「利潤」究竟是什麼
這一講不是要講經商,我們小小地梳理一個大大的話題:從經濟學角度看,人生應該追求什麼。
簡單地說,最值得追求的東西是「利潤」。
我不信你會不想要利潤。利潤是收入減去成本剩下的那一部分,是收穫比付出多出來的部分。利潤是正的,說明你的一切努力都沒有白費,說明瞭社會對你的肯定。利潤要是負的,就說明你創造的價值配不上你的一番折騰。
但你要是細想,利潤是一個神秘的東西。
*
你必須直接去市場上買賣點什麼東西才談得上利潤。上班拿固定工資是沒有利潤的。哪怕你工資再高,那也只是你的勞動所得,都是根據你這個水平,你應該得的,是市場認為正好等於你的付出的回報 —— 這表現在你要是不上班就沒有收入。
而利潤則是「不該得」的東西,可以說是躺著賺的錢。這個性質曾經使得有些思想家認為拿利潤是不道德的。
馬克思譴責利潤。你開個工廠,買了機器和廠房,雇了工人,進了一批原材料,工人生產出產品,你把產品賣掉。然後你一算賬,賣產品的收入減去工人工資、機器廠房和原材料的花費,還多出來了一筆錢,這就是利潤。你欣然把這筆錢放入自己口袋。馬克思說且慢!工人累死累活工作才拿那麼一點工資,你幹什麼了就拿這麼多錢,你那叫剩餘價值!你無償佔有了別人創造的價值。
你當然不服氣。你說不是啊,我管理工人,我組織生產,我聯繫了進貨和銷售,我安排廠裡的大事小情,這怎麼不是創造價值呢?
馬克思會告訴你,你做的這些事兒的確也是勞動,你可以拿一份高工資,但你的工資不會像利潤那麼高。你完全可以雇一個職業經理人替你管理工廠。你把職業經理人的工資發了,還會剩下一筆錢,這筆錢才是真正的利潤。
這個計算讓馬克思深感憤怒,產生了深遠的影響……咱們還是單說資本主義這邊對此是怎麼想的。崇尚市場的經濟學家也算了這個賬,但結果是利潤好像不應該存在。
我們假設老張開工廠賺了一萬塊錢的「淨」利潤。這個是把老張本人付出的管理勞動該拿的那部分報酬去掉之後剩下的錢,是老張「躺賺」的錢。那如果是這樣的話,市場上就應該出來一個老李:老李說既然是躺賺,我不用那麼高的利潤,我躺賺五千元就行,我願意把商品賣便宜點,給工人工資高點。那你說老張能幹過老李嗎?
你很容易想到老張繼續存在的理由。比如老張有資本而老李沒有。或者老張跟政府關係好,壟斷了這塊業務。或者老張掌握一個技術護城河,老李學不會。但是對經濟學家來說這些都不是本質問題:資本可以貸款,跟政府的關係可以用一個更好的條件重新談,技術可以請人研發。事實上,經濟學家的推理是,哪怕現在還沒有一個具體的老李,只要市場存在老李出現的可能性,老張就不敢壓榨太高的利潤,他必須用比較低的價格和比較高的工資預防老李的出現。
要這麼算的話,市場充分競爭的結果一定會把利潤變成 0。總會有一個老王出來,說我就當自己是個職業經理人跟大家交朋友算了,我拿個應得的工資就行,利潤我不要。
那真實世界里的利潤是從哪來的呢?當然市場不可能是充分競爭的,總會有些老張偶爾能享受到利潤……但市場力量應該讓利潤越來越薄才對。經濟學家必須找到一個產生利潤的過硬的機制,否則解釋不了為什麼總有人拿那麼高的利潤……甚至解釋不了為什麼有人願意開公司。
*
利潤從哪裡來這個問題的解決,在經濟學史上是一個里程碑。1921年,美國經濟學家弗蘭克·奈特(Frank Knight, 1885-1972)出版了《風險、不確定性與利潤》(Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit)一書 [1],提出了一個傳世的洞見:利潤來自不確定性。
組織生產、採購和營銷、日常的管理,企業中一切常規的操作都可以由拿固定工資的人做,只有一件事必須由企業家本人做,那就是風險決策。
比如說,為了在今年秋季上市一批新女裝,我們必須在夏天就定下來款式,備工備料,展開生產。可是秋天還沒到,現在誰也不知道到時候流行哪個款式,那我們生產什麼呢?這個決策,必須由企業家本人做出。為什麼?因為他是承擔決策風險的人。
如果你賭對了,秋季正好流行這款女裝,因為別的服裝廠沒生產只有你生產出來了,你就佔據了稀缺,你就可以要一個高價,利潤歸你。你要是賭錯了,到時候服裝賣不出去,工人和經理們還是會拿同樣的工資,損失也歸你。
生產、日常管理、冒險,是三種不同的能力。為什麼企業家要開公司?因為他敢冒險。為什麼工人和經理人選擇拿固定工資?因為他們不想冒險。
