【尋找Ground Z(ero):殭屍和他們的產地】#葉郎電影徵信社 #舊文重貼
1932年的好萊塢電影《White Zombie 蒼白殭屍》開啟了接下來80年橫跨電影、電視、電玩、小說等等媒介的大眾文化殭屍熱,並賦予Zombie這個字眼百年難以磨滅的恐怖想像。
雖然殭屍和殭屍病毒的故事是虛構的(希望啦),但這個字眼和其背後的信仰並不是無中生有。它們根源自更早的原始宗教、都市傳說和以訛傳訛(希望啦)的見證報告。
下文將追溯殭屍電影的源頭,尋找這個感染力甚強的文化病毒最一開始的Ground Zero:
▇ 深夜畫室的鬼靈
1838年Zombi這個新單字(拼寫方式要多年後才會加上字母e)首度出現在美國媒體上,是伊利諾州地方報紙The Telegraph轉載自英國雜誌Chambers's Edinburgh Journal的一篇恐怖短文,名為「不明畫家」。
文中描繪巴洛克時期的西班牙畫家Bartolome Esteban Murillo所僱用的年輕黑奴因為晚上睡在畫室裡,親眼目擊了非洲傳說中的“zombi”出現,並隨手拿起畫筆在畫室學徒的畫作上塗塗改改的驚悚畫面。
但沒有人把黑奴的說詞當一回事,認為只是他根深蒂固的迷信作祟。
(圖說:殭屍本人Sebastián Gómez的畫作)
Zombi的字源眾說紛紜,但多半不脫西非週邊的各民族語言。剛果的Kikongo語中,有類似的字如zumbi(意指軀體)和nzami(意指靈魂),被認為最可能是zombi的字源。
西非國家正是16~19世紀歐洲人實施大西洋奴隸貿易的最大受害者。這些字眼和它們背後的非洲原始信仰巫毒教稍後隨著運奴船流轉向世界各地。以法國在加勒比海的殖民地海地島(法國人稱之為聖多明尼克)為例,最高峰時島上總計有3萬名白人指揮70萬名黑奴在甘蔗田和糖廠裡頭不眠不休地工作。
必須注意的是,就像zombi這個字的多重起源一樣,海地的黑人使用zombi這個字來指稱多種廣泛的靈異現象:比如失去身體的靈魂、失去靈魂的身體(比較接近我們今日對於zombie的想像)以及被巫師施法變成動物的人或是其他各種超自然現象。
所以回到1938年的「不明畫家」鬼故事中,黑奴使用這個字眼可能廣泛指超自然鬼靈,而非明確意指死而復生的那種殭屍。否則《The Walking Dead 陰屍路》中笨拙緩慢的殭屍群裡就會多出好幾隻以畫筆為武器的繪畫天才。
「不明畫家」的故事其實改編自史實。不僅巴洛克畫家Bartolome Esteban Murillo真有其人,連他家黑奴的名字Sebastián Gómez 都有明確史料記載。
隱藏在撞鬼事件背後的真相是:Murillo的學徒們早就懷疑畫室有鬼,因為他們下課時留在畫室裡的習作經常半夜被不知道什麼人增添好幾筆。最讓他們惱怒的是這個鬼還把他們的習作改得更漂亮。身為師長的Murillo最終只能親自扛起起抓鬼特攻隊的任務,半夜偷偷躲在畫室裡準備真的「抓鬼」......
如果這個故事裡的zombi確實是恐怖的殭屍,接下來想必會是腥風血雨、鬼哭神嚎的高潮場景。可惜劇情隨即急轉直下,變調成了一場溫馨喜劇——
被畫室主人活逮的Zombi根本是黑奴Gómez本人,而且Murillo還發現這位超會編故事的年輕人在繪畫上同樣也天賦過人。於是Murillo果斷還他自由身,並當場收他為徒,甚至還贊助了他的婚禮。
真正令人頭皮發麻的殭屍故事還要再等百年左右才會出現......
▇ 魔島和甘蔗田裡的活死人
1932年的恐怖電影《蒼白殭屍》非常不尋常地引用了18海地刑法249條印在海報上,甚至還特別囑咐電影院老闆一定要把該條文張貼在電影院大廳明顯處藉以攬客。片商的邏輯是如果海地刑法裡真的特別寫明了不准把人變殭屍,那不就代表殭屍的情節不是電影虛構,根本真有其事?
