最近忙著當保母照顧冰雪聰明的侄女(Elsa公主)。
僅僅3歲多,但無論是中、英、日、法文都難不了她。
多元文化、多語言是美國教育的未來~
★★★★★★★★★★★★
時事英文
multiculturalism 多元文化主義
multilingualism 多語制
cultural identity 文化認同
cultural heritage 文化遺產
pros and cons of language learning 語言學習的優缺點
a huge asset 一個巨大的資產
return on investment 投資回收率
ability to decode 解碼能力
the brain has far greater plasticity 大腦的可塑性會變更高
protection against symptoms of dementia 預防癡呆症狀
economically valuable 有經濟價值
steer towards Mandarin 轉向中文
lack of foreign-language proficiency at higher levels 缺乏高水平的外語能力
opportunity cost 機會成本
insufficient funding 資金不足
★★★★★★★★★★★★
Language policies in the US: http://www.cal.org/areas-of-impact/language-planning-policy/u.s.-educational-language-policy
EU language policies: https://cn.nytimes.com/education/20140417/t17eu/zh-hant/dual/
Research: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/flan.12271
★★★★★★★★★★★★
Pros and Cons of Bilingual Education: https://goo.gl/mLrQqD
★★★★★★★★★★★★
...連家人的照片都可以變成時事英文...我好像有點太敬業了。
同時也有10000部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過2,910的網紅コバにゃんチャンネル,也在其Youtube影片中提到,...
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[美國文化觀察]
川普前幾天說, 以後的移民要在移民美國時, 就要會說英文. 經濟學人這篇文章講的挺好: 其實移民移居美國後, 早晚都會說英文的.
在我身上其實也應證了這說法. 旅居美國十幾年, 雖然平常有跟此地的台灣同胞保持互動, 但因為身處在美語環境, 也為了生存下去, 所以我漸漸地習慣說英文, 聽英文歌, 看美國電視, 看原文書. 我也很清楚地意識到, 自己的母語(中文)能力在退化中. 所以我前幾年開始接英翻中的case, 而兩年前也開始藉著寫中文個股分析與開部落格來彌補這問題. 很多時候不是我故意在秀英文, 而是我真的不知道該用甚麼中文字來表達意思了, 或是我覺得用英文能夠更傳神地表達我的想法.
"Rather than refusing to learn English, today’s immigrants actually abandon their first language much more readily than previous generations. German, the language spoken by the president’s ancestors, is a case in point. Germans arrived in America in big waves in the middle of the 19th century. Generations later, they were still speaking German at home; a small number were even monolingual in German despite being born in America. Only with America’s entry into the first world war did German-speakers drop their suddenly unpopular language.
Today the typical pattern is that the arriving generation speaks little English, or learns it imperfectly; the first children born in America are bilingual, but English-dominant, and their children hardly speak the heritage language. This is as true of Hispanics as it is of speakers of smaller languages—and all without a lecture from the White House."
以下是全文:
DONALD TRUMP’s young administration is adept at one particular manoeuvre. Whenever the president is having a terrible time in the press, for some embarrassing statement, interview or imbroglio, the White House announces a far-reaching policy designed to stoke up his nationalist base while infuriating his opponents. In February it was the proposed ban on visitors from seven mainly Muslim countries. Last month it was the announcement on Twitter that he would not let transgender soldiers serve in the military.
In each case, the new policy tends to hurt people who can be portrayed as threatening outsiders to ordinary Americans who work hard and pay their taxes. Yesterday’s announcement to back a months-old plan to overhaul America’s immigration rules falls in the same category. If implemented, it would reward applicants with sought-after job skills who already speak English, at the expense of low-skilled workers without language skills.
This may seem perfectly sensible: after all, skilled immigrants are a good thing. But as an ongoing shortage of farm workers in California shows, unskilled immigrants are just as crucial. Equally, it is a good thing if immigrants speak English. But they need not speak it before arrival: as it is impossible to participate fully in American life without speaking English, the incentive to learn it quickly is overwhelming.
The administration’s emphasis on English skills therefore harks back to an old myth that the linguistic make-up of America, which has been an English-dominant country for a long time, is changing: that the status of English is somehow threatened, especially by Spanish, but more generally by the notion that English is no longer needed in the economy.
The myth goes something like this: today’s immigrants want to come to America to isolate themselves into communities that do not speak English. American policy tacitly encourages this by not being tough enough in requiring English. In the past, immigrants happily learned English quickly; “my grandpa came here from the old country but he refused to speak his old language; he insisted on getting by in his broken English until he was fluent.” But today’s immigrants no longer do so, as multiculturalism has replaced the melting pot.