這個道理聽著挺簡單,但是其中有個大學問。奈特之前的經濟學家也想到了企業家承擔風險,但是他們沒搞清楚到底什麼是風險。
*
如果女裝只有比如粉色和綠色兩個選擇,而且你明確知道它們流行的可能性都是 50% —— 那這個風險其實不用企業家承擔。因為你可以買保險!概率已知的風險都是可以管理的。銀行可以給生產兩款女裝的工廠都提供貸款,到時候肯定一個賠錢一個賺錢,只要利息和保險合適,銀行和企業雙贏。有這個保險機制在,大家誰都不用冒險,可以各自拿一份固定工資,根本不需要企業家。
奈特的真正貢獻在於,他把風險給分成了兩種。
第一種就叫「風險(risk)」,但是特指那些已知概率大小的風險。這種可以用保險解決,不需要企業家。
第二種叫「不確定性(uncertainty)」,是指那些無法評估概率大小,可能是從來沒出現過的新事物,甚至是現在人們根本無法想象的東西。這個不確定性,才是企業家存在的理由,才是利潤的來源。
現代經濟學家把這個不確定性特別稱為「奈特不確定性(Knightian uncertainty)」。我們專欄講過 [2],統計學家有個更科學的說法。已知概率大小的,叫做「偶然不確定性(Aleatoric uncertainty)」, 也叫統計不確定性。不知道概率大小的,叫做「認知不確定性(Epistemic uncertainty)」,也叫系統不確定性。前者發生的事情都是你事先能想到的,後者則是你想不到的。比如「黑天鵝」事件,就是一種認知不確定性。
你開一個賭場。賭場每天都在跟賭徒們賭博,但是因為輸贏的概率是固定的而且有利於你,所以你的日常經營本身並不是冒險。真正的冒險是要不要開這個賭場:你能預測客流量足夠讓你收回投資嗎?你能擺平當地黑社會嗎?你能確保政府發展博彩業的政策不會變嗎?這些事兒沒法計算概率。
搞定這些不確定性,才是企業家該乾的事兒,也是企業家的回報所在。
流行趨勢通常不能用以往的經驗判斷。有個企業家認准了一個全新的款式,說我非得生產這個,銀行能給他擔保嗎?這個不確定性沒法系統化管理,他自己必須承擔 —— 這才是企業家存在的意義。你要是願意給這樣的項目投資、分擔不確定性 —— 而不是把錢交給銀行拿固定的利息 —— 你也是企業家。
要做服裝這一行的企業家,你肯定得對流行趨勢有個很好的感覺才行。不過企業家本人不一定非得特別懂女裝 —— 他完全可以請人來給他設計,只是設計師不承擔不確定性,人家拿固定的設計費,風險還是要由企業家承擔。
簡單說,企業家,是市場上的 player。他拒絕聽別人的安排,非得按照自己的想法決定做什麼,然後他安排別人也按照這個想法去做,最後他獨自承擔後果。
*
奈特找到了公司存在的最根本理由。市場競爭再充分也不可能是絕對可預測的,未來總會有各種各樣的不確定性,需要企業家在各個方向上大膽探索。奈特後來成為經濟學的大宗師,他本人沒得過諾貝爾獎但是他有五個弟子得了諾貝爾經濟學獎,他是「芝加哥學派」的祖師爺。
奈特之後,別的經濟學家又找到了公司存在的其他理由。比如科斯說公司減少了交易成本能起到協調作用。張五常說公司提供了合約。還有人說公司解決了監督、提供了資源獨特性……等等等 [3],但是奈特這個「不確定性」的說法,是最根本的。
如果從某一天開始,世界上再也沒有不確定性了,那麼市場的力量就會迅速把公司利潤變成 0:企業家就不需要存在,大家都應該拿固定工資。
其實現在企業家的日子也不好過。我們看街上那些餐館,開了關關了開,真正能長期賺錢的沒有幾家,可能大部分老闆都是賠錢。沒有稀缺是不可能賺到錢的,但是利潤只發生在你剛剛掌握某種稀缺、而別人還沒有跟上的那個時間段。別人跟上了,模仿了,你就必須再去尋找新的不確定性。
一切賺錢的生意都有不確定性。你把一大筆錢放銀行裡拿利息,那叫躺著花錢不叫躺著賺錢。哪怕是買幾套房子收租金,你都得面對房產市場的不確定性。
世界上沒有一勞永逸的利潤,也沒有真正躺著賺錢的企業家。
那你說平均而言,企業家的收益是正的還是負的呢?我到底該不該去做個企業家呢?沒有答案。有答案就不叫不確定性了。
*
不確定性都是從哪來的呢?一個有意思的不確定性是中國經濟學家張維迎在 2008 年的一次演講中說的 [4]。他說中國改革開放這麼多年之中,商業活動最大的不確定性,是「體制的不確定性,政策的不確定性,政府行為的不確定性。」這體現在政府對資源的調配非常隨意。
