年紀和肌肉發展的關係
年紀大等於較小訓練效果⁉️
🤔🤔🤔
頂級運動員退休的原因是他們太老嗎?
頂級運動員年齡平均值為20多歲[10]。而奧林匹克舉重選手的年齡平均值為26歲 。[9]但我們細心想想,頂級運動員退休的原因通常都是傷患、有關藥物使用的風險(drug-related health risks)、較佳的工作機會等等...
當我們更加深入探討有關力量和肌肥大的時候,我們會發現健力運動員都會在35歲(平均值)時達到最佳的狀態[11]。而有關健美運動員的研究不多,但當我們細心觀察那些傑出的健美選手時,會發現他們達到職業巔峰的時期通常都是在30-40多歲。
例子:Ronnie Coleman, Phil Heath, Dorian Yates, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Jay Cutler...
💪🏻💪🏻💪🏻
標題: Association of age with muscle size and strength before and after short-term resistance training in young adults [2]
圖2
研究背景
研究對象為18至39歲的男性和女性,使用磁力共振掃描(MRI)檢測肱二頭肌橫截面面積和測試肘屈肌群的一下最大力量(1RM),然後進行為期12星期的單邊手臂(非主用手)重量訓練。
訓練期結束後,再次使用磁力共振掃描(MRI)檢測肱二頭肌橫截面面積和測試肘屈肌群的一下最大力量。對比訓練前和訓練後的結果,最後得出當中的改變。
圖2A, 對象的肱二頭肌經歷12星期的重量訓練後,都有所增長。而各年齡層的肌肉增長沒有實際分別。在成年初期,年齡不會影響肌肉對重量訓練的反應。
圖2B,
年紀和二頭彎舉一下最大力量(1RM)有着負相聯的關係。
標題: Epidemiology of Sarcopenia [1]
研究背景及設計:
在明尼蘇達州的人群研究 (population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota)
年齡層抽樣方式提取數據 (Age stratified sample of men and women from the community)
😨😨😨
大眾而言,肌少症在大約20歲開始。不論性別,隨着人們年紀的增長,肌肉量都會穩定地下降。
既然肌少症在20歲開始...但是為什麼健力和健美運動員會在30~40多歲時達到運動表現的巔峰?
流失肌肉量·真正的成因⁉️
研究要點✅
1️⃣引致肌少症的主要成因,包括缺乏運動的生活方式和營養不良。[7]
2️⃣年紀令肌肉機能弱化,不使用(遺棄 disuse)肌肉會加劇這個問題 [8]
3️⃣要點:長期不使用肌肉(chronic disuse),是肌肉量流失和力量下降最主要的成因,並非老化(aging) [6]
4️⃣年紀不影響肌肉對力量訓練的反應 [4]
5️⃣年輕和老年的女性有着差不多的肌肥大及力量增長 [5]
6️⃣年輕和老年的個體有著差不多的肌肥大增長 [3]
CrMenno Henselmanselmans
🔥🔥🔥
「年紀是心靈勝於物質的問題,如果你不在乎,就無所謂。」 Age is an issue of mind over matter. If you don't mind, it doesn't matter.
如有興趣深入了解各研究的背景,可以參閱Reference部份中的文章‼️
Reference
1. III, L.J.M., Khosla, S., Crowson, C.S., O'Connor, M.K., O'Fallon, W.M. and Riggs, B.L. (2000), Epidemiology of Sarcopenia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 48: 625-630. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04719.x
2. Lowndes J, Carpenter RL, Zoeller RF, Seip RL, Moyna NM, Price TB, Clarkson PM, Gordon PM, Pescatello LS, Visich PS, Devaney JM, Gordish-Dressman H, Hoffman EP, Thompson PD, Angelopoulos TJ. Association of age with muscle size and strength before and after short-term resistance training in young adults. J Strength Cond Res. 2009 Oct;23(7):1915-20. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b94b35. PMID: 19749605; PMCID: PMC4103410.
3. Ivey FM, Roth SM, Ferrell RE, Tracy BL, Lemmer JT, Hurlbut DE, Martel GF, Siegel EL, Fozard JL, Jeffrey Metter E, Fleg JL, Hurley BF. Effects of age, gender, and myostatin genotype on the hypertrophic response to heavy resistance strength training. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000 Nov;55(11):M641-8. doi: 10.1093/gerona/55.11.m641. PMID: 11078093.
4. Mayhew DL, Kim JS, Cross JM, Ferrando AA, Bamman MM. Translational signaling responses preceding resistance training-mediated myofiber hypertrophy in young and old humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009;107(5):1655-1662. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91234.2008
5. Loenneke, J.P., Rossow, L.M., Fahs, C.A., Thiebaud, R.S., Grant Mouser, J. and Bemben, M.G. (2017), Time‐course of muscle growth, and its relationship with muscle strength in both young and older women. Geriatr Gerontol Int, 17: 2000-2007. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13010
6. Andrew P. Wroblewski, Francesca Amati, Mark A. Smiley, Bret Goodpaster & Vonda Wright (2011) Chronic Exercise Preserves Lean Muscle Mass in Masters Athletes, The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 39:3, 172-178, DOI: 10.3810/psm.2011.09.1933
7. Kim JS, Wilson JM, Lee SR. Dietary implications on mechanisms of sarcopenia: roles of protein, amino acids and antioxidants. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Jan;21(1):1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.06.014. Epub 2009 Oct 1. PMID: 19800212.
