哈佛知識分享: 第三集(合共七集) What is competitive advantage? What is your value chain? 什麼是競爭優勢? 什麼是企業價值鏈?
仲記得我喺哈佛讀行政人員課程嘅時候,教授 Michael Porter 考考我哋, "In business, is strategy more important or excution more important?" 做生意,策略重要啲? 定執行力重要啲? 等陣同你解釋。
上兩集同你講咗你應該點諗「競爭」? 行業的五加一動力點影響你嘅利潤。今集同你分享下企業價值鏈點影響你的競爭優勢? 策略/執行力,邊個重要啲?
全文內容:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/10iTzUHyqrhcLvrfYHqZhu8tNpT-jnzKWVhVls09ciWk/edit?usp=drivesdk
。。。。。
My hobby 《星期六早餐會》!
七/八/九月份早餐會 Topic: Applying "Michael Porter" to your business: How to compete and win!
哈佛分享: 如何應用「米高波特」於你盤生意? 點競爭? 點贏?
講起哈佛策略教授, 無人出名過 Michael Porter. 有幸我2017年在哈佛親身上過他教的課程, 今次早餐會同你分享,希望對你做生意亦有所啟發。
有興趣參加啦 😃 每次限四位 (包括我)。 人多傾唔到計。
7月/8月/9月份,逢星期六早上9時開始,約三小時半。地點中環。
對象: 中小企老闆/創業者/公司管理層,連我限4位。
有興趣參加的話,請 whatsapp 你的名片給 Suki (我助手) (+852) 5566 1335。
我唔係靠呢行搵食,免費,我請食早餐 😉 Be friends ..... 有機會到時見你。李根興 Edwin
www.edwinlee.com.hk
www.bwfund.com
聯絡李根興 whatsapp (+852) 90361143
。。。。。。。。。
先講何謂「競爭優勢」Competitive Advantage?
Michael Porter 話 "If you have a real competitive advantage, it means that compared with rivals, you operate at a lower cost, command a premium price, or both."
如果你有真正的「競爭優勢」,相比起競爭對手,你就有低啲嘅成本,或高啲嘅售價,或兩個都有。
"Competitive advantage is a relative concept. It's about superior financial performance." by Michael Porter
競爭優勢是相對的。 係代表你財務回報做得好過你同行的競爭對手。
唔單止做得好,而係要賺錢多過人。記住,上集我同你講:
"The real point of competition is not to beat rivals. It's to earn profits."
競爭,最重要唔係打低競爭對手,而係要賺錢!
何謂賺錢? Michael Porter 嘅定義唔係純粹睇個大數。 他話賺100蚊嘅公司,唔係一定叻過賺90蚊嘅公司。 因為話唔定賺100蚊嘅公司,佢就投資咗1000蚊,先賺100蚊。 但賺90蚊嘅公司,投資咗500蚊已賺賺到90蚊。 咁後者又何必再投資多500蚊,去賺嗰剩餘嘅10蚊。 因為呢500蚊可以投資喺第二度可能有更高回報,何必為做而做呢?
因此 Michael Porter 睇嘅賺錢,係 measured by ROIC (Return On Invested Capital) 資本投資回報。 即係話你放咗幾錢入去盤生意,equity and debt combined, 資本又好、借又好, 賺錢回報率有幾多呢?
例如,你開間茶餐廳,你自己放咗100萬入去,問銀行借咗100萬裝修,合共投資200萬。開業後,未扣除銀行利息及稅務 (EBIT - Earnings Before Interest and Tax),每年就賺40萬,咁你嘅 ROIC (Return on Invested Capital) 就係40除200,等如20%。
如果你再另外開多一間, 道理上因為經驗多咗啦,總部人手成本一樣,額外投資金額應該就會少咗,開始有 economy of scale (經濟規模效益),當今次只係投資160萬,回報一樣每年40萬。ROIC 就係 25%。
Michael Porter 話, 如果你每開一間,你嘅投資回報 ROIC 會因為 economy of scale (經濟規模效益)而提升,why not! 開多幾十幾百幾千間都得。
但如果你開到某個程度,每開一間,你嘅投資回報 (ROIC) 就下降。 例如依家總投資要成200萬,由於市場開始飽和,每年賺錢只得額外20萬,資本投資回報只得10%。Michael Porter 話咁又何必再開呢? 因為咁樣只會把你整體嘅 ROIC (資本投資回報率)拉低。
做得大,唔代表賺錢。唔好為大而大。有時 Small is beautiful. 細有細嘅美麗。
美國最賺錢嘅航空公司 Southwest Airlines, 睇下呢幅圖, 過去幾十年佢嘅嘢 ROIC (Return on Invested Capital),上面黑色條線,一直保持行內最高, 行內其他航空公司平均係每年回報3.1%, Southwest Airlines 就能夠做到每年回報11.4%,高出同行2.7倍, 肺炎前年年賺錢。
Southwest Airlines 創辦人 Herb Kelleher 曾經講過 ”Market share has nothing to do with profitability. Market share says we just want to be big; we don't care if we make money doing it. In order to get an additional 5% of the market, some companies increased their costs by 25%. That's really incongruous if profitability is your purpose."