張維迎當時說,正是這個不確定性加劇了中國的貧富差距。在中國市場化程度高,體制不確定性低的地區,比如浙江省,人們更富裕,收入差距反而更低:因為利潤分布更均勻。
這個規律是不確定性越大,利潤就越高 —— 企業家為利潤而奮鬥,但是市場看不見的手恰恰在降低總利潤。是那些看得見的手,提供了額外的不確定性,才給人帶來不合理的利潤。
那你說如果我們把體制給理順,讓競爭越來越公平,未來的不確定性會不會越來越少呢?不一定。
*
奈特列舉了不確定性的好幾種來源,比如未來人口的變化、資源的供給等等。其中我們現代人最關注的肯定是創新。創新本質上是不可預測的,你不知道未來會有什麼新技術出來,你也不知道一個新技術出來會不會被市場接受。一切創新都有強烈的冒險成分,關於這一點已經有太多經濟學家討論了。
而奈特更厲害的一個洞見,則是「價值」的不確定性。說白了就是人的慾望的不確定性,你不知道未來的人喜歡什麼。奈特 1924 年發表了一篇文章叫《經濟學中科學方法的局限性》,說經濟學不僅僅是什麼資源的有效調配,把一個什麼價值函數最大化的問題,因為人的價值觀是會變的 ——
「人生在根本上是對價值的探索,是努力發現新價值,而不是照著現有的價值觀把生產和享受最大化。」[5]
一百多年前整天坐馬車的人沒有想要一輛汽車。2006 年以前的人並不期待智能手機。今天的多數人不能理解馬斯克為什麼非得讓人去火星。人生的終極任務不是滿足某種價值,而是發現和創造新價值。
因為這個見識,奈特後來被認為是個道德哲學家,而不僅僅是個經濟學家。
也因為這一點,你不需要非得是個企業家,也不一定非得拿金錢利潤。藝術家、教育家、每個工人和管理者、包括每個消費者,都可以是價值的發現者和不確定性的製造者。
只要把周圍的世界往你想的那個方向上推動一小步,就算是你的成功。
注釋
[1] 弗蘭克·奈特,《風險、不確定性和利潤》,中文有郭武軍、劉亮翻譯版,華夏出版社 2013。
[2] 精英日課第三季,哪種不確定性?什麼黑天鵝?
[3] 關於公司為什麼存在的理論發展總結,可參考向松祚,《新經濟學》第二卷,新經濟範式。
[4] 張維迎的這次演講首次發表於《經濟觀察報》2008年1月20日,修改後的文章曾收入作者主編的《中國改革30年:10位經濟學家的思考》。
[5] Frank Knight (1924), "The limitations of scientific method in economics」, 原文是「Now this, we shall contend, is not very far; the scientific view of life is a limited and partial view; life is at bottom an exploration in the field of values, an attempt to discover values, rather than on the basis of knowledge of them to produce and enjoy them to the greatest possible extent. We strive to "know ourselves," to find out our real wants, more than to get what we want. This fact sets a first and most sweeping limitation to the conception of economics as a science.」
同時也有5部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過5,640的網紅鍾翔宇 Xiangyu,也在其Youtube影片中提到,購買實體專輯: 已完售,感謝大家的支持! Follow Xiangyu on Twitter https://instagram.com/notXiangyu Follow Ransom-Notes on Twitter https://twitter.com/ransom1992 0:00 星...