《蒼白殭屍》實際上是從早兩三年出版的一本書《The Magic Island 魔島》中抄來的條文。海地刑法還真的有這個條文,只是《魔島》作者把246條誤植為249條,以至於《蒼白殭屍》的宣傳素材也跟著抄錯了條號。
原本僅規範禁止對人下毒的海地刑法246條,在1864年增訂了第二款、第三款,把禁止的範圍擴及到用藥物把別人毒害致接近死亡狀態,此外如果被害人因此被當成死人埋葬則其加害行為視同謀殺。主導修法的是美國扶持的傀儡政權Fabre Nicolas Geffrard總統。篤信基督教的他原本打算亂槍打鳥,不管殭屍的傳說是真是假,都先用這個修法讓被他認為有失國家顏面的迷信徹底消失。總統大人有點弄巧成拙,因為《魔島》和《蒼白殭屍》引用條文到處敲鑼打鼓宣傳,海地島自此再也沒能擺脫大眾文化中巫毒污名。
史上第一部殭屍電影《蒼白殭屍》其實不只抄了人家一個條文。它的整個故事根本就是從《魔島》這本書中片段拆解出來的。而最詭異的是《魔島》這個現代殭屍文化的源頭甚至不是一本小說,而是一本海地島的旅遊書。
《魔島》的作者 William Seabrook是一名對神秘主義有濃厚興趣的記者兼探險家。他的另外一本遊記因為記載了自己在象牙海岸吃到剛剛被殺的新鮮人肉而引發輿論熱議。但真正影響後世深遠的仍是這本記錄他1927年海地之旅的遊記。
他在書中記載了他的海地朋友轉述的海地殭屍事件:
1918年當地最大的糖廠Haitian American Sugar Company因為甘蔗收成期間缺工而提出懸賞,任何人只要能帶新的工人來上工都能得到糖廠重賞。這天糖廠的工頭Ti Joseph 真的帶來一群新的工人來領賞。工頭說他們來自山上的部落,因此語言不通,不會說話。但實際上這些可憐的人是被工頭用巫毒下藥變成殭屍。
殭屍是所有工頭眼中完美的奴隸:可以日復一日工作,完全不會喊累,不會抱怨,不會生病,甚至永遠不會死。唯一需要留意的是他們只能吃沒有調味的食物,尤其不能讓他們吃到鹽或肉,因為那些食物會讓他們恢復知覺和記憶,意識到自己已經死了,甚至可能轉頭殺死對下藥控制他們的巫師。
故事的最後工頭的妻子對這些工人生了惻隱之心,於是領他們前往市集裡,餵他們吃用鹽調味過的開心果點心,並把恢復意識的他們帶回山上的部落。工頭Ti Joseph稍後被憤怒的家屬用大刀斬首致死。
讓《魔島》創造一整個殭屍文化的不是上面這個驚悚的故事。作者 William Seabrook的第一反應和你一樣,覺得傳聞證據沒什麼可信度,還是要眼見為憑。於是他當場要求海地友人帶他去甘蔗田裡看真正的「殭屍」。
這本遊記真正讓美國人嚇到頭皮發麻的是接下來作者親眼見證殭屍的紀錄:
他見到田裡的黑奴,立刻不顧工頭攔阻大膽向前攀談。但無論他怎麼對黑奴問話,黑奴唯一的反應是眼神空洞地看向遠方的虛無。「他們規律如一地埋頭工作就好像是畜生或是機器一樣。而最可怕的是他們的眼神。唯一能形容的就是已死之人的雙眼,跟盲人完全是兩回事,而是睜大眼睛、毫無焦點、什麼都沒有看在眼裡的茫然感覺。」
《陰屍路》、《28 Days Later 28天毀滅倒數》、《World War Z 末日之戰》、《Zombieland 屍樂園》、《I Am Legend 我是傳奇》、《Shaun of the Dead 活人甡吃》和《Night of the Living Dead 活死人之夜》等等殭屍電影的經典形象通通起源自於這段文字。
▇ 殭屍背後的真正恐怖情節
1928年《魔島》這本遊記在美國出版之後造成議論紛紛的殭屍議題熱潮(《蒼白殭屍》正是這個熱潮的產物),作者William Seabrook後來不得不出來澄清大家誤讀他的原意:他只是轉述殭屍傳說以及紀錄他目擊到的農場黑奴的身心狀況,他從來沒有說他看到的就是殭屍。
如果不是殭屍,那是什麼?