佢話:「市佔率往往同利潤率無關係。 市佔率只係講大, 但未必賺到錢。 有啲公司為咗攞多5%額外市佔率, 願意洗多25%嘅成本, 咁樣同做生意要賺錢嘅理念係互相違背的。」
我自己做商舖基金都係一樣,我成日都話:「我情願人少啲,賺多啲」,遠遠好過「人多多,每人賺少啲!」 人少啲, 社運肺炎,咩風浪都經過起。 人多, 一闊三大,一個浪冚,好易玩完。
記住我上面提過「競爭優勢」就係: 「相比起競爭對手,你有低啲嘅成本,或高啲嘅售價,or both!」 咁點樣同樣嘅產品或服務,你嘅回報就更高。
"Strategy choices aim to shift relative price or relative cost in a company's favor." by Michael Porter
策略的選擇,目的是向公司有利的方向把相對的價錢或成本調整。
咁點選擇呢? 就係睇你條 「Value Chain 企業價值鏈」啦。
"The sequence of activities your company performs to design, produce, sell, deliver and support its products is called the value chain. " by Michael Porter.
由產品的設計、生產、銷售、送遞、到售後服務,這個流程就叫做企業價值鏈。
"A company's value chain is the collection of all its value-creating and cost-generating activities." by Michael Porter.
企業價值鏈係由所有為客戶增值及令企業增加成本的活動總和。
睇圖,Value Chain 包括 Primary Activities 主要活動 and Supporting Activities 輔助活動。入貨、加工、出貨就係你服務顧客啲主要活動。 公司嘅架構、人力資源、科技應用就係輔助活動。Michael Porter 話如果你要贏人, 你就要明白你以上嘅價值鏈每一步、 每個活動、 每個細節對人客嘅價值製造 (value creation) 同相關成本 (cost incurred)。
要勝出,你有兩個選擇:
(1) Compete on execution. Better operational effectiveness. Perform the same activities as rivals, but execute better. Be better, be the best!
用「執行力」去贏人。每一步,設計/入貨/生產/出貨,都同爭對手差不多,但執行得更好、更快、更準。成個流程成本平啲,人客滿意啲。 等於一間茶餐廳, 落單準啲、上菜快啲、 炒餸好味啲。 但教授 Michael Porter 話咁就好似隻老鼠喺個圈入面,operational effectiveness, 跑快啲跑快啲 ,be the quickest, be the best! 但其實不斷地都喺個圈入面跑緊。長遠,人或老鼠,始終會攰, 你好啲,但人哋都會改善追上。競爭對手就遲早令你競爭優勢難以維續。
(2) Compete on strategy. Perform different activities from rivals. Meet the different needs of customers at lower cost or higher price. Be unique.