「to our knowledge中文」的推薦目錄:
- 關於to our knowledge中文 在 大詩人的寂寞投資筆記 Facebook 的最讚貼文
- 關於to our knowledge中文 在 謙預 Qianyu.sg Facebook 的最讚貼文
- 關於to our knowledge中文 在 國立臺灣大學 National Taiwan University Facebook 的最佳解答
- 關於to our knowledge中文 在 鍾翔宇 Xiangyu Youtube 的最佳解答
- 關於to our knowledge中文 在 Jesslyn Ch'ng Youtube 的最佳貼文
- 關於to our knowledge中文 在 Jesslyn Ch'ng Youtube 的精選貼文
- 關於to our knowledge中文 在 都知道它的意思是知識,也... - 英文多一點A Little More English 的評價
- 關於to our knowledge中文 在 (English/中文/русский) Class 3 - A Gift of Liberation 34: Victory ... 的評價
- 關於to our knowledge中文 在 Protecting your identity - YouTube Help 的評價
to our knowledge中文 在 謙預 Qianyu.sg Facebook 的最讚貼文
【你從不知道的靈異世界 竟然如此不可思議!】
Books recommendation: The Inexplicable World of Spirits That You Are Clueless About
半夜12點來談,你不知道的不可思議的靈異世界。
我們活在靈的世界裡面,卻對此世界的浩瀚一無所知,就會很容易被我們極有限的感官所蒙蔽,自以為是的認為科學才是真理。
問題是,真正能夠通陰陽鬼神,願意把靈異世界的真相寫出來的人少之又少。為什麼?
小小的我出道這些年來,弘揚佛法和傳達玄學的知識,遭到的欺壓、污衊、霸凌和辱罵卻從來沒有少過。只要站出來,逆著普羅大眾的方向走,就容易被有心人士拿來當箭靶,旁人無知,一犬吠形,百犬吠聲。
那種艱辛和苦,只有經歷過的人才能體會。這使我更加讚嘆我根本上師,聖尊蓮生活佛,這四十年來度眾的道心、毅力和膽識。祂,是我學習的對象。就算面對重重的惡勢力,祂依然勇敢的選擇揭露靈異的神秘面紗,讓我們芸芸眾生能擁有正信,不再迷惘,進而「諸惡莫作,眾善奉行」。
這也是為何我們學佛人,必須非常尊敬的請法,及感恩傳我們法的大善知識,因為很多時候,他們真的是用生命來換得正法的灌頂,恆持的弘法度眾,而我們輕輕一問,便能易如反掌的得到佛慧。若我們不慎重,發心不純,會種下落入三惡道的因,在黑暗的境界裡,永世再也聽不到真實的佛法,從痛苦中解脫。
雖然這四本書是盧師尊大約24年前的著作,在2021年讀還是那麼震撼人心,可見社會雖文明進步,也只是個假象,因為大部份人的心靈並沒有昇華,依舊在黑暗裡打滾。我推薦我根本上師,聖尊蓮生活佛,這四本靈書:
1)《靈異的真面目》
2)《神變的遊歷》
3)《不可思議的靈異》
4)《走入最隱秘的陰陽界》(有英文版)
祝 開卷有益。
______________________________
This midnight, let's talk about the incredible world of spirits that you do not know about.
We live in a world of spirits, yet most of us are largely ignorant about the vast expanse of this world. We become blinded by our very limited sensory perceptions and arrogantly presumed that only science is the real deal.
Problem is, only a rare few can transverse the world of Yin and Yang, ghosts and gods. Even fewer are willing to reveal the truth through writings. Why so?
I am just an insignificant person. Yet since my debut a few years ago, I have had my fair share of oppression, cyberbullying, smearing and insults. Any person, who puts him/herself in the public eye yet walks against the general direction of the masses, is bound to be an easy target for personal attacks by people with vile intentions. Uninformed bystanders are also likely to follow the crowd.
Such pain and hardship can only be understood by those who went through it. Ever since this, I grew more respect for my Grandmaster, Living Buddha Lian-Sheng. He is my role model. The faith, tenacity and courage He demonstrated in delivering sentient beings for the past 40 years are worthy of applause.
Despite facing vicious forces again and again, He boldly chose to reveal the mysterious truth behind the world of spirits, for us to have the right knowledge, and no longer be lost. Only then we can eventually cease all evil and cultivate all good.
This is why when we seek Buddhist teachings, we should have utmost respect and be thankful to our virtuous teachers who impart the teachings to us. Many a time, these teachers exchanged their lives to receive such precious Dharma empowerment and risked their personal safety to propagate Buddhsim and deliver sentient beings.
Yet all we have to do is to ask and we can receive the teachings effortlessly. If we behave improperly and have impure intentions, we will plant the seed of being reborn into the Three Evil Paths, banished into a world of darkness, never to hear a single word of authentic Dharma for life or be liberated from sufferings.
While these 4 books are written by Grandmaster Lu some 24 years ago, to read them in the year 2021 can still be shocking to some of us. Our society may have progressed but this is a false appearance, as our spiritual self are still lacking and in turmoil. I recommend these four books for your spiritual pursuit:
1) The Incredible Paranormal Stories (in Chinese)
2) Experiences of Spiritual Manifestations (in Chinese)
3) Revelation of the Spiritual World (in Chinese)
4) Entering the Most Hidden Yin-Yang Realm (in Chinese and English)
May you benefit from the readings.
