[教育時評] Developing Empathy
為什麼同理於此時比以往任何時刻都重要？
同理(empathy)可以定義為從他人觀點理解感受他人所感的能力。這與同情(sympathy)不同，同情是對處於困境之人感到難過的感覺。在某些情況下，兩個術語有共同之處是因為同理是一種共鳴的關切，其中包括希望人們更好的渴望。
心理學家已辨識出不同種類的同理，主要為情感和認知兩種類型。情感同理心 (affective empathy)是指能分享他人感受的能力。它使我們能夠「鏡像」他人的感受並覺察他們的焦慮或恐懼。
認知同理心(cognitive empathy)，也稱為換位思考，是識別和理解他人感受的能力。有效的溝通需要情感同理心和認知同理心兩者，因為它們可以幫助我們建立情感連結並向受眾傳達信息。同理對於協作和領導力也很重要，因為一個人需要理解和預期他人的情感和行為，才能與之工作並帶領他們走向成功。
人們可以看到同理呈現在所有職業中。老師需要靠同理來理解和滿足學生的多樣化需求。研究表明，富有同理心的醫療人員的患者享有更好的健康狀況。警察需要同理來拉近與之打交道的人的距離，來減少以武力處理的狀況。想想當警察缺乏對示威者的同理時會發生什麼。
現在比以往任何時候都更需要同理心。身份政治，政府競爭，甚至是最近的健康危機，都在逐漸蠶食我們的同理心和同情心，導致更大的緊繃，分裂和衝突。社交媒體上有多少發文在強調相互幫助的需要，又有多少在傳播恐懼和仇恨？
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並非所有希望都已失去。我們仍可以懷有和培養同理心。我們可以試著練習：
1.積極傾聽 (Active listening)：傾聽並關注他人意見。不要只是簡單地摒除與自身不同的觀點。
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2.破除認同屏障(Shared identity)：了解與自己不同的人。與其只關注兩者間的差異，不如考慮自己與他們分享的共同點。想像自己如何能設身處地的換位思考。
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3.制止不平等和冷漠 (Combating inequality and indifference)：許多獲得較高社會經濟地位（socioeconomic status、SES）的人有時同理稍弱，因為他們較少有連結、依靠或與他人合作的需求。這並不意味所有富裕之人都對他人的需求漠不關心，但他們可能更需要去關注維持對他人的同理。
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4.閱讀與改變觀點 (Reading and changing perspectives)：研究表明，閱讀文學小說（例如《殺死一隻知更鳥》，《老鼠與男人》）著重於人物心理及其與世界的互動。這些書激發讀者理解角色的意圖和動機，且這種的意識可以被帶入現實世界。但是，我認為，所有書籍，即使是非小說類書籍（例如《安妮·弗蘭克日記》）也能做到這一點，讀者不應受到書本類型的限制。重點在以閱讀了解他人的思維方式，從他人的角度思考和「體驗」生活，並將所學應用在自己的生活中。
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因此，為協助學生發展同理這一重要能力，我決定在我們的粉專上發起一個全新的系列：翻轉視界 (Changing Perspectives)。除了定期發布的《時事英文》、《教育時評》和《學習資源》，我們還將分享來自世界各地的人們的故事，文章中會提供關鍵詞、翻譯並向你提出批判性問題以期能幫助各位從不同的角度解讀世界！但是，單單思考並不夠！希望你可以不僅通過閱讀來發展同理，也通過理解和與他人合作將同理應用到生活中來取得成功。
References
Bal, P. M., & Veltkamp, M. (2013). How does fiction reading influence empathy? An experimental investigation on the role of emotional transportation. PloS one, 8(1).
Kaplan, S. (2016, July 22). Does reading fiction make you a better person? The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/07/22/does-reading-fiction-make-you-a-better-person/
Keen, S. (2007). Empathy and the Novel. Oxford University Press on Demand.
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Why is empathy more important now than ever?