紐約時報曾將殭屍形容為「非洲信仰」與「奴隸制傷痕」的混合體,因為殭屍本身就是「永恆的奴隸」。
非洲人被法國人運送到海地島之後,受到各種非人的待遇:在持續的飢餓狀態下每天連續工作18個小時,還有各種嚴厲酷刑隨時伺候。海地人趕走法國人之後,又換來1915年~1934年美國海軍陸戰隊以維護美商權益之名入侵,並對海地人實施種族隔離和強制勞役,用槍押著海地人到處修路,以便美軍得以快速控制全島。
不論法國人或是美國人都積極想用基督教取代海地原本的巫毒信仰,美其名為「救贖」。但他們的壓迫適得其反,讓巫毒信仰變得更加強韌、更有生命力。殭屍的鄉野奇譚正是起源於非洲的巫毒信仰:
非洲人認為無論在世界何處,自然死亡的人都可以重回非洲故里和先祖重聚,去到一個名為Lan Guinée(幾內亞)的天堂。但如果是自殺或是他殺而死的人,將無法回到非洲與家人重聚,永遠徘徊在葬身之所。
正是黑奴心中最深的恐懼創造了殭屍的鄉野奇譚。他們被萬惡的奴隸主、法國人、美國人輪番奴役,唯一能奪回自由的方法只剩下死亡。但自殺而死的黑奴又會遭到懲罰永遠無法重返故里,甚至會被路過的巫毒巫師收編成為永遠不會死的殭屍,進而成為「永恆的奴隸」。
所以殭屍是一種文學比喻,一種非洲人淪落永久失去意志、失去自由、失去對人生控制權的類死亡狀態。
殭屍的信仰反應了海地人的惡夢,殭屍的大眾文化則反應了美國人的社會焦慮。每一個世代的殭屍大眾文化都有各自的焦慮源頭:
《陰屍路》前後的影視作品反應的是人與人之間的不信任;《28 Days Later 28天毀滅倒數》前後的殭屍電影代表的是對於不明疾病爆發的憂慮(正式此時此刻全世界正在發生的狀態);《活死人之夜》前後的殭屍電影則是白人對於黑人民權運動引發暴亂的恐懼。
再往前推到殭屍電影的源頭《蒼白殭屍》背後的《魔島》,代表的是1920、1930年代美國社會兩股互相衝突的情緒。其一是美國人由於種族歧視而對於黑人文化的莫名恐懼,其二則是前者引發的「哈林文藝復興」運動,激起包括《魔島》作者William Seabrook在內的一群紐約藝術家和作家試圖探索黑人的歷史文化,揭開各種迷思背後的真相。
殭屍的真相則在1937年另外一本關於海地的書《Tell My Horse》中出現了新的答案。
同樣得到哈林文藝復興運動的啟發,曾受人類學訓練的黑人女作家Zora Neale Hurston前往海地調查另外一起剛剛發生匪夷所思的殭屍事件:
1936年,一名除了身上披的破爛袍子之外幾乎全裸的女子出現在海地的某個村子裡。她自稱是隔壁村的Felicia Felix-Mentor,還跟同名的女子一樣出現左腳跛腳的明顯特徵。唯一不吻合的地方是Felicia Felix-Mentor早在29年前就已經過世並下葬。她的說詞是自己被巫師變成了殭屍控制多年,後來被巫師拋棄才能脫身回家。
Zora Neale Hurston親自採訪了這位自稱殭屍的女子,並拍下這張極可能是史上第一張殭屍的歷史照片,刊登在1937年的《Life 生活》雜誌上頭。
她在文章中猜測女子是被下藥才會失去語言能力和自由意志,因而被家人當成死人下葬。她推論應該是一種莨菪烷生物鹼藥物或是從蛤蟆或是河豚身上提煉的毒素。不過Zora Neale Hurston欠缺醫學訓練,加上她歷來對神秘主義的高度興趣,使她的結論被專業人士完全無視。
1945另外一名醫師Louis P. Mars發表了對於同一個個案的研究結果:他用X光檢驗發現女子左腳並沒有死者原來的骨折痕跡,同時發現按常理近60歲的她應該已經停經,但檢查後發現仍然有月經,顯示她的年齡可能並不吻合。醫師最後推論認為比較大的可能性是患了「思覺失調症」(過去稱作精神分裂症),才會有身份的錯誤認知。也就是說其實沒有殭屍這一回事。
有學者認為所謂的殭屍,很可能是一種社會性的「死亡」。就像某些社會對於精神病患者的反應,對整個家庭和社會來說當事人就好像已經死亡的成員一樣,因為他再也不能控制自己的意志,再也不能言語。被當成死人般遺棄,也是一種「下葬」。
於是從今以後我們再也無法正視任何一個電影中的殭屍,因為我們終於知道所有笨手笨腳、緩慢移動的活死人都代表了一種內建在靈魂裡卻永遠無法實現的本能:
重返故里,與家人重聚。
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過231的網紅Juno Lin,也在其Youtube影片中提到,SUBSCRIBE for more videos!: https://goo.gl/pCwtf7 EP039 Vlog 040716 - It's Spidey! | Sketch by Juno L. Spider-Man is a fictional superhero appearing...