****************************
🇸🇬 新加坡 Singapore
翔晴Siang Ching Trading
149 Rochor Road, Fu Lu Shou Complex, 02-01, Singapore 188425
T: 62542213
125+126+127+129 一套四本
http://sgtbboyeh.com/shop/chi-zh-hant/一套四本-125册-126册-127册-129册/
125《 不可思議的靈異 》https://singapore.kinokuniya.com/bw/9789865551193
126《 神變的遊歷 》https://singapore.kinokuniya.com/bw/9789865551209
127《 靈異的真面目 》https://singapore.kinokuniya.com/bw/9789865551216
129《 走入最隱祕的陰陽界 》
(中文)https://singapore.kinokuniya.com/bw/9789865551230
(English)http://sgtbboyeh.com/shop/英文/book-129-entering-the-most-hidden-yin-yang-realm/
🇲🇾 馬來西亞 Malaysia
125+126+127+129 一套四本 https://bit.ly/3huZFmJ
125 《 不可思議的靈異 》https://bit.ly/3uM0SeO
126《 神變的遊歷 》https://bit.ly/33NomUU
127《 靈異的真面目 》https://bit.ly/33SnZbD
129《 走入最隱祕的陰陽界 》https://bit.ly/3olHvag
129(English)https://www.yifuculture.com/collections/英文书english/products/entering-the-most-hidden-yin-yang-realm
🌏 台灣/香港/全球觀眾 International Audience
金石堂 Kingstone:
125 《 不可思議的靈異 》 https://bit.ly/3dEOwz2
126《 神變的遊歷 》 https://bit.ly/3ndAXtI
127《 靈異的真面目 》https://bit.ly/32G3MVS
129《 走入最隱祕的陰陽界 》https://bit.ly/32Dqb6w
博客來 Books.com.tw
125 《 不可思議的靈異 》 https://bit.ly/2Qljh32
126《 神變的遊歷 》 https://bit.ly/3xdM22r
127《 靈異的真面目 》 https://bit.ly/2QljoeY
129《 走入最隱祕的陰陽界 》 https://bit.ly/3dFrzfd
三民書局 Sanmin
125 《 不可思議的靈異 》 https://bit.ly/3tGyMRR
126《 神變的遊歷 》 https://bit.ly/3xaX8Fv
127《 靈異的真面目 》 https://bit.ly/3eiidVI
129《 走入最隱祕的陰陽界 》 https://bit.ly/3elUqnZ
English
129 Entering the Most Hidden Yin-Yang Realm
https://www.amazon.com/Entering-Yin-Yang.../dp/0996069917
to our knowledge中文 在 國立臺灣大學 National Taiwan University Facebook 的最佳解答
【國立臺灣大學109學年度畢業典禮 致詞代表 資訊工程學系韓哈斯】
Student Address, National Taiwan University Commencement 2021
International student Seth Austin Harding from Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering
.
校長、教授、以及在螢幕前的各位同學,大家好。非常感謝臺大給我這個機會。我是韓哈斯,來自美國華盛頓特區。我會以自身的真實經驗出發,來跟大家分享臺大帶給我的收穫。
我當初為什麼選擇來台灣求學呢?我小時候非常喜歡看武打片,然後我十歲的時候去看了一部電影叫做「功夫熊貓」。這部電影成為了我最喜歡的電影,主角「阿波」的故事跟我的故事很像。我看完了之後就決定要開始學功夫,所以去了「美國武術學院」。那個時候我每天都聽旁邊的人講中文,到了高中我就決定開始學中文。當時我遇到了一位貴人,她是從台北到美國來教書的中文老師,她教的課是我當時最喜歡的課,我每天去她的教室跟好朋友練習。到了高中畢業時,我是全高中中文最好的非母語人士。同時,我第二喜歡的課程是電腦科學,那時候我是程式能力數一數二的學生。後來在成功錄取夢寐以求的學校:臺灣大學之後,我感到雀躍不已,因為我既可以繼續學習中文,也可以持續在世界頂尖的學府中,往電腦科學的方向精進自我。
不過老實說,當我回顧大一的時期,我也曾迷失自我。雖然我修了很多很多的中文課,但是我那時只聽得懂大概一半的課程內容。跟大家對美國人的印象不同,我其實很害羞,也很害怕舉手提問,我甚至不太敢參與社交,所以當時朋友也很少。我開始想家,也變得有一點憂鬱。那時籃球是我唯一的紓壓方式。
但更不幸的是,我在打籃球時弄傷了我的前十字韌帶,做了兩次手術,需要一年半才能恢復。許多的負面情緒壓得我喘不過氣。我被困在人生的低谷,不知如何是好。我覺得我的中文不夠好,我也被診斷出失眠跟ADHD,另外,美國高中的數學太簡單了,來這邊不夠用。種種壓力讓我足不出戶,找不到自己的人生方向。後來,我向臺大心輔中心以及我的心理醫師尋求協助,然後我也開始跟系上有更多互動。有一位教授叫徐宏民跟我說,"Never give up",雖然那時候我覺得這句話太過於簡化了我的問題,不過,在我仔細思考了一個禮拜之後,我下定決心,發誓不讓自己被這些事擊敗。我決定要克盡全力,認真做好每件事。這是我人生的轉捩點,我開始變得異常自律。當時廖世偉教授和洪士灝系主任帶我進入它們的研究室鑽研學術。這重燃了我對資訊工程的熱忱,提醒了我當初會愛上這個領域的原因。我開始研究人工智慧以及區塊鏈,也開始跟其他系上同學交朋友,一起成立臺大人工智慧應用社NTUAI。NTUAI現在是校內頗具規模的技術研究社團,致力於推廣人工智慧給任何對該領域有熱忱的學生。歡迎加入NTUAI,可以掃描我們的QR CODE。
最近,由於疫情的緣故,我已經一年半沒回美國了。但是沒關係,因為我已經找到了我第二個家。我很愛臺大,以及台灣的人事物。雖然我經歷了人生的低潮,但這裡的一切總是給我滿滿的祝福與協助。最後,我想送給大家「功夫熊貓」裡的一句台詞: "You just need to believe"。只要用樂觀的態度去面對困難,就有能力改變自己,甚至改變身旁所愛的人。就像阿波的父親說的,"心誠則靈,只要你相信,點石就能成金。根本沒有什麼秘笈。只有你。"謝謝大家。
.
==============================
.
President, professors, and classmates, I'm very honored to be here. Thank you to NTU for giving me this opportunity. My name's Seth Austin Harding, and I'm from the D.C. metropolitan area. I'm going to tell a real story that's personal but that's relatable and what I see as the real me.
