在臉書河道看到的一篇文章,發文的人翻譯了一則外國人的發文:
https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=10158846902129328&id=602809327
我有在外國人的發文底下留言,可惜不能在這個翻譯的人底下留言,所以我打在這邊。
首先 #疫苗 是什麼?這個google很容易,高中生物應該也有提過,疫苗的發展大約兩百年,前一百年只有不活化疫苗和減毒疫苗,後一百年才陸續研發了純化蛋白疫苗以及基因工程疫苗等等。
再來了解疫苗的分類:
#活疫苗 有不活化與減毒活疫苗、異質性活疫苗(例如牛痘)
#死疫苗 有死毒疫苗、死菌疫苗、次單位疫苗(細分 類毒素疫苗、基因工程重組蛋白疫苗、胜肽疫苗、基因轉殖植物性疫苗、基因型疫苗或抗基因型抗體)、多核苷或DNA疫苗、載體疫苗、標記疫苗、mRNA疫苗(近十年嶄新研究)。
(附上大學課本疫苗發展與實驗內頁比較圖)
基因疫苗自1992年首次在科學文獻報告至今,已經成為最熱門的疫苗研究新方向,目前包括傳染性疾病、癌症、過敏症與自體免疫性疾病,以廣泛進行基因疫苗的臨床前或臨床研究並獲得良好的結果。
發文的人顯然不懂疫苗有分活疫苗跟死疫苗,也不懂mRNA疫苗不等於活疫苗,應該也不懂免疫學。
這篇錯誤訊息蠻多的,可以參考國衛院的說明
https://forum.nhri.org.tw/covid19/j_translate/j2022/
當年大學學習時就知道了,疫苗的研發與應用的智慧,基因疫苗的作用原理與傳統疫苗不同。
傳統死毒疫苗或者重組蛋白疫苗,病毒抗原是由體外注射到人體,經由巨噬細胞等抗原呈現細胞(APC cell)吞噬後,被分解的抗原片段經MHC2(組織相容性複合體第二型)呈現給T cell。此種免疫反應是以引發輔助T cell,產生抗體為主的免疫反應。
而基因疫苗是在進入細胞後於細胞質表現抗原蛋白,這些內生性蛋白有部分會被酵素分解成蛋白片段,在內質網和MHC1結合以後呈現在細胞膜上,藉此和殺手T細胞表面受器結合,活化殺手T細胞,引發細胞毒殺作用。
基因疫苗也能引發MHC2抗體反應,因此基因疫苗可以同時引發抗體反應和殺手T細胞反應。
2018年發表的文獻指出mRNA疫苗的優點:
Over the past decade, major technological innovation and research investment have enabled mRNA to become a promising therapeutic tool in the fields of vaccine development and protein replacement therapy. The use of mRNA has several beneficial features over subunit, killed and live attenuated virus, as well as DNA-based vaccines. First, safety: as mRNA is a non-infectious, non-integrating platform, there is no potential risk of infection or insertional mutagenesis. Additionally, mRNA is degraded by normal cellular processes, and its in vivo half-life can be regulated through the use of various modifications and delivery methods. The inherent immunogenicity of the mRNA can be down-modulated to further increase the safety profile. Second, efficacy: various modifications make mRNA more stable and highly translatable. Efficient in vivo delivery can be achieved by formulating mRNA into carrier molecules, allowing rapid uptake and expression in the cytoplasm (reviewed in Refs 10,11). mRNA is the minimal genetic vector; therefore, anti-vector immunity is avoided, and mRNA vaccines can be administered repeatedly. Third, production: mRNA vaccines have the potential for rapid, inexpensive and scalable manufacturing, mainly owing to the high yields of in vitro transcription reactions.
1. 安全性,非感染性活體病毒,沒有潛在感染跟插入誘導基因改變的風險。
2. 穩定且可製成載體進入細胞質中,屬於最小的mRNA載體。(過往的基因疫苗都是需要plasmid DNA載體DNA,多一個步驟。)
3. 沒有抗載體的免疫反應,因此不用擔心anti-vector immunity。不會有過敏或者自體免疫產生。
4. 生產也很便利快速。
美國食品與藥物管理局特別針對基因疫苗的安全性、潛力與免疫能力制定相關規定,”Points to Consider on Plasmid DNA Vaccines for Preventive Infections Disease Indication”,作為研究基因疫苗時的參考指標。
相關文獻references:
1. Donnelly,J.J.,J.B. Ulmer, J.W. Shiver, and M.A. Liu. 1997. DNA vaccines. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15:617-48.
2. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-, and helper T-lymphocyte-oriented DNA vaccination
Toshi Nagata et al. DNA Cell Biol. 2004 Feb.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15000749/
3. mRNA vaccines — a new era in vaccinology
https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd.2017.243
同時也有4部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過6萬的網紅Takeda Ko-ichi,也在其Youtube影片中提到,【この動画を見た人にオススメの動画】 ◎ロックギタリストでもできる!ジャズの始め方!!【ギターレッスン】 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vv352FPwQJ4 ◎スケール練習不要!Ko-ichi流の覚え方!!【ギターレッスン】 https://www.youtub...
「there transcription」的推薦目錄:
- 關於there transcription 在 皮筋兒 Journey Facebook 的精選貼文
- 關於there transcription 在 Chris Quimbo Facebook 的最讚貼文
- 關於there transcription 在 蕭叔叔英式英文學會 Uncle Siu's British English Club Facebook 的最讚貼文
- 關於there transcription 在 Takeda Ko-ichi Youtube 的最佳貼文
- 關於there transcription 在 Takeda Ko-ichi Youtube 的最佳貼文
- 關於there transcription 在 Marioverehrer Youtube 的最佳解答
- 關於there transcription 在 Kenny Barron - Transcription - There Will Never Be Another You 的評價
- 關於there transcription 在 How to transcribe a video (on YouTube, Vimeo, and more) 的評價
there transcription 在 Chris Quimbo Facebook 的最讚貼文
Hey everyone. I finally tried audio transcription as a job. There are several websites out there that offer online jobs as an audio transcriptionist. We are at difficult times right now, people are losing their jobs, or are forced not to work because of lockdown orders. So please share this to anyone who might need this right now. Thank you!
there transcription 在 蕭叔叔英式英文學會 Uncle Siu's British English Club Facebook 的最讚貼文
【#迷上英式英文】英國首相Theresa May辭職演說
蕭叔短評:保持她一貫風格,好悶。
Ever since I first stepped through the door behind me as Prime Minister, I have striven to make the United Kingdom a country that works not just for a privileged few, but for everyone. And to honour the result of the EU referendum.Back in 2016, we gave the British people a choice. Against all predictions, the British people voted to leave the European Union.
I feel as certain today as I did three years ago that in a democracy, if you give people a choice you have a duty to implement what they decide.I have done my best to do that. I negotiated the terms of our exit and a new relationship with our closest neighbours that protects jobs, our security and our Union. I have done everything I can to convince MPs to back that deal. Sadly, I have not been able to do so.
I tried three times. I believe it was right to persevere, even when the odds against success seemed high. But it is now clear to me that it is in the best interests of the country for a new Prime Minister to lead that effort.
So I am today announcing that I will resign as leader of the Conservative and Unionist Party on Friday 7 June so that a successor can be chosen. I have agreed with the Party Chairman and with the Chairman of the 1922 Committee that the process for electing a new leader should begin in the following week. I have kept Her Majesty the Queen fully informed of my intentions, and I will continue to serve as her Prime Minister until the process has concluded.
It is, and will always remain, a matter of deep regret to me that I have not been able to deliver Brexit. It will be for my successor to seek a way forward that honours the result of the referendum. To succeed, he or she will have to find consensus in Parliament where I have not. Such a consensus can only be reached if those on all sides of the debate are willing to compromise.
For many years the great humanitarian Sir Nicholas Winton – who saved the lives of hundreds of children by arranging their evacuation from Nazi-occupied Czechoslovakia through the Kindertransport – was my constituent in Maidenhead. At another time of political controversy, a few years before his death, he took me to one side at a local event and gave me a piece of advice. He said, ‘Never forget that compromise is not a dirty word. Life depends on compromise.’ He was right.
As we strive to find the compromises we need in our politics – whether to deliver Brexit, or to restore devolved government in Northern Ireland – we must remember what brought us here. Because the referendum was not just a call to leave the EU but for profound change in our country. A call to make the United Kingdom a country that truly works for everyone. I am proud of the progress we have made over the last three years.
We have completed the work that David Cameron and George Osborne started: the deficit is almost eliminated, our national debt is falling and we are bringing an end to austerity. My focus has been on ensuring that the good jobs of the future will be created in communities across the whole country, not just in London and the South East, through our Modern Industrial Strategy.
We have helped more people than ever enjoy the security of a job. We are building more homes and helping first-time buyers onto the housing ladder - so young people can enjoy the opportunities their parents did. And we are protecting the environment, eliminating plastic waste, tackling climate change and improving air quality. This is what a decent, moderate and patriotic Conservative Government, on the common ground of British politics, can achieve - even as we tackle the biggest peacetime challenge any government has faced.
I know that the Conservative Party can renew itself in the years ahead. That we can deliver Brexit and serve the British people with policies inspired by our values. Security; freedom; opportunity. Those values have guided me throughout my career.
