過3個月後還沒有反應,也無疤痕的話,需做結核菌素測驗確認 (TST) 📣
無疤痕 #不是 代表說沒有產生免疫反應⚡
研究指出8成以上無疤痕的寶寶做TST後,發現是有產生免疫反應的。因此還是要去衛生局或有TST檢查的醫療院所做確認☀
如果 #TST<10mm,代表是陰性反應,醫師會評估建議是否需重接種第二次。研究指出,90%的寶寶注射第二劑後就會有效💪
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🔖 Q2. 為什麼會沒有反應呢❓
可能成因:寶寶 #體質 及 #免疫反應不同、皮內注射技術、疫苗保存品質、注射劑量、不同菌株...
發生率:#約10% (1-20%每個國家報告不同)
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🔖 Q3. 產生膿瘍怎麼辦❓
🔔 通常4-6個月會自行改善,因此 #觀察4-6個月後,膿瘍及紅腫 #未消退或持續變大,可考慮 #細針抽吸 (會縮短恢復時間)
🔔 #不建議手術切除,會延後傷口恢復
🔔 若傷口 #持續滲液,請至醫院找兒童感染科醫師,考慮口服或局部注射Isoniazid
🔔 #不可使用類固醇藥膏,可能會造成惡化💥
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🔖 Q4. 為什麼會產生膿瘍❓
可能成因:寶寶 #體質、#細胞免疫功能不全、寶寶 #亂動造成打得較深 (原本應intradermal皮內,變成注射至subcutaneous皮下)
發生率:0.035-2.5% (每個國家不同)
國家政策為減少卡介苗產生不良反應如骨髓炎,接種年齡設定為5-8個月 (105年以前是出生24小時後)
但因寶寶 #年紀變大,力氣增加容易亂動,所以皮內注射可能會變困難,或許也是造成膿瘍比例上升的原因😱
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🔖 Q5. 寶寶為什麼要打卡介苗❓
在臺灣,結核病是重要的 #法定傳染病,每年約8,000多人確診,所以還是要小心防範🌟
施打BCG疫苗可以產生對結核病的抵抗力,一般對初期症候的預防效果約85%,最重要的是 #避免結核性腦膜炎、粟粒型肺結核等嚴重併發症。
研究顯示,未接種卡介苗的幼童較接種卡介苗者罹患結核性腦膜炎有16倍的風險,#結核性腦膜炎之幼兒即使治療, #死亡率仍高達20%-30%。🥶
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🧐參考資料
📍 Scar formation and tuberculin conversion following BCG vaccination in infants: A prospective cohort study. J Family Med Prim Care. 2015 Jul-Sep; 4(3): 384–387.
📍 Clinical management of localized BCG adverse events in children. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2016; 58: 84.
📍 A case of abscess after BCG vaccine in an immunocompetent child without other clinical signs. JMM CASE REPORTS 2015, Dec; 2(6)
📍 Treating BCG-induced disease in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31;2013(1):CD008300.
📍 Local cutaneous complications after Bacille Calmette-Guerin Vaccine: Experience of a single center. International Journal of Clinical Pediatrics. 2017 Dec; 6 (3): 37-41.
📍 Absence of scar formation in infants after BCG vaccination. Professional Med J Dec 2006; 13(4): 637-641.
📍 Cell mediated immunity in children with scar-failure following BCG vaccination. Indian Pediatr. 1998 Feb;35(2):123-7.
📍 衛生福利部疾病管制署
📍 BCG Vaccination. Indian Pediatrics 2000;37: 332-333.
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