What motivated and guided me to take my undergraduate studies in Taiwan? When I was very young, I really loved watching kung fu movies, and when I was 10 years old, I went to the theater to watch "Kung Fu Panda". This became my favorite movie as I felt like the story of the main character Po was one to which I could very much relate. After watching this movie, I decided that I wanted to start learning kung fu, so I went to the United States Wushu Academy. At the time, I began hearing Mandarin on a daily basis, so when I was in high school, I decided to begin formally studying Chinese. It ended up being my Chinese teacher from Taipei who was my favorite teacher who taught my favorite class, so I decided I'd hang out in the Chinese classroom every day and practice lots. By the time graduation came around, I had attained the highest proficiency in Chinese among any non-native speaker in my school. My second favorite class was computer science, and I ended up attaining among the best coding skills in my school. After getting accepted to the school of my dreams -- National Taiwan University -- I felt honored, humbled, and excited; I could now spend time at among the world's finest universities studying Chinese and at the same time advancing my knowledge of computer science.
But when I look back at my freshman year, to be honest with you, I didn't know what I was doing. Despite having taken very many Chinese classes, when I went to the NTU lectures, I understood only about half of what the teachers were saying. Contrary to most people's impressions of an American, I was actually too shy to raise my hand, to ask questions, or to even meet with teachers after class, so I had very few friends at the time. I started to become homesick and depressed. At that time, I found that basketball was the only way I knew of relieving my stress. However, while playing basketball, I had torn my ACL and it would take two surgeries and a year and a half in time to fully recover. At this point, I felt caught between a rock and a hard place. In fact, this was the lowest point of my life, and I didn't know what to do. I felt like my Chinese wasn't good enough, I had been diagnosed with insomnia and ADHD, and I felt like the math taught in America was too simple to allow for me to keep up with my classmates. I was under immense pressure, and at this time, I lost any sense of purpose or direction. Later on, I went to seek help from NTU counseling, from my psychiatrist, and from my department. I reached out to Professor Winston Hsu from CSIE, and he told me this: "Never give up"; it was such an oversimplified way to approach such a complex series of problems, I had thought. However, I pondered these words intensely for one week, and by the end of that week, I had made a firm decision. This would NOT be another example of me giving up. I decided to go all out, to work diligently and passionately on all tasks at hand. This was the turning point of my life; I started to discipline myself to a very high degree. At this time, I met my then-to-become advisors Professor Shih-Wei Liao and Professor Shih-Hao Hung and entered their labs to begin research. Finally, the passion that I had for computer science that I had previously held in high school was kindled again, and I was finally reminded why I loved this field. I began my research life in blockchain and AI, and at the time I entered the lab, I also began creating NTUAI. NTUAI is now a large and highly successful NTU club that is dedicated to the research and public understanding of AI. Welcome one and all to join us; please scan our QR code here.