my american mentor 在 美國在台協會 AIT Facebook 的精選貼文
💕「愛台灣,我的選擇」系列第9發:Kim Kawamoto退役後來台開創新生活
「我來自夏威夷,我是一位退役的通信中校,我在軍中服務了21年半,這是我退役後的第一份工作。我來台灣之前,曾在西點軍校擔任體育副主任,也曾在西點軍校打了4年的籃球並擔任控球後衛,2016年時,不知道為什麼,但我被選入西點軍校體育名人堂。從軍隊退役後,我開始探索各種可能,我請人才仲介幫我找工作,她告訴我台北美國學校正在招募體育主任,當時我對台北美國學校很感興趣,也希望能把台北美國學校的中學校隊打造得更有競爭力,而且,每個人都跟我說台灣是個非常棒的地方。我來自夏威夷,早就習慣島嶼生活,所以感覺台灣也很適合我。我最重視的就是安全,有人說中國有很多詐騙,但大家都說台灣不一樣,台灣很安全,當我到了這裡後,真的覺得台灣很安全!我出生於越南,算是半個越南人,在成長的過程中,我爸媽常說:「你要用功讀書!要考到好學校!」我爸媽並不支持我打球,因為他們覺得打球沒辦法養家餬口,總是要我努力讀書。很多台灣學生也是在這樣的環境下長大,從小被教育念書比運動更重要,所以我很高興能夠來這裡,啟發學生,做學生的模範,對我來說,體育這條路為我的職涯和人生開啟了很多扇門,很高興能向學生展現這一點。很多人喜歡聘用有校隊經驗的人,因為這表示你能展現團隊精神。作為一名運動員,就是自我學習的歷程,因為失敗的機會遠比成功多的多,這是學習愈挫愈勇,屢敗屢戰的好機會,運動如此,人生也是如此。」
Kim Kawamoto是台北美國學校的體育主任,她在1992年榮獲著名的軍隊體育協會獎項,並兩度入選美國女性運動聯盟的全美明星隊。在任職於台北美國學校之前,Kawamoto曾於美國西點軍校擔任副體育主任。
為了慶祝五月的亞太裔傳統月,我們特別邀請Kim Kawamoto接受「愛台灣,我的選擇」系列的訪談。
💕Why I chose Taiwan #9 - Kim Kawamoto's new life in Taiwan
"I’m from Hawaii and I am a retired military lieutenant colonel signals officer. I served 21 and a half years in the military and this is my first job outside of my retirement. Prior to coming here, I served as an associate athletic director at West Point, where I had played four years of basketball. I was a point guard. In 2016, I don’t know how, but I was inducted into the West Point Sports Hall of Fame. After retiring from the military, I was exploring different options. I put my name in with a head-hunter and she told me about an athletic director position at Taipei American School. I was intrigued at the prospect of helping to build TAS’s middle school athletic program into a more competitive program. Plus, everybody that I talked to just said what a great place Taiwan was. Me coming from Hawaii, I am used to island-living, so it seemed like a good fit. My biggest thing is safety. You hear about the shenanigans going on right now in China, but everybody said Taiwan is different, Taiwan is safe, and coming here that’s been so true. I was actually born in Vietnam. I’m half Vietnamese and half all different things. Growing up, my parents said, “You’ve got to study hard! You’ve got to go to a good school!” They didn’t really support me in athletics. That was not something that was going to put food on the table. It was always, “Study, study, study!” So I am happy to be here as a mentor and a role model, since a lot of these kids grow up in that same environment where athletics aren’t as valued as academics. But for me, it’s been the key to opening so many doors professionally and personally. And I get to exemplify that here. I think a lot of people like to hire people that have played sports because it shows that you can be part of a team. Being an athlete is like its own classroom. It’s a really great way of teaching kids how to be resilient, because you lose more than you win a lot of the time. You deal with failure. Grit, resilience: these are all key aspects of sports. You can fail, and if you do fail, it’s how you come back from it. That’s what life is like too. "
Kim Kawamoto is the Athletic Director of Taipei American School. She won the prestigious Army Athletic Association Award in 1992 and lands two-time American Women's Sports Federation All-America selection. Kawamoto served at Army West Point as an associate athletic director before joining TAS.