Empathy can be defined as the capacity to understand feel what others experience from their perspectives. It differs from sympathy, the feeling of feeling sorry for someone in a difficult situation. In some instances, the terms overlap as sympathy is an empathetic concern, which includes the desire to see people better off.
Psychologists have identified different types of empathy, two main types being affective and cognitive. Affective empathy refers to the ability to share the feelings of others. It enables us to “mirror” what others feel and detect their anxiety or fears. Cognitive empathy, also known as perspective-taking, is the ability to identify and understand how others feel. Both are needed in effective communication because they help us build emotional connections and relay information to our audiences. Empathy is also essential for collaboration and leadership as one needs to understand and anticipate the emotions and behaviors of others to work with them and lead them to success.
One can see empathy present in all professions. Teachers need it to understand and meet the diverse needs of students. Research shows medical workers high in empathy have patients who enjoy better health. The police need it to feel less distant from people they are dealing with and defuse situations with less physical force. Think about what happens when the police lack empathy with protestors.
Empathy is needed more than ever now. Identity politics, government rivalry, and even the latest health crisis are gradually stripping us of our empathy and compassion, leading to greater tension, division, and conflict. How many posts on social media highlight the need to help one another, and how many spread fear and hate?
Not all hope is lost. We can still nurture and cultivate empathy. We can practice:
1. Active listening: Listen and be mindful of the opinions of others. Don’t merely dismiss every viewpoint different than your own.
2. Shared identity: Learn about people who are different from you. Rather than focus only on the differences, think about what you have in common. Imagine what you would do in their situation.
3. Combating inequality and indifference: Many who have attained higher socioeconomic status (SES) sometimes have diminished empathy because they have less of a need to connect with, rely on, or collaborate with others. This does not mean that all wealthy individuals are indifferent to the needs of others, but they might need to be more mindful about maintaining empathy towards everyone.
4. Reading and changing perspectives: Research shows that reading literary fiction (e.g., To Kill a Mockingbird, Of Mice and Men) focuses on the psychology of characters and their interaction with the world. These books motivate readers to understand character intentions and motivations, and such awareness can be carried into the real world. However, I personally believe that all books, even non-fiction (e.g., the Diary of Anne Frank), can do the same, and readers should not be restricted by the genre. The point is to read to understand the mindset of others, to think and “experience” life from their perspectives, and to apply these lessons to your own life.
Thus, to help students develop empathy, I have decided to launch a new series on our page: Changing Perspectives (翻轉視界). In addition to our regular posting of News English, Opinions in Education, and Learning Resources, we will share stories of people from around the world, provide key words, translations, and ask you critical questions to help you view the world from other perspectives! However, thinking is not enough! Develop empathy through reading but also apply it to your lives by understanding and working with others to achieve success.
References
Bal, P. M., & Veltkamp, M. (2013). How does fiction reading influence empathy? An experimental investigation on the role of emotional transportation. PloS one, 8(1).
Kaplan, S. (2016, July 22). Does reading fiction make you a better person? The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/07/22/does-reading-fiction-make-you-a-better-person/
Keen, S. (2007). Empathy and the Novel. Oxford University Press on Demand.
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圖片出處：https://bit.ly/2JUYzA9
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tl;dr: View the world from different perspectives. Have empathy and be nice.
教育時評: http://bit.ly/39ABON9
novel fiction差異 在 [討論] Graphic novel與Comic - 看板SuperHeroes - 批踢踢實業坊 的推薦與評價
剛剛在樓上丁丁看到Graphic novel這個詞再度出現
又燃起了我對這個詞的好奇心
於是把wiki上對Graphic novel及comic的解釋節錄貼上來討論一下
若版主認為不適合我晚點就自刪
簡單翻一下，有錯請包含指正
先看看comic
Comics is a graphic medium in which images convey a sequential narrative.
Comic(漫畫)是一個用影像傳達一連續性敘事的圖像媒體
The term derives from the mostly humorous early work in the medium, and came
to apply to that form of the medium including those far from comic.