For a year and a half I haven't returned to America because of covid. But not to worry; I have found my second home, away from home. I love it here in NTU and I cherish all of the things I've had the privilege to experience in Taiwan. I've gone through the most difficult of struggles in my life here, but I've also had the most fortunate and blessed of experiences. To conclude, I'd like to quote a line from "Kung Fu Panda": "You just need to believe". As long as you are willing to adopt an optimistic attitude in facing challenges and hardships, you may become a positive force in changing the lives of those around you as well as your own life. It all depends on how you view it; just like what Po's father says, "there is no secret ingredient. It's just you." Thank you, everyone.
詳見:
https://www.facebook.com/NTUCommencement/posts/2718185771805180
.
#臺灣大學 #畢業典禮 #NTUCommencement2021 #學生致詞代表 #臺大資訊工程學系 #韓哈斯 #SethAustinHarding
to our knowledge中文 在 鍾翔宇 Xiangyu Youtube 的最佳解答
購買實體專輯:
已完售,感謝大家的支持!
Follow Xiangyu on Twitter https://instagram.com/notXiangyu
Follow Ransom-Notes on Twitter https://twitter.com/ransom1992
0:00 星星之火 A Single Spark
2:52 延續和決裂 Continuity and Rupture
6:02 流言蜚語 Rumors and Slanders
8:56 夢 Dream
11:26 這不是請客吃飯 This Is Not a Dinner Party
14:50 社會主義還是人類滅絕 Socialism or Human Extinction
Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/5LXDWD9UWMinJpuGXfOHF9
Apple Music: https://music.apple.com/album/1475720641
KKBox: https://www.kkbox.com/tw/tc/album/Po-XjuEwvaj3s0F3XnGK009H-index.html
虾米音乐: https://www.xiami.com/album/5021315036
專輯介紹: https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%98%BB%E5%93%88%E5%8F%8D%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B-%E9%8D%BE%E7%BF%94%E5%AE%87%E8%AA%AA%E5%94%B1%E6%98%9F%E6%98%9F%E4%B9%8B%E7%81%AB-063724380.html
繼 2018 年金音獎入圍的《炮打司令部》後,中文嘻哈界絕無僅有的共產主義饒舌歌手鍾翔宇與英國製作人 Ransom-Notes 馬不停蹄地聯手炮製出六首歌的新專輯《星星之火》,相較於上張專輯還有如〈保力達B〉、〈偶像的手冊〉等比較詼諧幽默的歌曲,這張專輯顯得更加嚴肅而深入的闡述自己的意識形態。
即使如此,這張專輯並沒有流於自我重複的說教,而是透過自己在美國成長過程親眼目睹的(台灣媒體跟好萊塢電影不告訴你的)具體事實,鍾翔宇戳破所謂的「美國夢」,一層一層爬梳嘻哈音樂如何失去最初的反抗精神、分析爭取勞動權益的困境甚至環保議題。很難想像這麼龐大的知識量被鍾翔宇精巧的放在一張不到 20 分鐘的專輯當中,這樣大膽的嘗試絕對值得你靜下心搭配歌詞細細玩味。搭配 Ransom-Notes 充滿黃金年代風格的編曲,讓嚴肅的歌詞不再難以下嚥。而鍾翔宇精心設計的多韻和不時的好笑 punchline,也展現他想讓歌曲直面普羅大眾的誠意。
批判美國的霸權和當今的社會經濟制度等於動搖了非常多人的基本信念,鍾翔宇也深知這一點。然而看到不公不義的事實而站出來發聲,這是讓鍾翔宇之所以愛上嘻哈的浪漫初衷。《星星之火》這張專輯就如同他的偶像,英國嘻哈詩人 Lowkey 的 “Soundtrack to the Struggle” 一樣,是貨真價實的革命之聲,所有真心想衝破世界當今所面對的困境的人,肯定能從鍾翔宇的音樂中得到啟發。
Shortly after his 2018 album "Bombard the Headquarters" was nominated best hip hop album by the Golden Indie Music Awards, Xiangyu, one of the few openly communist rappers in the Sinosphere, together with his comrade Ransom-Notes from the UK, began working on "a Single Spark." In comparison to his previous album, which contains comedic songs like "Paolyta B" and "the Idol's Handbook," "a Single Spark" takes on a more serious tone and delves deeper into Xiangyu's ideology.