用「策略」去贏人。設計/入貨/生產/出貨嘅價值鏈,同行內其他爭對手唔同。 明白唔同顧客,有唔同需求。 用低啲嘅成本或者高啲嘅售價,or both, 去滿足佢哋嘅需求。做唯一! Michael Porter 話咁就會令你 好似隻老鼠咁,跑出個圈,走條捷徑,帶你想去嘅地方。 只是專注,長遠你嘅競爭優勢更容易持續。
例如, 美國嘅航空公司過去幾十年都係非常之難做嘅行業,1980年起,ROIC Return on Invested Capital 資本投資回報平均只得每年3.1%。
但我上面提及的西南航空 Southwest Airlines,佢過去幾十年,由(1) 訂票 (只用自己網絡,唔用 agent, 慳番啲手續費) 、(2) 機種 (只用一種波音737,方便機司培訓同保養, 唔似得其他航空公司乜飛機種都有)、(3) 坐飛機無飛機餐(慳返成本及方便清潔)、(4) 無編定座位 (先上機先揀位坐, 唂啲人快啲上飛機,早啲開機)、至 (5) No connecting flights 無轉駁航班 (只有直接 point to point, 唔使等你或你啲行李轉機), 仲有更多更多, 成條嘅 Southest Airlines Value Chain 價值鏈嘅活動,都係同行內競爭對手唔同。 雖然機票售價平啲,但佢成本更加平。咁亦都解釋咗點佢能夠咁多年來平均嘅資本投資回報率 ROIC 高達11.4%,高過同行競爭對手近三倍。
我自己做商舖基金都係一樣, 都係 compete on strategy. 如果我純粹低買,高賣舖。 我只可以靠買得平過人,沽得快過人去賺錢。 但長遠好難持續跑贏大市的優勢, 一個社運肺炎冚埋嚟, 馬上冚旗。
呢條係我哋公司商舖增值嘅價值鏈 (insert graph), 由投資者集資、買舖、解除 order /裝修/分契、至「服務式商舖」搵合適租客 (諗計仔幫佢做多啲生意)、至宣傳推廣出售商舖及「三大保證」售後服務, 加上公司基本設施、人力資源、科技應用、採購流程嘅配合, 我相信香港無任何一個商舖投資者同我哋一樣為商舖增值。 我係舖市要跑贏大市,都係靠呢條 Value Chain 價值鏈。包括,買賣我基金單位嘅交易成本,遠遠低過買賣成間舖。租我哋舖做生意嘅風險,都遠遠低過租間不知名、無人跟進的舖。
咁亦都解釋咗點解,我哋用咗五年時間,今個月就用基金買入咗港幣第一個「10億」舖,前後60間街舖。萬事起頭難,我相信第二個「10億」舖,大約兩年內會完成。
根據哈佛教授 Michael Porter,只要條 value chain 企業價值鏈夠獨特及專注, 好難有另一個競爭對手入嚟係香港街舖嘅層面打低我哋。好多人會嚟抄我哋嘅 business model 商業模式,但佢唔會做舖。 佢會做工廈、商廈、住宅、農地、骨灰龕位、大灣區、非洲、火星,但佢唔做香港街舖。 因為個地頭已經畀我哋霸咗,佢點做都唔夠我哋熟。 唔通我講話我要買1000間香港街舖,佢講話要買2000間,邊個人會信佢! 佢話500間就不如唔好講。
當然,教授話任何 good strategy 都需要 good execution,無好嘅執行力,所有說話只係空談。因此我成日話「持續性、持續性、持續性地執行」好重要。
Both strategy and excution are important. 好嘅「策略」及好嘅「執行力」同樣重要。 只有好嘅 「執行力」,無「策略」,你會賺到錢,不過好大機會係細錢。 加埋好嘅「策略」,配合好嘅「執行力」,大錢就會嚟!
你盤生意呢? 你條企業價值鏈 Value Chain 又係點呢? 同人哋有乜唔同? Are you competing on good execution or good strategy? 你係執行力上贏人、定策略上贏人? 點樣做到成本平啲或收費高啲,or both 呢?
有興趣一齊研究多啲點做? 聽多啲 Michael Porter,就來我七/八月份星期六嘅早餐會啦! 下集我再同你講 (4) What is strategy? How do you create value? 什麼是策略 ? 你如何創造價值?
全文內容:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/10iTzUHyqrhcLvrfYHqZhu8tNpT-jnzKWVhVls09ciWk/edit?usp=drivesdk
。。。。。
My hobby 《星期六早餐會》!
七/八/九月份早餐會 Topic: Applying "Michael Porter" to your business: How to compete and win!
哈佛分享: 如何應用「米高波特」於你盤生意? 點競爭? 點贏?