But the unique privilege of this office is to use this platform to give a voice to the voiceless, to fight the burning injustices that still scar our society. That is why I put proper funding for mental health at the heart of our NHS long-term plan. It is why I am ending the postcode lottery for survivors of domestic abuse. It is why the Race Disparity Audit and gender pay reporting are shining a light on inequality, so it has nowhere to hide. And that is why I set up the independent public inquiry into the tragedy at Grenfell Tower – to search for the truth, so nothing like it can ever happen again, and so the people who lost their lives that night are never forgotten.
Because this country is a Union.Not just a family of four nations. But a union of people – all of us. Whatever our background, the colour of our skin, or who we love. We stand together. And together we have a great future.
Our politics may be under strain, but there is so much that is good about this country. So much to be proud of. So much to be optimistic about. I will shortly leave the job that it has been the honour of my life to hold – the second female Prime Minister but certainly not the last. I do so with no ill-will, but with enormous and enduring gratitude to have had the opportunity to serve the country I love.
Video Source: BBC News
Transcription: The Guardian
there transcription 在 Takeda Ko-ichi Youtube 的最佳貼文
【この動画を見た人にオススメの動画】
◎ロックギタリストでもできる!ジャズの始め方!!【ギターレッスン】
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vv352FPwQJ4
◎スケール練習不要!Ko-ichi流の覚え方!!【ギターレッスン】
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dBP4IIMagcg
★最強のギターコンテンツが揃ったKo-ichiサロンの入会はこちら!
https://ko-ichi-salon.com/salon-ko-ichi/
【サロンの紹介動画】
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LUCQMSvB17s
★2ndチャンネルの登録もよろしくお願いします!!
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYZFns7cN4G4YcbuyxKUXKg
★Twitter→https://twitter.com/Gt_Phrase
★Lineで僕を友達追加するとギター上達の情報が無料で届きます!
https://lin.ee/5ZU69bf
◎ジャンル別レッスンの再生リスト↓
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwlIfo7dSvpDbaNuZqhdSBw/playlists
◎その他の動画&チャンネル登録はこちら↓
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwlIfo7dSvpDbaNuZqhdSBw
◎大阪でレッスンしています。
上達したい方は是非♪( ´θ`)ノ
お問い合わせはこちらから(スカイプレッスンもやってます!)
https://takedakouichigt.wixsite.com/mysite
there transcription 在 Takeda Ko-ichi Youtube 的最佳貼文
★神のアドリブ!Julian Lage/『There Will Never Be Another You』【Solo Cover】
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTxjXLLmQgc
★Ko-ichiサロンの詳細&お申し込みはこちら!
http://lifebendmusicschool.com/ko-ichi/
★Lineで僕を友達追加するとギター上達の情報が無料で届きます!
https://lin.ee/5ZU69bf
◎ジャンル別レッスンの再生リスト↓
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwlIfo7dSvpDbaNuZqhdSBw/playlists
◎その他の動画&チャンネル登録はこちら↓
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwlIfo7dSvpDbaNuZqhdSBw
◎Twitter→https://twitter.com/Gt_Phrase
◎The Owned OutのCDはこちらで購入可能です↓
『1st アルバム』
https://amzn.to/2I5jJvk
『2ndアルバム』
https://amzn.to/2XzCkoI
(iTunes,Spotify,Apple Music)などで配信もしています
◎大阪でレッスンしています。
上達したい方は是非♪( ´θ`)ノ
お問い合わせはこちらから(スカイプレッスンもやってます!)
https://takedakouichigt.wixsite.com/mysite
there transcription 在 Marioverehrer Youtube 的最佳解答
► Learn the piano step by step: https://www.skoove.com/#a_aid=marioverehrer *
► Learn piano songs quick and easy: http://tinyurl.com/flowkey-marioverehrer1 *
► iTunes: https://apple.co/2HdMswA
► Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2JqvMVq
► Sheet Music: https://www.musicnotes.com/l/Marioverehrer
► Classical Sheet Music: https://gumroad.com/marioverehrer
► Support me on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/Marioverehrer
► Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/Marioverehrer2
► Twitter: https://twitter.com/Marioverehrer
* Affiliate Link
The title was good choosed. First there is a miserbale atmosphere, then it turns in a positive one and in the end it turns back in the sad one again. The song is very interesting.
♫ Promote Your Music ♫
To submit your music on my channel:
➝ Write me a PM on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Marioverehrer2
➝ Always send a link or music file of your work.
➝ If I'm interested, I will message you back.
Composer(s): Noriyuki Iwadare
Transcription © Marioverehrer (2011)
Original Music © Namco (2000)
there transcription 在 How to transcribe a video (on YouTube, Vimeo, and more) 的推薦與評價
A video transcription is the process of converting audio speech and/or any relevant audio into text. There are two main types of transcription ... ... <看更多>
there transcription 在 Kenny Barron - Transcription - There Will Never Be Another You 的推薦與評價
http://www.BijanJazz.comTranscription of Kenny Barron's solo on There Will Never Be Another You.I do not own the rights to the recording. ... <看更多>