Kim’s “Why I Chose Taiwan” interview is also in honor of May Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month.
my american mentor 在 多益達人 林立英文 Facebook 的最佳解答
Apple CEO tells college graduates: ‘We’ve failed you’
蘋果CEO給大學畢業生的致詞
蘋果執行長庫克(Tim Cook)於5月18日應邀至杜蘭大學(Tulane Univeristy)做畢業典禮演講(Commencement Speech),內容是鼓勵畢業生處理困難的問題,有勇氣嘗試找出解決問題的方法,並以20年前的親身經驗告訴年輕學子,為何當年從前途似錦的科技業巨擘康柏公司(Compaq),投入前途黯淡的蘋果公司。
杜蘭大學是位於紐奧良的研究型私立大學,有「南方常春藤」之稱,以下摘錄庫克的演講內容:
∎ Life will always find lots of ways to tell you no, that you can't, that you shouldn't, that you'd be better off if you didn't try. But New Orleans teaches us there is nothing more beautiful or more worthwhile than trying.
人生總會用很多方式告訴你,這個不可以、那個做不到、你不應該這麼做,或是你最好連試都別試。但紐奧良教導我們,沒什麼比嘗試更美妙,更有價值。
∎ For me, it was that search for greater purpose that brought me to Apple in the first place. I had a comfortable job at a company called Compaq that at the time looked like it was going to be on top forever.
對我來說,當初就是為了尋找更大的目的,才讓我來到蘋果。我原本在康柏的工作很舒服,而且那時康柏看來將永遠處於顛峰。
∎ As it turns out, most of you are probably too young to even remember its name. But in 1998, Steve Jobs convinced me to leave Compaq behind to join a company that was on the verge of bankruptcy.
你們大多數人可能都太年輕,不記得康柏的名字,但在1998年,賈伯斯說服了我離開康柏,加入一家處於破產邊緣的公司。
∎ They made computers, but at that moment at least, people weren't interested in buying them. Steve had a plan to change things. And I wanted to be a part of it.
他們生產電腦,但至少那時大家沒什麼興趣買電腦。賈伯斯想要改變這個局面,而我想參與其中。
∎ It wasn't just about the iMac, or the iPod, or everything that came after. It was about the values that brought these inventions to life.
這不只攸關iMac或iPod,或之後問世的所有東西,而是關於把這些創新真正做出來的價值。
∎ The idea that putting powerful tools in the hands of everyday people helps unleash creativity and move humanity forward. That we can build things that help us imagine a better world and then make it real.
這個想法是將強大工具放到一般人的手中,釋放出創造力,推動人類前進;也就是我們可以打造的東西,能讓我們想像出更美好的世界,再實現這個夢想。
∎ Try something. You may succeed. You may fail. But make it your life's work to remake the world because there is nothing more beautiful or more worthwhile than working to leave something better for humanity.