Despite the comparatively somber tone, this new album avoids repetitive preaching. Through sharing his personal experiences and the things he saw growing up in the United States, Xiangyu debunks the so-called "American Dream." Using materialist dialectics, he tells us how hip hop has lost its rebellious essence, and also analyzes power dynamics and touches on topics such as the environment. It is difficult to imagine how Xiangyu and Ransom-Notes were able to condense such a vast expanse of knowledge into an album less than 20 minutes in length. You will not be disappointed should you decide to sit down and listen to such a bold album while studying the lyrics. Reminiscent of hip hop's golden age, Ransom-Notes' beatmaking provides the listener with the sugar that makes the pill easier to swallow. Xiangyu's carefully constructed rhymes and the occasional humorous punch line demonstrate his sincere attempt to make his agitprop more accessible to the layperson.
Criticizing US hegemony and the socioeconomic order of today is tantamount to shattering the fundamental beliefs of many, and Xiangyu is acutely aware of this. The fact that hip hop can serve as a platform for pointing out injustices is what attracted Xiangyu to the genre in the first place. "A Single Spark" is similar to "Soundtrack to the Struggle" by Lowkey, one of Xiangyu's influences, in the sense that it is truly revolutionary in content. Those who genuinely seek to transform the predicaments plaguing our world today will certainly find inspiration in Xiangyu's music.
作詞:鍾翔宇
編曲:Ransom-Notes
錄音:鍾翔宇
混音:鍾翔宇、Ransom-Notes
母帶後期製作:Glenn Schick
繪圖:Bijan Nader Sharifi
Lyrics by Xiangyu,
Beats by Ransom-Notes,
Recorded by Xiangyu,
Mixed by Xiangyu and Ransom-Notes
Mastered by Glenn Schick,
Artwork by Bijan Nader Sharifi.
#星星之火 #鍾翔宇 #aSingleSpark

to our knowledge中文 在 Jesslyn Ch'ng Youtube 的最佳貼文
新年來嘍!配合新年的主題,就來和大家聊聊如何準備健康的年夜火鍋,讓一家大小一起健康過新年!影片中還專程帶大家到菜市場去走一圈,途中還發生了突發狀況!趕快來看看吧!
Along with Chinese New Year, I have prepared a vlog to show you how to prepare a healthy steamboat for family reunion dinner. In this video, I'm going to bring you to wet market and show you some of the good stuff! I had also encountered a funny incident during the shoo. Check it out now!
部落格全文(Full blog):http://www.justbejess.com/2019/02/healthy-reunion-dinner-steamboat.html
想學習實在的營養知識,歡迎加入我們的臉書群組:Real Nutrition 食在營養 https://www.facebook.com/groups/42163...
If you are keen to learn more real knowledge about nutrition, join our FB Group (Real Nutrition 食在營養)!
個人部落格(Personal blog): www.justbejess.com
個人IG(My Instagram): just.be.jess (https://www.instagram.com/just.be.jes... )
個人臉書專頁(My Facebook Page): Justbejess (https://www.facebook.com/justbejess )

to our knowledge中文 在 Jesslyn Ch'ng Youtube 的精選貼文
營養補助品是需要還是多餘?讓營養師跟你解說需要營養補助品的5大族群吧!
Find out the 5 major populations who needs supplementation from the Nutritionist!
部落格全文(Full blog): http://www.justbejess.com/2018/12/supplementation-video-attached.html
想學習實在的營養知識,歡迎加入我們的臉書群組:Real Nutrition 食在營養 https://www.facebook.com/groups/42163...
If you are keen to learn more real knowledge about nutrition, join our FB Group (Real Nutrition 食在營養)!
個人部落格(Personal blog): www.justbejess.com
個人IG(My Instagram): just.be.jess (https://www.instagram.com/just.be.jes... )
個人臉書專頁(My Facebook Page): Justbejess (https://www.facebook.com/justbejess )

to our knowledge中文 在 (English/中文/русский) Class 3 - A Gift of Liberation 34: Victory ... 的推薦與評價

To view the entire teaching (video & audio) in 中文, English, русский, ... The Knowledge Base features thousands of classes and thousands of ... ... <看更多>
to our knowledge中文 在 Protecting your identity - YouTube Help 的推薦與評價
If someone posted your personal information or uploaded a video of you without your knowledge (including in private or sensitive circumstances), ... ... <看更多>
to our knowledge中文 在 都知道它的意思是知識,也... - 英文多一點A Little More English 的推薦與評價
知識就是力量,但其實這個字有另一個常用的含意,舉例來說,這個話是什麼意思呢?' I had no knowledge of the scandal. (我對這件醜聞完全不*知情*。) ... <看更多>