All of this is wrong. America began as a thin band of English colonies clinging to the eastern coast, vastly outnumbered by speakers of other languages. The foreign-born percentage of the population peaked not last year—the administration likes to talk of “unprecedented” numbers—but in 1890, when the share of foreign-born residents was at an all-time high of 14.8%. This proportion has risen again after declining in the mid-20th century (it stood at 12.9% in the 2010 census). America today has multilingual big cities with their voting instructions in Korean, Chinese and Russian.
Historically, this is the norm rather than the exception: the years from 1925 to 1965, when immigration was almost completely cut off, were unusual. But those born from the 1940s to the 1960s became used to the low numbers of foreign-born residents, regarding this state as normal. That in turn supported a belief that America has always naturally belonged completely to English.
For most of its history, America was precisely the “polyglot boardinghouse” Teddy Roosevelt once worried it would become. That history has turned out very well not just for America, but for English—the most successful language in the history of the world. Along with American power, English has spread around the globe. At home, wave after wave after wave of immigrants to America have not only learned English but forgotten the languages their parents brought with them.
Rather than refusing to learn English, today’s immigrants actually abandon their first language much more readily than previous generations. German, the language spoken by the president’s ancestors, is a case in point. Germans arrived in America in big waves in the middle of the 19th century. Generations later, they were still speaking German at home; a small number were even monolingual in German despite being born in America. Only with America’s entry into the first world war did German-speakers drop their suddenly unpopular language.
Today the typical pattern is that the arriving generation speaks little English, or learns it imperfectly; the first children born in America are bilingual, but English-dominant, and their children hardly speak the heritage language. This is as true of Hispanics as it is of speakers of smaller languages—and all without a lecture from the White House.
multiculturalism中文 在 陳心遙 Facebook 的精選貼文
《香港強身之道》陳心遙
刊登於2015年4月29日《信報》副刊《視線所及》專欄
尼泊爾遙遠嗎?我對尼泊爾的知識很少,印象中她只是一個位於中印夾縫之間的地方,同時愛好攀山者旅遊的勝地。一場大地震, 令到全世界突然關注這個南亞小國。
香港大概有一萬六千個尼泊爾人,正確地說,應該是有一萬六千個香港人是尼泊爾裔。他們很多都有香港身份證,在香港土生土長。上一代居港的尼泊爾人都是啹喀兵,曾參與二戰,六十年代開始,大陸因「大躍進」運動而出現大饑荒,加上馬來西亞宣布獨立,英國政府從馬來西亞調配大量尼泊爾兵到香港鎮守邊關,自此「啹喀兵」肩負保衞香港的任務,多次參與抵抗六七十年代的暴動,協助香港皇家警察在天然災害中拯救市民等等,可謂冇功都有勞。
九七前,尼泊爾裔有專屬的尼泊爾學校,九七後,尼泊爾人卻只有進入本地學校和國際學校兩個途徑。大部分尼泊爾裔在香港的本土學校很難得到公平對待,由於中文程度的差異,學業成績一直落後他人,不少青年到中學階段便輟學,從事低技術低人工的職業,形成跨代貧窮的惡性循環。
早前和朋友爭拗一個問題:香港到底算不算是一個多元文化(Multiculturalism)或跨文化(Interculturalism)的城市。朋友指香港是一個多元文化,但絕對不是跨文化的城市。不同族群同城存在,但是絕少交流和溝通,政府和官方機構從來只會提出「反歧視」等消極宣傳,而毫無積極作為去鼓勵族群之間相互認識,更遑論有政策和資源讓少數族裔融入香港主流社會。
本來香港有豐沃的土壤去孕育跨文化社會的:粵英雙語並尊、平等思維、法治精神、公平競爭,這些本來就是一個國際頂尖大都會的珍貴元素。不知從何時開始,這些土壤卻像失去樹木的保護一樣,一點一點地流失。
香港近年出現的本土思潮,其中一個盲點就是:沒有好好面對和團結我們社會中的隱形香港人。英裔、歐美裔、日韓裔、南亞裔、非洲裔,當中生於斯長於斯,真心愛港和立志世代以香港為家的,不計其數。如果真想讓香港體質堅壯,預防疾病,請固本培元,先由認識及珍惜少數族裔的香港人開始。
#尼泊爾 #少數族裔 #多元文化
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