去多多嘗試,你可能成功,也可能失敗,但要把改造世界變成你的人生目標,努力留下任何東西讓人類更好,沒有什麼比這麼做更美妙、更值得。
以下是演講內容全文:
Hello Tulane! Thank you, President Fitts, Provost Forman, distinguished ( ) faculty ( ), other faculty [laughs], and the entire Tulane family, including the workers, ushers ( ), [and] volunteers who prepared this beautiful space. And I feel duty-bound ( ) to also recognize the hard-working bartenders at The Boot. Though they’re not here with us this morning, I’m sure some of you are reflecting on their contributions as well. [The Boot is a popular college bar right next to Tulane’s campus which has been around for decades.]
And just as many of you have New Orleans in your veins ( ), and perhaps your livers, some of us at Apple have New Orleans in our blood as well. When I was a student at Auburn, the Big Easy was our favorite getaway ( ). It’s amazing how quickly those 363 miles fly by when you’re driving toward a weekend of beignets and beer. And how slowly they go in the opposite direction. Apple’s own Lisa Jackson is a proud Tulane alum ( ). Yes. She brought the Green Wave all the way to Cupertino where she heads our environment and public policy work. We’re thrilled to have her talent and leadership on our team.
OK, enough about us. Let’s talk about you. At moments like this, it always humbles me to watch a community come together to teach, mentor ( ), advise, and finally say with one voice, congratulations to the class of 2019!
Now there’s another very important group: your family and friends. The people who, more than anyone else, loved, supported, and even sacrificed ( ) greatly to help you reach this moment. Let’s give them a round of applause ( ). This will be my first piece of advice. You might not appreciate until much later in your life how much this moment means to them. Or how that bond of obligation ( ), love, and duty between you matters more than anything else.
In fact, that’s what I really want to talk to you about today. In a world where we obsessively ( ) document our own lives, most of us don’t pay nearly enough attention to what we owe one another. Now, this isn’t just about calling your parents more, although I’m sure they’d be grateful if you did that. It’s about recognizing that human civilization began when we realized that we could do more together. That the threats and danger outside the flickering firelight got smaller when we got bigger. And that we could create more — more prosperity ( ), more beauty, more wisdom, and a better life — when we acknowledge certain shared truths and acted collectively.
Maybe I’m biased ( ), but I’ve always thought the South, and the Gulf Coast in particular ( ), have hung on to ( ) this wisdom better than most. [Tim Cook grew up in Robertsdale, Alabama, which is about an hour from New Orleans and is similarly close to the Gulf of Mexico.] In this part of the country, your neighbors check up on you if they haven’t heard from you in a while. Good news travels fast because your victories are their victories too. And you can’t make it through someone’s front door before they offer you a home-cooked meal.
Maybe you haven’t thought about it very much, but these values have informed your Tulane education too. Just look at the motto ( ): not for one’s self, but for one’s own. You’ve been fortunate to live, learn, and grow in a city where human currents blend into ( ) something magical and unexpected. Where unmatched beauty, natural beauty, literary beauty, musical beauty, cultural beauty, seem to spring ( ) unexpectedly from the bayou. The people of New Orleans use two tools to build this city: the unlikely and the impossible. Wherever you go, don’t forget the lessons of this place. Life will always find lots of ways to tell you no, that you can’t, that you shouldn’t, that you’d be better off if you didn’t try. But New Orleans teaches us there is nothing more beautiful or more worthwhile than trying. Especially when we do it not in the service of one’s self, but one’s own.
For me, it was that search for greater purpose that brought me to Apple in the first place. I had a comfortable job at a company called Compaq that at the time looked like it was going to be on top forever. As it turns out, most of you are probably too young to even remember its name. But in 1998, Steve Jobs convinced me to leave Compaq behind to join a company that was on the verge of bankruptcy. They made computers, but at that moment at least, people weren’t interested in buying them. Steve had a plan to change things. And I wanted to be a part of it.
It wasn’t just about the iMac, or the iPod, or everything that came after. It was about the values that brought these inventions to life. The idea that putting powerful tools in the hands of everyday people helps unleash creativity and move humanity forward. That we can build things that help us imagine a better world and then make it real.
There’s a saying that if you do what you love, you’ll never work a day in your life. At Apple, I learned that’s a total crock ( ). You’ll work harder than you ever thought possible, but the tools will feel light in your hands. As you go out into the world, don’t waste time on problems that have been solved. Don’t get hung up on what other people say is practical. Instead, steer ( ) your ship into the choppy ( ) seas. Look for the rough spots, the problems that seem too big, the complexities ( ) that other people are content to work around. It’s in those places that you will find your purpose. It’s there that you can make your greatest contribution. Whatever you do, don’t make the mistake of being too cautious. Don’t assume that by staying put, the ground won’t move beneath your feet. The status quo ( ) simply won’t last. So get to work on building something better.