講起哈佛策略教授, 無人出名過 Michael Porter. 有幸我2017年在哈佛親身上過他教的課程, 今次早餐會同你分享,希望對你做生意亦有所啟發。
有興趣參加啦 😃 每次限四位 (包括我)。 人多傾唔到計。
7月/8月/9月份,逢星期六早上9時開始,約三小時半。地點中環。
對象: 中小企老闆/創業者/公司管理層,連我限4位。
有興趣參加的話,請 whatsapp 你的名片給 Suki (我助手) (+852) 5566 1335。
我唔係靠呢行搵食,免費,我請食早餐 😉 Be friends ..... 有機會到時見你。李根興 Edwin
www.edwinlee.com.hk
www.bwfund.com
聯絡李根興 whatsapp (+852) 90361143
#michael_porter, #競爭策略, #企業競爭優勢,#價值鏈
cost incurred 在 黃之鋒 Joshua Wong Facebook 的精選貼文
【Joshua Wong speaking to the Italian Senate】#意大利國會研討會演說 —— 呼籲世界在大學保衛戰一週年後與香港人站在同一陣線
中文、意大利文演說全文:https://www.patreon.com/posts/44167118
感謝開創未來基金會(Fondazione Farefuturo)邀請,讓我透過視像方式在意大利國會裡舉辦的研討會發言,呼籲世界繼續關注香港,與香港人站在同一陣線。
意大利作為絕無僅有參與一帶一路發展的國家,理應對中共打壓有更全面的理解,如今正值大學保衛戰一週年,以致大搜捕的時刻,當打壓更為嚴峻,香港更需要世界與我們同行。
為了讓各地朋友也能更了解香港狀況,我已在Patreon發佈當天演說的中文、英文和意大利文發言稿,盼望在如此困難的時勢裡,繼續讓世界知道我們未曾心息的反抗意志。
【The Value of Freedom: Burning Questions for Hong Kongers】
Good morning. I have the privilege today to share some of my thoughts and reflections about freedom, after taking part in social activism for eight years in Hong Kong. A movement calling for the withdrawal of the extradition law starting from last year had escalated into a demand for democracy and freedom. This city used to be prestigious for being the world’s most liberal economy, but now the infamous authoritarian government took away our freedom to election, freedom of assembly, freedom of expression and ideas.
Sometimes, we cannot avoid questioning the cause we are fighting for, the value of freedom. Despite a rather bleak prospect, why do we have to continue in this struggle? Why do we have to cherish freedom? What can we do to safeguard freedom at home and stay alert to attacks on freedom? In answering these questions, I hope to walk through three episodes in the previous year.
Turning to 2020, protests are not seen as frequently as they used to be on the media lens, partly because of the pandemic, but more importantly for the authoritarian rule. While the world is busy fighting the pandemic, our government took advantage of the virus to exert a tighter grip over our freedom. Putting the emergency laws in place, public assemblies in Hong Kong were banned. Most recently, a rally to support press freedom organized by journalists was also forbidden. While many people may ask if it is the end of street activism, ahead of us in the fight for freedom is another battleground: the court and the prison.
Freedom Fighters in Courtrooms and in Jail
Part of the huge cost incurred in the fight for freedom and democracy in Hong Kong is the increasing judicial casualties. As of today, more than 10 thousand people have been arrested since the movement broke out, more than a hundred of them are already locked up in prison. Among the 2,300 protestors who are prosecuted, 700 of them may be sentenced up to ten years for rioting charges.
Putting these figures into context, I wish to tell you what life is like, as a youngster in today’s Hong Kong. I was humbled by a lot of younger protestors and students whose exceptional maturity are demonstrated in courtrooms and in prison. What is thought to be normal university life is completely out of the question because very likely the neighbour next door or the roommate who cooked you lunch today will be thrown to jail on the next.
I do prison visits a few times a month to talk to activists who are facing criminal charges or serving sentences for their involvement in the movement. It is not just a routine of my political work, but it becomes my life as an activist. Since the movement, prison visits has also become the daily lives of many families.
But it is always an unpleasant experience passing through the iron gates one after one to enter the visitors’ room, speaking to someone who is deprived of liberty, for a selflessly noble cause. As an activist serving three brief jail terms, I understand that the banality of the four walls is not the most difficult to endure in jail. What is more unbearable is the control of thought and ideas in every single part of our daily routine enforced by the prison system. It will diminish your ability to think critically and the worst of it will persuade you to give up on what you are fighting for, if you have not prepared it well. Three years ago when I wrote on the first page of prison letters, which later turned into a publication called the ‘Unfree Speech’, I was alarmed at the environment of the prison cell. Those letters were written in a state in which freedom was deprived of and in which censorship was obvious. It brings us to question ourselves: other than physical constraints like prison bars, what makes us continue in the fight for freedom and democracy?