(Comic)這個字是由這個媒體早期多數的幽默作品而來的，也接著被使用在這類型式的
媒體，包含非喜劇的作品(Comic帶有喜劇的、滑稽的、有趣的之意)
The sequential nature of the pictures, and the predominance of pictures over
words, distinguishes comics from picture books, though there is some overlap
between the two.
圖片的連續性，及圖像重要性大於文字，是Comic與Picture book(圖畫書)的不同，雖然
兩者確有些重疊之處
再看一下Graphic Novel
A graphic novel is a narrative work in which the story is conveyed to the
reader using sequential art in either an experimental design or in a
traditional comics format.
Graphic novel(圖像小說)是一個以連續的美術-不論實驗性設計或傳統漫畫型式，來將
故事傳達給讀者的敘事作品
The term is employed in a broad manner, encompassing non-fiction works and
thematically linked short stories as well as fictional stories across a number
of genres.
這個詞(Graphic novel)被廣泛的使用，廣義包含非小說作品或主題性系列短故事，以及
各類型小說型故事
(要提一下的就是，這裡的fiction不該只被翻為"小說"應該指的是虛構性故事，所以
non-fiction指的就是原有所本的真實故事，但我為了文句通順，還是用了"小說")
接下來我們再看一下Graphic novel下面較詳細的解說
The term graphic novel is not strictly defined and is sometimes used,
controversially, to imply subjective distinctions in artistic quality between
graphic novels and other kinds of comics.
Graphic Novel這個詞並沒有被嚴格的定義，且有時，有爭議地被用來主觀地意指Graphic
novel與其他型式的漫畫間的藝術品質的差異
It suggests a complete story that has a beginning, middle and end, as opposed
to an ongoing series.
它意指一個完整的故事，包含開頭、中間和結尾，而非一個仍在持續中的系列
It can also imply a story that is outside the genres commonly associated with
comic books, or that deals with more mature themes.
它也可以用來意指一個不常與漫畫做聯結的故事類型，或比較成熟的主題
It is sometimes applied to works that fit this description even though they are
serialized in traditional comic book format.
它有時也可以適用在一些符合以上描述的作品，即使那些作品是以傳統漫畫書型式連載的
The term is sometimes used to disassociate works from the juvenile or humorous
connotations of the terms comics and comic book, implying that the work is more
serious, mature, or literary than traditional comics.
這個詞有時用來與帶有"青少年"或"詼諧的內容"意涵的漫畫、漫畫書做區分，暗示作品比
傳統漫畫較為嚴肅、成熟或較有文學性。
看到這裡相信大部份的人會得到跟我一樣的結論，所謂圖像小說(graphic novel)就是漫
畫中的一個(未嚴謹定義的)分類，本質上與其他的漫畫型式一樣，就是以圖像做媒介來
敘述一個故事。
在wiki的graphic novel頁面最後一欄敘述也有提到，有些漫畫圈的人認為圖像小說這個詞
是不需要的，或這個詞的用法已經被商業利益給扭曲了。例如神人 Alan Moore說到「它
是一個賣東西的術語…用漫畫這個字對我來說已足夠…問題就在"圖像小說"這個詞的意涵
已變成了"昂貴的漫畫書"…因為"圖像小說"會得到注意」
以我個人短暫兩個月在美國的經驗，書店裡面Graphic Novel區域擺的就是一般的美漫，
包括各大小出版社內的通俗作品，也沒有另外一個叫Comic的區域來做區分。基本上我個
人認為搞不好在書店裡Graphic novel這個詞也是書店用來讓家長安心的詞。
之所以會想在這裡提出這個討論，除了樓上的丁丁之外，印象中記得有板友曾經指正別
的網友說過某書不是漫畫而是圖像小說，雖然對方好像沒有回應什麼，但對我這個看文
的人來說就會覺得氣氛挺僵的。
提出來讓大家討論一下，也希望我們對這個詞不要再這麼敏感
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