8. Venturelli M, Saggin P, Muti E, Naro F, Cancellara L, Toniolo L, Tarperi C, Calabria E, Richardson RS, Reggiani C, Schena F. In vivo and in vitro evidence that intrinsic upper- and lower-limb skeletal muscle function is unaffected by ageing and disuse in oldest-old humans. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2015 Sep;215(1):58-71. doi: 10.1111/apha.12524. Epub 2015 May 28. PMID: 25965867; PMCID: PMC4516639.
9. Huebner M, Perperoglou A. Performance Development From Youth to Senior and Age of Peak Performance in Olympic Weightlifting. Front Physiol. 2019;10:1121. Published 2019 Aug 27. doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.01121
10. Age of Peak Competitive Performance of Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review
11. Peak Age and Performance Progression in World-Class Weightlifting and Powerlifting Athletes
額外閱讀:https://mennohenselmans.com/how-bad-is-aging-for-your-gains/
同時也有10000部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過2,910的網紅コバにゃんチャンネル,也在其Youtube影片中提到,...
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【最新學術文章】可能是我學術生涯其中一篇最重要的文章!我從來都認為在香港地生活,住屋負擔能力是一個很影響我們身心健康的社會因素... 一直以來都是假設的一個想法,但今天我們終於用數據證實了!
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「住屋負擔能力對身心健康的影響:全球住屋負擔最重的群體中之家庭調查」
摘要
背景︰儘管香港面對全球最嚴重的住屋負擔能力問題,相關研究鮮有針對健康風險。故此,我們探討住屋負擔能力與身心健康之間的聯繫,並考慮匱乏的潛在中介作用。
方法︰我們以分層樣本方式隨機抽出1,978位居住在香港社區的成人。住屋負擔能力是以扣除住屋成本後的剩餘收入方法定義。一般身心健康則通過標準十二題簡明健康狀況調查表第二版(SF-12v2)進行評估,從中得出生理健康領域(PCS)分數和心理健康領域(MCS)分數。我們以多元線性迴歸分析評估住屋負擔能力與PCS和MCS分數的關聯,並根據人口、社會經濟及生活方式等因素進行調整。此外,我們亦利用中介分析以評估匱乏於住屋負擔能力對PCS和MCS影響的中介作用。
結果︰住屋負擔能力與平均PCS和MCS分數均呈量效關係。與負擔能力最高的四分位數組別相比,其餘三個負擔能力最低、稍低及稍高組別的平均PCS分數差異分別為:-2.53(95%置信區間 = -4.05至 -1.01),-2.23(-3.54至 -0.92)及-0.64(-1.80至0.51)。而平均MCS分數差異則分別為:-3.87(-5.30至 -2.45),-2.35(-3.59至 -1.11)及-1.28(-2.40至 -0.17)。當中,匱乏可解釋34.3%住屋負擔能力對PCS的影響及15.8%住屋負擔能力對MCS的影響。
結論︰住屋負擔能力影響身體和精神健康,而部份影響來自匱乏。這表明針對匱乏人士的置業政策除了可紓緩住屋負擔能力問題外,還有助減少健康不平等。
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"Housing affordability effects on physical and mental health: household survey in a population with the world’s greatest housing affordability stress"
Background: We examined the association of housing affordability with physical and mental health in Hong Kong, where there is a lack of related research despite having the worst housing affordability problem in the world, considering potential mediating effect of deprivation.
Methods: A stratified random sample of 1978 Hong Kong adults were surveyed. Housing affordability was defined using the residual-income (after housing costs) approach. Health-related quality of life was assessed by the Short-Form Health Survey version 2 (SF-12v2), from which the physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) measures were derived. Multivariable linear regressions were performed to assess associations of housing affordability with PCS and MCS scores, adjusting for sociodemographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors. Mediation analyses were also conducted to assess the mediating role of deprivation on the effect of housing affordability on PCS or MCS.
Results: Dose–response relationships were observed between housing affordability and mean PCS score (β (95% CI) compared with the highest affordable fourth quartile: −2.53 (−4.05 to −1.01), −2.23 (−3.54 to −0.92), −0.64 (−1.80 to 0.51) for the first, second and third quartiles, respectively) and mean MCS score (β (95% CI): −3.87 (−5.30 to –2.45), −2.35 (−3.59 to −1.11), −1.28 (−2.40 to –0.17) for the first, second and third quartiles, respectively). Deprivation mediated 34.3% of the impact of housing unaffordability on PCS and 15.8% of that on MCS.
Conclusions: Housing affordability affects physical and mental health, partially through deprivation, suggesting that housing policies targeting deprived individuals may help reduce health inequality in addition to targeting the housing affordability problem
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