Mutual Support to activists behind-the-scene
The support for this movement is undiminished over these 17 months. There are many beautiful parts in the movement that continue to revitalise the ways we contribute to this city, instead of making money on our own in the so-called global financial centre. In particular, it is the fraternity, the mutual assistance among protestors that I cherished the most.
As more protestors are arrested, people offer help and assistance wholeheartedly -- we sit in court hearings even if we don’t know each other, and do frequent prison visits and write letters to protesters in detention. In major festivals and holidays, people gathered outside the prison to chant slogans so that they won’t feel alone and disconnected. This is the most touching part to me for I also experienced life in jail.
The cohesion, the connection and bonding among protestors are the cornerstone to the movement. At the same time, these virtues gave so much empowerment to the mass public who might not be able to fight bravely in the escalating protests. These scenes are not able to be captured by cameras, but I’m sure it is some of the most important parts of Hong Kong’s movement that I hope the world will remember.
I believe this mutual support transcends nationality or territory because the value of freedom does not alter in different places. More recently, Twelve Hongkong activists, all involved in the movement last year, were kidnapped by China’s coastal guard when fleeing to Taiwan for political refugee in late-August. All of them are now detained secretly in China, with the youngest aged only 16. We suspect they are under torture during detention and we call for help on the international level, putting up #SAVE12 campaign on twitter. In fact, how surprising it is to see people all over the world standing with the dozen detained protestors for the same cause. I’m moved by activists in Italy, who barely knew these Hong Kong activists, even took part in a hunger strike last month calling for immediate release of them. This form of interconnectivity keeps us in spirit and to continue our struggle to freedom and democracy.
Understanding Value of freedom in the university battle
A year ago on this day, Hong Kong was embroiled in burning clashes as the police besieged the Polytechnic University. It was a day we will not forget and this wound is still bleeding in the hearts of many Hong Kongers. A journalist stationed in the university at that time once told me that being at the scene could only remind him of the Tiananmen Square Massacre 31 years ago in Beijing. There was basically no exit except going for the dangerous sewage drains.
That day, thousands of people, old or young, flocked to districts close to the university before dawn, trying to rescue protestors trapped inside the campus. The reinforcements faced grave danger too, for police raided every corner of the small streets and alleys, arresting a lot of them. Among the 800+ arrested on a single day, 213 people were charged with rioting. For sure these people know there will be repercussions. It is the conscience driving them to take to the streets regardless of the danger, the conscience that we should stand up to brutality and authoritarianism, and ultimately to fight for freedoms that are guaranteed in our constitution. As my dear friend, Brian Leung once said, ‘’Hong Kong Belongs to Everyone Who Shares Its Pain’’. I believe the value of freedom is exemplified through our compassion to whom we love, so much that we are willing to sacrifice the freedom of our own.
Defending freedom behind the bars
No doubt there is a terrible price to pay in standing up to the Beijing and Hong Kong government. But after serving a few brief jail sentences and facing the continuing threat of harassment, I learnt to cherish the freedom I have for now, and I shall devote every bit what I have to strive for the freedom of those who have been ruthlessly denied.
The three episodes I shared with you today -- the courtroom, visiting prisoners and the battle of university continue to remind me of the fact that the fight for freedom has not ended yet. In the coming months, I will be facing a maximum of 5 years in jail for unauthorized assembly and up to one ridiculous year for wearing a mask in protest. But prison bars would never stop me from activism and thinking critically.
I only wish that during my absence, you can continue to stand with the people of Hong Kong, by following closely to the development, no matter the ill-fated election, the large-scale arrest under National Security Law or the twelve activists in China. To defy the greatest human rights abusers is the essential way to restore democracy of our generation, and the generation following us.
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cost incurred 在 Dblchin Blog Facebook 的精選貼文
“How lucky I am to have something that makes saying goodbye so hard.”
– Winnie The Pooh
.
It was truly a bittersweet moment to bid farewell to my trusty van of 3 years.
Let’s be honest here, in this current situation Covid-19 had devastated many companies. Unfortunately, my hb is one of them whom are bearing the brunt and we were resorted to take extreme measures in cutting cost.
Even though I’m contributing partially to help upkeep this van, at the end of the day is still insufficient and we are unable to sustain the expenses (along with other liabilities) incurred
.
But hey, is not the end of the world, I still have a roof over my head, a good family and I haven’t lost a limb! So is allllll gooood 👍
.
I’ve learn that no matter how bad the situation is, this too shall pass. 人生除了生与死,其他的都是小事~
.
永别了123 💕
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