In some important ways, my generation has failed you in this regard ( ). We spent too much time debating. We’ve been too focused on the fight and not focused enough on progress. And you don’t need to look far to find an example of that failure. Here today, in this very place, in an arena where thousands once found desperate shelter ( ) from a 100-year disaster, the kind that seem to be happening more and more frequently, I don’t think we can talk about who we are as people and what we owe to one another without talking about climate change.
[applause] Thank you. Thank you.
This problem doesn’t get any easier based on whose side wins or loses an election. It’s about who has won life’s lottery and has the luxury of ignoring this issue and who stands to lose everything. The coastal communities, including some right here in Louisiana, that are already making plans to leave behind the places they’ve called home for generations and head for higher ground. The fishermen whose nets come up empty. The wildlife preserves ( ) with less wildlife to preserve. The marginalized ( ), for whom a natural disaster can mean enduring poverty.
Just ask Tulane’s own Molly Keogh, who’s getting her Ph.D. this weekend. Her important new research shows that rising sea levels are devastating ( ) areas of Southern Louisiana more dramatically than anyone expected. Tulane graduates, these are people’s homes. Their livelihoods ( ). The land where their grandparents were born, lived, and died.
When we talk about climate change or any issue with human costs, and there are many, I challenge you to look for those who have the most to lose and find the real, true empathy ( ) that comes from something shared. That is really what we owe one another. When you do that, the political noise dies down, and you can feel your feet firmly planted on solid ground. After all, we don’t build monuments ( ) to trolls ( ), and we’re not going to start now.
If you find yourself spending more time fighting than getting to work, stop and ask yourself who benefits from all the chaos. There are some who would like you to believe that the only way that you can be strong is by bulldozing ( ) those who disagree or never giving them a chance to say their peace in the first place. That the only way you can build your own accomplishments is by tearing down ( ) the other side.
We forget sometimes that our preexisting beliefs have their own force of gravity ( ). Today, certain algorithms ( ) pull toward you the things you already know, believe, or like, and they push away everything else. Push back. It shouldn’t be this way. But in 2019, opening your eyes and seeing things in a new way can be a revolutionary act. Summon the courage not just to hear but to listen. Not just to act, but to act together.
It can sometimes feel like the odds ( ) are stacked ( ) against you, that it isn’t worth it, that the critics are too persistent and the problems are too great. But the solutions to our problems begin on a human scale with building a shared understanding of the work ahead and with undertaking it together. At the very least, we owe it to each other to try.
It’s worked before. In 1932, the American economy was in a free-fall ( ). Twelve million people were unemployed, and conventional ( ) wisdom said the only thing to do was to ride it out, wait, and hope that things would turn around ( ). But the governor ( ) of New York, a rising star named Franklin Roosevelt, refused to wait. He challenged the status quo and called for action ( ). He needed people to stop their rosy ( ) thinking, face the facts, pull together ( ), and help themselves out of a jam. He said: “The country demands bold, persistent experimentation. It is common sense to take a method and try it. If it fails, admit it and try another. But above all, try something.”
This was a speech to college students fearful ( ) about their future in an uncertain world. He said: “Yours is not the task of making your way in the world, but the task of remaking the world.” The audacious ( ) empathy of young people, the spirit that says we should live not just for ourselves, but for our own. That’s the way forward. From climate change to immigration, from criminal justice reform to economic opportunity, be motivated by your duty to build a better world. Young people have changed the course of history time and time again. And now it’s time to change it once more.
I know, I know the urgency of that truth is with you today. Feel big because no one can make you feel strong. Feel brave because the challenges we face are great but you are greater. And feel grateful because someone sacrificed to make this moment possible for you. You have clear eyes and a long life to use them. And here in this stadium, I can feel your courage.
Call upon your grit ( ). Try something. You may succeed. You may fail. But make it your life’s work to remake the world because there is nothing more beautiful or more worthwhile than working to leave something better for humanity.
Thank you very much, and congratulations class of 2019!
#高雄人 #學習英文 請找 #多益達人林立英文
#高中英文
#成人英文
#多益家教班
#商用英文
my american mentor 在 Juno Lin Youtube 的最佳貼文
SUBSCRIBE for more videos!: https://goo.gl/pCwtf7
EP039 Vlog 040716 - It's Spidey! | Sketch by Juno L.
Spider-Man is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee and writer-artist Steve Ditko, and first appeared in the anthology comic book Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) in the Silver Age of Comic Books. Lee and Ditko conceived the character as an orphan being raised by his Aunt May and Uncle Ben in New York City after his parents Richard and Mary Parker were killed in a plane crash, and as a teenager, having to deal with the normal struggles of adolescence in addition to those of a costumed crime-fighter. Spider-Man's creators gave him super strength and agility, the ability to cling to most surfaces, shoot spider-webs using wrist-mounted devices of his own invention, which he calls "web-shooters", and react to danger quickly with his "spider-sense", enabling him to combat his foes.
When Spider-Man first appeared in the early 1960s, teenagers in superhero comic books were usually relegated to the role of sidekick to the protagonist. The Spider-Man series broke ground by featuring Peter Parker, the high school student from Queens behind Spider-Man's secret identity and with whose "self-obsessions with rejection, inadequacy, and loneliness" young readers could relate. While Spider-Man had all the makings of a sidekick, unlike previous teen heroes such as Bucky and Robin, Spider-Man had no superhero mentor like Captain America and Batman; he thus had to learn for himself that "with great power there must also come great responsibility"—a line included in a text box in the final panel of the first Spider-Man story but later retroactively attributed to his guardian, the late Uncle Ben.
Spider-Man is one of the most popular and commercially successful superheroes. As Marvel's flagship character and company mascot, he has appeared in countless forms of media, including several animated and live action television series, syndicated newspaper comic strips, and in a series of films. The character was first portrayed in live action by Danny Seagren in Spidey Super Stories, a The Electric Company skit which ran from 1974 to 1977. In films, Spider-Man has been portrayed by actors Tobey Maguire (2002–2007), Andrew Garfield (2012–2014), and Tom Holland, who has portrayed the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe since 2016. Reeve Carney starred as Spider-Man in the 2010 Broadway musical Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark. Spider-Man has been well received as a superhero and comic book character, and he is often ranked as one of the most popular comic book characters of all time, alongside DC Comics' most famous superheroes, Batman, Superman, and Wonder Woman.
SHOT ON:
Fav drone - http://amzn.to/2z9JtQ3
Main vlog cam - http://amzn.to/2gyFrcA
Vlogging Lens - http://amzn.to/2zaxB04
Vlogging tripod - http://amzn.to/2ylfiGg
Main mic - http://amzn.to/2hHpVeB
Sidekick cam - http://amzn.to/2zqnyVS
Mini tripod sidekick cam - http://amzn.to/2xHwpoE
B-roll cam - http://amzn.to/2hHqiWx
B-roll portrait lens - http://amzn.to/2ldk6KT
B-roll other portrait lens - http://amzn.to/2gA61lV
B-roll versatile lens - http://amzn.to/2ykR6DX
B-roll long lens - http://amzn.to/2z9WlWr
B-roll backup lens - http://amzn.to/2lc3dQN
Other mic - http://amzn.to/2zpTqJV
Sidekick’s sidekick - http://amzn.to/2ymXxX2
MY FAV ACCESSORIES:
Main monopod - http://amzn.to/2zpLdWh
Handier monopod - http://amzn.to/2zazQk0
Fav headphones - http://amzn.to/2xGiafd
Other headphones - http://amzn.to/2ymTOZP
Other wireless headphones - http://amzn.to/2ypd2Qb
Cam Backpack - http://amzn.to/2xGEV2F
LAPTOP ACCESSORIES:
MBP USB-C Hub - http://amzn.to/2ynAmw7
SSD 1TB - http://amzn.to/2zq2fDJ
EDITED ON - FCPX
HAIR SPONSOR: Hairloom Singapore
FOLLOW ME ON:
Facebook -https://goo.gl/FHggfD
Instagram - https://goo.gl/Vxuytf
YouTube - https://goo.gl/pCwtf7
ArtistCo - https://goo.gl/tR51zz
Sponsored by Pharaoh Entertainment
